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ASTM D2657-03

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings

Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes general procedures for making joints with polyolefin pipe and fittings by means of heat fusion joining techniques in either a shop or field environment. These procedures are general ones. Specific instructions for heat fusion joining are obtained from product manufacturers.
1.2 The techniques covered are applicable only to joining polyolefin pipe and fittings of related polymer chemistry, for example, polyethylenes to polyethylenes, polypropylenes to polypropylenes, or polybutylenes to polybutylenes. Material, density, and flow rate shall be taken into consideration in order to develop uniform melt viscosities and formation of a good fusion bond when joining the same material to itself or to other materials of related polymer chemistry.
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyolefin pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See specific safety precautions in 3.1.1, 5.2, 8.2.3.1, Note 8 and Note 9, and A1.1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Aug-2003
ICS
25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds
Technical Committee
F17 - Plastic Piping Systems
Drafting Committee
F17.20 - Joining
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2657-97 - Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D2657-07 - Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2720/F2720M-20 - Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyethylene (PE-GF) Spiral Wound Large Diameter Pipe
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Referred By
ASTM F1412-22 - Standard Specification for Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings for Corrosive Waste Drainage Systems
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Referred By
ASTM D2321-20 - Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Referred By
ASTM F409-22 - Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Accessible and Replaceable Plastic Tube and Tubular Fittings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Referred By
ASTM F1759-97(2018) - Standard Practice for Design of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Manholes for Subsurface Applications
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Referred By
ASTM F1668-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Construction Procedures for Buried Plastic Pipe
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Referred By
ASTM F3632-23 - Standard Practice for Close Tolerance Pipe Slurrification (CTPS) Method to Replace, Rehabilitate, and Repair Existing Buried Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipe Systems
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Referred By
ASTM F3371-22 - Standard Specification for Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings for Drainage, Waste, and Vent Applications
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003

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ASTM D2657-03 - Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and FittingsASTM D2657-03 - Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings
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ASTM D2657-03 - Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 2657 – 03
Standard Practice for
1
Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2657; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Socket Fusion Joining Polyethylene Pipe or Tubing and
2
Fittings
1.1 This practice describes general procedures for making
3
2.2 PPI Documents
joints with polyolefin pipe and fittings by means of heat fusion
TR-33 Generic Butt Fusion Joining for Polyethlene Gas
joining techniques in either a shop or field environment. These
Pipe
procedures are general ones. Specific instructions for heat
fusion joining are obtained from product manufacturers.
3. Summary of Practice
1.2 The techniques covered are applicable only to joining
3.1 Heat-fusionjoiningusesacombinationofheatandforce
polyolefin pipe and fittings of related polymer chemistry, for
resulting in two melted surfaces flowing together to produce a
example, polyethylenes to polyethylenes, polypropylenes to
joint. Fusion bonding occurs when the joint cools below the
polypropylenes, or polybutylenes to polybutylenes. Material,
melt temperature of the material. There is a temperature range
density, and flow rate shall be taken into consideration in order
within which any particular material is satisfactorily joined.
to develop uniform melt viscosities and formation of a good
The specific temperature used requires consideration of the
fusion bond when joining the same material to itself or to other
propertiesofthespecificmaterial,andthejoiningenvironment.
materials of related polymer chemistry.
With Techniques II or III (3.3.2 or 3.3.3), there is also an
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in
appropriate force to be applied which depends upon the
present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound
material, the fusion equipment being used, and fusion tempera-
joints between polyolefin pipe and fittings when using the
ture.
joining techniques described in this practice.
3.1.1 Electrically powered heat fusion tools and equipment
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
are usually not explosion proof. When performing heat fusion
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
in a potentially combustible atmosphere such as in an excava-
information only.
tion where gas is present, all electrically powered tools and
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and
equipment that will be used in the combustible atmosphere
appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes
shall be disconnected from the electrical power source and
and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not
operated manually to prevent explosion and fire. For the
be considered as requirements of the practice.
heating tool, this requires bringing the heating tool up to or
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
slightly above temperature in a safe area, then disconnecting it
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
from electrical power immediately before use. This procedure
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
is limited to smaller sizes where heating is accomplished
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
before the heating tool drops below acceptable temperature.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See specific safety
3.2 Adequate joint strength for testing is attained when all
precautions in 3.1.1, 5.2, 8.2.3.1, Note 8 and Note 9, andA1.1.
of the joint material cools to ambient temperature. The joint
2. Referenced Documents shall not be disturbed or moved until it has cooled.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—Polybutylene undergoes a crystalline transformation for sev-
F 905 Practice for Qualification of Polyethylene Saddle eral days after cooling below its melt temperature.Although this phenom-
2
enon has an effect on the ultimate physical properties of the material, its
Fusion Joints
effect on testing of joints has not been found to be significant. If there is
F 1056 Specification for Socket Fusion Tools for Use in
anyquestionofitseffect,acomparisonshouldbemadebetweenjointsthat
havebeenconditionedfordifferentperiodsoftimeinordertoestablishthe
conditioning-time relationship.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.20 on Joining.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2003. Published November 2003. Orig
...

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ASTM D2657-07(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in Sections 7, 8, and 9, when implemented using suitable equipment and procedures in either a shop or field environment, produce strong pressure-tight joints equal to the strength of the piping material. Some materials are more adaptable to one technique than another. Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are influential factors in establishing suitable fusion parameters; therefore, consider the manufacturer's instructions in the use or development of a specific fusion procedure.
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1.1 This practice describes general procedures for making joints with polyolefin pipe and fittings (excluding polyethylene pipe and fittings) by means of heat fusion joining techniques in either a shop or field environment. These procedures are general ones. Specific instructions for heat fusion joining are obtained from product manufacturers. See Practice F2620 for heat fusion joining of polyethylene pipe and fittings.  
1.2 The techniques covered are applicable only to joining polyolefin pipe and fittings of related polymer chemistry, for example, polypropylenes to polypropylenes, or polybutylenes to polybutylenes. Material, density, and flow rate shall be taken into consideration in order to develop uniform melt viscosities and formation of a good fusion bond when joining the same material to itself or to other materials of related polymer chemistry.  
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyolefin pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See specific safety precautions in 3.1.1, 5.2, 8.2.3.1, Note 8 and Note 9, and A1.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F3183-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Guided Side Bend Evaluation of Polyethylene Pipe Butt Fusion Joint

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard practice is a procedure to evaluate the ductility of side bend test specimens that are a transverse section of the pipe wall and butt fusion. Side bend test specimens are prepared from bend test coupons from sample polyethylene pipe butt fusion joints that are made using polyethylene pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 1 in. (25 mm) and greater. A three-point bend is applied to the side bend test specimen by pressing the side bend test specimen into a gap between two rotatable supports with a loading nose. The bending load is applied such that the bending strain is transverse to the plane of the fusion joint.  
5.2 Equipment for cutting bend test coupons, preparing side bend test specimens and conducting this practice is available for laboratory and for field use.  
5.3 Benchmark criteria for evaluating field testing results are developed by testing a statistically valid number of sample butt fusions in a controlled environment, preferably using equipment for field use. Guided side bend test results from field tests are then evaluated by comparison to benchmark test results from the controlled environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus, specimen preparation and procedure for conducting a guided three point side bend evaluation of a transverse specimen cut from a coupon removed from a butt fusion joint in polyethylene pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 1 in. (25 mm) and thicker. See Fig. 1. This practice provides a means to assess ductility of a butt fusion joint by applying a lateral (side) bending strain across a specimen taken from the full butt fusion cross-section, from outside diameter to inside diameter.  
Note 1: For wall thicknesses less than 1 in. the user is referred to Practice F2620, Appendix X4.1 for bend back testing.
FIG. 1 Guided Side Bend Conceptual Schematic  
1.2 No test values are provided by this practice. The result is a non-numerical report. Criteria for test result evaluation are provided in standards or codes that specify the use of this practice by comparison to benchmark laboratory results as described in 5.3 or by comparison to example results presented in Appendix X1 to this practice.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: Laboratory methods that are commonly used for testing polyethylene butt fusion joints include Test Method D638, Test Method D790 and Test Method F2634.
Note 3: This practice has been developed for use on butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe with a wall thickness of 1.00 in. or greater. The practice may be used on butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe with thinner wall thicknesses. However, the applicability of the practice should be determined by the user of the practice.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F3507-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Butt-Fusion Joining of Crosslinkable Polyethylene (CX-PE) Pipe and Tubing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described in Section 8 are intended for butt-fusion joining of CX-PE pipe and tubing, using suitable equipment and appropriate environmental control procedures. Appropriate controls are established on the butt-fusion joining process to ensure that the pipe is suitable for joining, that the operator is properly trained, that adequate apparatus and procedures are used, and that the process is protected from environmental extremes. The controls are established by testing butt-fusion joints, operator skills, the apparatus and the procedures used. When this practice is properly implemented, strong pressure and leak-tight joints are produced. When joints made in accordance with this practice are destructively tested, failures are expected to occur outside the fusion-joined area.  
5.1.1 This practice shall not be used to join PEX pipe or tubing made in accordance with Specification F876 or any other PEX pipe or system specification. This practice is not intended to be used for pipe or tubing to be crosslinked by radiation or by using peroxides. This practice shall not be used to join CX-PE pipe that has been commissioned. CX-PE pipe that has been commissioned is crosslinked pipe.  
5.2 Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are influential factors in establishing suitable fusion parameters, therefore, consider the manufacturers instructions in the use or development of a specific fusion procedure.  
5.3 The butt fusion procedures in this practice are suitable for joining CX-PE pipe and tubing that is used in pressure, low pressure, and non-pressure applications. For some applications, qualification of the procedure by testing joints made using the procedure in accordance with regulations from the authority having jurisdiction are required.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for making butt fusion joints with crosslinkable polyethylene (CX-PE) pipe and tubing2 which is less than 30 % crosslinked at the time of joining. This practice shall not be applied to crosslinked products, that is PEX pipe or tubing or to CX-PE after commissioning3 (commissioning transitions CX-PE pipe into crosslinked pipe).
Note 1: For avoidance of doubt, CX-PE is a completely different product than PEX, especially for the purposes of butt-fusion joining and the fabrication of fittings. The two must not be confused by the reader of this standard.  
1.2 The main difference between this practice and Practice F2620 is that the production date of pipe must be checked prior to butt fusion. Field experiments have indicated that it is best to make heat fused joints before the pipe has aged six months to ensure it has not crosslinked more than 30 % at ambient conditions. (See 7.2.)  
1.3 Joints are made by means of butt-fusion joining in, but not limited to, a field environment. Other suitable butt-fusion joining procedures may be available from various sources including pipe and fitting manufacturers. This practice does not claim to address all possible butt-fusion joining procedures and does not prevent the use of qualified procedures developed by other parties that have been proven to produce reliable butt fusion joints.  
1.4 The parameters and procedures set forth in this practice are applicable to the butt-fusion joining of CX-PE pipe and tubing. Consult with the manufacturers of CX-PE pipe or tubing to ensure that they approve of the use of this practice for butt-fusion joining of their products. This practice applies to butt fusion of both CX-PE pipe and tubing even when tubing is not explicitly referred to.  
1.5 CX-PE pipe or tubing is required to produce sound joints when using the joining procedures described in this practice. Component ends joined in accordance with th...

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Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments

ABSTRACT
This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage.
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1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer.  
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.  
1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2657-07(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in Sections 7, 8, and 9, when implemented using suitable equipment and procedures in either a shop or field environment, produce strong pressure-tight joints equal to the strength of the piping material. Some materials are more adaptable to one technique than another. Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are influential factors in establishing suitable fusion parameters; therefore, consider the manufacturer's instructions in the use or development of a specific fusion procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes general procedures for making joints with polyolefin pipe and fittings (excluding polyethylene pipe and fittings) by means of heat fusion joining techniques in either a shop or field environment. These procedures are general ones. Specific instructions for heat fusion joining are obtained from product manufacturers. See Practice F2620 for heat fusion joining of polyethylene pipe and fittings.  
1.2 The techniques covered are applicable only to joining polyolefin pipe and fittings of related polymer chemistry, for example, polypropylenes to polypropylenes, or polybutylenes to polybutylenes. Material, density, and flow rate shall be taken into consideration in order to develop uniform melt viscosities and formation of a good fusion bond when joining the same material to itself or to other materials of related polymer chemistry.  
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyolefin pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See specific safety precautions in 3.1.1, 5.2, 8.2.3.1, Note 8 and Note 9, and A1.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Specification for Welded Joints for Shipboard Piping Systems

ABSTRACT
This specification covers typical details of welded joints commonly used in shipboard piping systems. These joints and other joints may be used provided the welding procedures used have been qualified in accordance with the applicable regulatory rules and regulations. The maximum butt weld reinforcement of differnet nominal wall thicknesses of pipe or tube shall be discussed.
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1.1 This specification covers typical details of welded joints commonly used in shipboard piping systems. These joints and other joints may be used provided the welding procedures used have been qualified in accordance with the applicable regulatory rules and regulations.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3044/E3044M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Polyethylene Butt Fusion Joints

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended primarily for the automated or semi-automated ultrasonic examination of butt fusion joints used in the construction of polyethylene piping systems.  
5.2 Polyethylene piping has been used in lieu of steel alloys in the petrochemical, power, water, gas distribution and mining industries due to its reliability and resistance to corrosion and erosion. Recently, polyethylene pipe has also been used for nuclear safety-related cooling water applications.  
5.3 Two ultrasonic techniques have proven useful to provide examination of fusion joint integrity; Ultrasonic time-of-flight-diffraction (TOFD) and phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT). These techniques are often considered complementary but may be used independently of each other. The choice of the technique used may depend on a variety of parameters including diameter, thickness, surface access, detection capabilities near surfaces, and quality level required.  
5.4 The joining process can be subject to a variety of flaws including, but not limited to: lack of fusion, particulate contamination, inclusions, and voids.  
5.5 Polyethylene material can have a range of acoustic characteristics that make butt joint examination difficult. Acoustic velocity of the material is similar to that commonly used for ultrasound wedge materials, making it difficult to use these materials to achieve appropriate refraction of sound at the interface. Polyethylene materials are highly attenuative, which often limits the use of higher ultrasonic frequencies. It also exhibits a natural high frequency filtering effect. An example of the range of acoustic characteristics is provided in Table 1. The table notes the wide range of acoustic velocities reported in the literature. This makes it essential that the reference blocks are made of the same cell classification6 as that examined. This shall be confirmed by measuring the acoustic velocity of the pipe being examined as described in Practice E494. The acous...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes procedures for ultrasonic testing (UT) of butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe. Although high density polyethylene (HDPE) and medium density polyethylene (MDPE) materials are most commonly used, the procedures described may apply to other types of polyethylene.
Note 1: The notes in this practice are for information only and shall not be considered part of this specification.
Note 2: This practice references HDPE and MDPE for pipe applications as defined by Specification D3350.  
1.2 This practice does not address ultrasonic examination of electrofusion joints (coupling joints), socket joints, or saddles.  
1.3 This practice provides two ultrasonic examination procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for examination and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.3.1 Examination Procedure A, Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD), uses a pair of probes, one transmitting and the other receiving. The procedure usually, although not necessarily, requires access to both sides of the joint from one surface. Provided that position encoding is used, the procedure can be conducted by semi-automated or automated means that provide recoded imaging.  
1.3.2 Examination Procedure B, Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT), uses low velocity refracting wedges or water gaps to produce angled compression mode pulses. The procedure can be applied where access is limited to one side of the joint from one surface. Provided that position encoding is used, the procedure can be conducted by semi-automated or automated means that provide recoded imaging.  
1.4 The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 9 to 60 mm [0.375 to 2.4 in.] and diameters 100 mm [4 in.] and greater. Greater and lesser thicknesses and lesser diameters may be tested using this standard practice if the technique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the same wall thickn...

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Standard Practice for Examination of Carbon Steel Welds Using An Eddy Current Array

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Eddy Current Arrays for Crack Detection and Sizing in Carbon Steel Welds—Eddy current sensor arrays permit rapid examination of carbon steel welds for surface-breaking cracks located on the surface closest to the sensor array. As described in Guide E2884, these sensor arrays can have multiple drive-sense pairs for each element of the array or a large single drive winding construct with multiple individual sense elements. However, not all ECA probe designs allow for accurate depth sizing of such discontinuities over a significant range (several millimeters, for example). To achieve proper crack depth sizing, the system shall exhibit certain characteristics, such as: (1) a lift-off signal that allows monitoring the lift-off over the range of values of interest for the examination, (2) suitable separation between the lift-off signal and the defect signal (this depends upon the instrument used and can be viewed as a phase separation in an impedance plane display), (3) the capability to make use of the lift-off values for crack depth determination, (4) the capability to take into account material properties variations for crack depth determination along and across the weld, and (5) a uniform sensitivity for the sensing elements of the array in order to provide an effective single-pass examination, which is expected when using an array sensor.  
4.2 Array Sensors and Single Sensing Element Sensors—Depending on the weld geometry, it may be possible to use either a sensor array or a sensor with a single sensing element. The sensor array generally provides a better spatial representation of the weld properties and an improved probability of detection for discontinuities. The size of the array, as well as the size and number of individual sensing elements within the array depend on the weld geometry and other factors such as target discontinuities. When a single-sensing element sensor is used, it shall produce signals that exhibit the characteristics listed in 4.1 and th...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of an eddy current array (ECA) or an eddy current sensor for nondestructive examination of carbon steel welds. It includes the detection and sizing of surface-breaking cracks in such joints, accommodating for nonmagnetic and nonconductive coating up to 5 mm thick between the sensor and the joint. The practice covers a variety of cracking defects, such as fatigue cracks and other types of planar discontinuities, at various locations in the weld (heat-affected zone, toe area, and weld cap, for example). It covers the length and depth sizing of such surface-breaking discontinuities. This practice can be used for flush-ground and not flush-ground welds. For specific ferrous alloys or specific welded parts, the user may need a more specific procedure.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2261/E2261M-17(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of the alternating current field measurement method is to evaluate welds for surface breaking discontinuities such as fabrication and fatigue cracks. The examination results may then be used by qualified organizations to assess weld service life or other engineering characteristics (beyond the scope of this practice). This practice is not intended for the examination of welds for non-surface breaking discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed during alternating current field measurement examination of welds for baseline and service-induced surface breaking discontinuities.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use on welds in any metallic material.  
1.3 This practice does not establish weld acceptance criteria.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system might not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1961-16(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Mechanized Ultrasonic Testing of Girth Welds Using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search Units

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the mechanized ultrasonic examination of pipe girth welds used in the construction of gas and oil pipelines. This practice, with appropriate modifications due to changes in weld profile, may also be used to examine repaired welds. Manual techniques such as described in Practice E164 may also be used to examine production or repaired welds. This practice, with appropriate modifications, may also be used to examine other forms of butt welds including long seams.  
4.2 Techniques used are to be based on zonal discrimination whereby the weld is divided into approximately equal vertical examination sections (zones) each being assessed by a pair of ultrasonic search units. See Fig. 1 for typical zones.
FIG. 1 Schematic Representation of Weld Zones and Discontinuities  
4.3 Thicknesses of material examined are normally 7 to 25 mm (0.28 to 1.00 in.) and pipe diameters 15 cm (6.0 in.) and greater but this standard may apply to other thicknesses and diameters if the techniques can be proven to provide the required zonal discrimination.  
4.4 Examination zones are typically 2 to 3 mm (0.08 to 0.12 in.) in height. For most applications this will require the use of contact focused search units to avoid interfering signals originating from off-axis geometric reflectors and to avoid excessive overlap with adjacent zones.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for mechanized ultrasonic examination of girth welds. Evaluation is based upon the results of mechanized ultrasonic examination. Acceptance criteria are based upon flaw limits defined by an Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) or other accept/reject criteria defined by the Contracting Agency.  
1.2 This practice shall be applicable to the development of an examination procedure agreed upon between the users of this practice.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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