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ASTM D8208-19

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Collection of Non-Fibrous Nanoparticles Using a Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) Sampler

Standard Practice for Collection of Non-Fibrous Nanoparticles Using a Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) Sampler

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Exposures to high concentrations of aerosolized fine and ultrafine non-fibrous metal particles, including manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) generated during processes that involve high energy such as welding or smelting, may elicit deleterious health effects. Animal and epidemiological studies have associated welding and related work processes with a wide range of adverse health effects, including upper respiratory effects (rhinitis and laryngitis), pulmonary effects (pneumonitis, chronic bronchitis, decreased pulmonary function), potential neurological disorders (manganese-induced Parkinsonism), and high lung cancer and pneumoconiosis death rates. Manganese has been associated with neurological diseases.  
5.2 Nanoparticles produced from metals, or their oxides and chalcogenides, have found many industrial uses. Examples of nanometals include silver (Ag), gold (Au), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), platinum (Pt), and lead (Pd); examples of nanometal oxides include aluminium oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), and tin(II) oxide (SnO); examples of nanometal sulfides include copper monosulfide (CuS), cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), silver sulfide (AgS), tin sulfide (SnS), and many sulfides of Ni and cobalt (Co); examples of nanometal selenides include zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), and mercury selenide (HgSe). Both the manufacture and use of these nanoparticles can result in particle inhalation, and consequent ill-effects. A stronger association has often been found between adverse health and cellular effects and inhalation of nanoparticles compared to larger particles of the same composition.  
5.3 Aerosol sampling methods generally specify the collection of workplace air samples using inhalable and related samplers. These exposure assessment methods, as well as the use of respirable and...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes specified apparatus and procedures for collection of non-fibrous airborne metal nanoparticles generated during work activities.  
1.2 Nanoparticle respiratory deposition (NRD) samplers are designed to follow a nanoparticulate matter (NPM) deposition curve based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) model for deposition of particles smaller than 300 nm (the minimum deposition for submicrometre particles) while removing the larger particles (1).2  
1.3 This practice is applicable to personal and area sampling during work processes and situations where metal nanoparticles may be generated (for example, welding, smelting, shooting ranges).  
1.4 This practice is intended for use by professionals experienced in the use of devices for occupational air sampling (such as cyclone samplers).  
1.5 This practice is not applicable to the sampling of fibrous nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes.  
1.6 Detailed operating instructions are not provided owing to differences among various makes and models of suitable devices and instruments. The user is expected to follow specific instructions provided by the manufacturers of particular items of equipment. This practice does not address comparative accuracy of different devices nor the precision between instruments of the same make and model.  
1.7 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the method.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was d...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2019
ICS
07.120 - Nanotechnologies
13.040.30 - Workplace atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.04 - Workplace Air Quality
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1356-14b - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Dec-2014
Refers
ASTM D1356-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Refers
ASTM D1356-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Oct-2015
Refers
ASTM D4840-99(2018)e1 - Standard Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
Effective Date
15-Aug-2018
Refers
ASTM D6832-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for the Determination of Hexavalent Chromium in Workplace Air by Ion Chromatography and Spectrophotometric Measurement Using 1,5-diphenylcarbazide
Effective Date
01-Dec-2018
Refers
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

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ASTM D8208-19 - Standard Practice for Collection of Non-Fibrous Nanoparticles Using a Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) SamplerASTM D8208-19 - Standard Practice for Collection of Non-Fibrous Nanoparticles Using a Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) Sampler
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ASTM D8208-19 - Standard Practice for Collection of Non-Fibrous Nanoparticles Using a Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) Sampler
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8208 − 19
Standard Practice for
Collection of Non-Fibrous Nanoparticles Using a
1
Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) Sampler
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8208; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1 This practice describes specified apparatus and proce-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
duresforcollectionofnon-fibrousairbornemetalnanoparticles
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
generated during work activities.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2 Nanoparticlerespiratorydeposition(NRD)samplersare
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
designed to follow a nanoparticulate matter (NPM) deposition
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
curve based on the International Commission on Radiological
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Protection (ICRP) model for deposition of particles smaller
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
than 300 nm (the minimum deposition for submicrometre
2
particles) while removing the larger particles (1).
2. Referenced Documents
3
1.3 Thispracticeisapplicabletopersonalandareasampling 2.1 ASTM Standards:
during work processes and situations where metal nanopar-
D1356Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
ticles may be generated (for example, welding, smelting, Atmospheres
shooting ranges).
D4532Test Method for Respirable Dust in Workplace At-
mospheres Using Cyclone Samplers
1.4 This practice is intended for use by professionals expe-
D4840Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
rienced in the use of devices for occupational air sampling
D5337Practice for Flow RateAdjustment of Personal Sam-
(such as cyclone samplers).
pling Pumps
1.5 Thispracticeisnotapplicabletothesamplingoffibrous
D6785TestMethodforDeterminationofLeadinWorkplace
nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes.
Air Using Flame or Graphite FurnaceAtomicAbsorption
1.6 Detailed operating instructions are not provided owing Spectrometry
to differences among various makes and models of suitable D6832Test Method for the Determination of Hexavalent
devices and instruments. The user is expected to follow Chromium in WorkplaceAir by Ion Chromatography and
specific instructions provided by the manufacturers of particu- Spectrophotometric Measurement Using 1,5-
lar items of equipment. This practice does not address com- diphenylcarbazide
parative accuracy of different devices nor the precision be- D7035Test Method for Determination of Metals and Met-
tween instruments of the same make and model. alloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-
1.7 Thispracticecontainsnotesthatareexplanatoryandare
AES)
not part of the mandatory requirements of the method.
D7202Test Method for Determination of Beryllium in the
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
WorkplacebyExtractionandOpticalFluorescenceDetec-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
tion
standard.
D7439Test Method for Determination of Elements in Air-
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the borne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
–Mass Spectrometry
E1370Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and
Workplace Protection
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD22onAirQuality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on WorkplaceAir Quality.
3
Current edition approved June 1, 2019. Published June 2019. DOI: 10.1520/ For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D8208-19. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8208 − 19
4
2.2 ISO Standards: induced Parkinsonism), and high lung cancer and pneumoco-
ISO7708AirQuality—ParticleSizeFractionDefinitionsfor niosis
...

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1.1 This practice covers the sampling of air for a variety of common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and provides guidance on the selection of appropriate analytical measurement methods. Other compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated naphthalenes may be efficiently collected from air by this practice, but guidance on their analytical determination is not covered by this practice.  
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1.4 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.5 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M-specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6281-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration in Ambient and Indoor Atmospheres as Determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy Direct Transfer (TEM)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is applicable to the measurement of airborne asbestos in a wide range of ambient air situations and for detailed evaluation of any atmosphere for asbestos structures. Most fibers in ambient atmospheres are not asbestos, and therefore, there is a requirement for fibers to be identified. Most of the airborne asbestos fibers in ambient atmospheres have diameters below the resolution limit of the light microscope. This test method is based on transmission electron microscopy, which has adequate resolution to allow detection of small thin fibers and is currently the only technique capable of unequivocal identification of the majority of individual fibers of asbestos. Asbestos is often found, not as single fibers, but as very complex, aggregated structures, which may or may not also be aggregated with other particles. The fibers found suspended in an ambient atmosphere can often be identified unequivocally if sufficient measurement effort is expended. However, if each fiber were to be identified in this way, the analysis would become prohibitively expensive. Because of instrumental deficiencies or because of the nature of the particulate matter, some fibers cannot be positively identified as asbestos even though the measurements all indicate that they could be asbestos. Therefore, subjective factors contribute to this measurement, and consequently, a very precise definition of the procedure for identification and enumeration of asbestos fibers is required. The method defined in this test method is designed to provide a description of the nature, numerical concentration, and sizes of asbestos-containing particles found in an air sample. The test method is necessarily complex because the structures observed are frequently very complex. The method of data recording specified in the test method is designed to allow reevaluation of the structure-counting data as new applications for measurements are developed. All of the feasible specimen preparation techn...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 is an analytical procedure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the determination of the concentration of asbestos structures in ambient atmospheres and includes measurement of the dimension of structures and of the asbestos fibers found in the structures from which aspect ratios are calculated.  
1.1.1 This test method allows determination of the type(s) of asbestos fibers present.  
1.1.2 This test method cannot always discriminate between individual fibers of the asbestos and non-asbestos analogues of the same amphibole mineral.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for determination of asbestos in both ambient (outdoor) and building atmospheres.  
1.2.1 This test method is defined for polycarbonate capillary-pore filters or cellulose ester (either mixed esters of cellulose or cellulose nitrate) filters through which a known volume of air has been drawn and for blank filters.  
1.3 The upper range of concentrations that can be determined by this test method is 7000 s/mm2. The air concentration represented by this value is a function of the volume of air sampled.  
1.3.1 There is no lower limit to the dimensions of asbestos fibers that can be detected. In practice, microscopists vary in their ability to detect very small asbestos fibers. Therefore, a minimum length of 0.5 μm has been defined as the shortest fiber to be incorporated in the reported results.  
1.4 The direct analytical method cannot be used if the general particulate matter loading of the sample collection filter as analyzed exceeds approximately 10 % coverage of the collection filter by particulate matter.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropri...

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