ASTM D2863-95
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The suitability of a dispersion resin for any given application is dependent upon its viscosity characteristics.
5.2 The extrusion viscosity defines the flow behavior of a plastisol or organosol under high shear. This viscosity relates to the conditions encountered in mixing, pumping, knife coating, roller coating, and spraying processes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of plastisol and organosol viscosity at high shear rates by means of an extrusion viscometer.
1.2 Apparent viscosity at low shear rates is covered in Test Method D1824.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 4575-2007 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The suitability of a dispersion resin for any given application process is dependent upon its viscosity characteristics.
5.2 The viscosity defines the flow behavior of a plastisol or organosol under low shear. This viscosity relates to the conditions encountered in pouring, casting, molding, and dipping processes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of plastisol and organosol viscosity at low shear rates.
1.2 Apparent viscosity at high shear rates is covered in Test Method D1823.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method resembles ISO 3219-1977 in title only. The content is significantly different.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the plastics industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.
1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which Committee D20 is responsible it is included only when judged, after review, by Subcommittee D20.92 to be a generally usable term.
1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by another standards body are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization; for example, IUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
1.4 A definition is a descriptive phrase or a single sentence with additional information included in discussion notes.
Note 1: It is recommended that definitions be reviewed periodically.
1.4.1 When a new definition is added to this terminology standard, or the wording of a definition is revised, the date of the change shall be appended to the new or revised definition.
1.5 For literature related to plastics terminology, see Appendix X1.
1.6 Subsections 1.6.1 – 1.6.5 contain references to specific terminology standards that are relevant to specific plastic products or applications. In case of conflict between a definition contained in Terminology D883 and one contained in another standard, the definition given in Terminology D883 shall prevail.
1.6.1 For terms related to thermal insulation, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology C168.
1.6.2 For terms related to electrical or electronic insulating materials, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology D1711.
1.6.3 For terms relating to fire, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict between Terminology E176 and ISO 13943, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.
1.6.4 For terms relating to precision and bias and associated issues, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology E456.
1.6.5 For terms related to plastic piping systems, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology F412.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The property measured by this test is the apparent modulus of rigidity, G, sometimes called the apparent shear modulus of elasticity. It is important to note that this property is not the same as the modulus of elasticity, E, measured in tension, flexure, or compression. The relationship between these properties is shown in Annex A1.
4.2 The measured modulus of rigidity is termed “apparent” since it is the value obtained by measuring the angular deflection occurring when the specimen is subjected to an applied torque. Since it is possible that the specimen will be deflected beyond its elastic limit, the calculated value will not always represent the true modulus of rigidity within the elastic limit of the material. In addition, the value obtained by this test method will also be affected by the creep characteristics of the material, since the load application time is arbitrarily fixed. For many materials, it is possible that there is a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the current ASTM material standards.
4.3 This test method is useful for determining the relative changes in stiffness over a wide range of temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the stiffness characteristics of plastics over a wide temperature range by direct measurement of the apparent modulus of rigidity.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 458-1 and ISO 458-2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is a sequential assembly of extant but unconnected standard tests and practices for the oxidation and biodegradation of plastics, which will permit the comparison and ranking of the overall rate of environmental degradation of plastics that require thermal or photooxidation to initiate degradation. Each degradation stage is independently evaluated to allow a combined evaluation of a polymer’s environmental performance under a controlled laboratory setting. This enables a laboratory assessment of its disposal performance in, soil, municipal or industrial compost, landfill, and water and for use in agricultural products such as mulch film without detriment to that particular environment.
Note 5: For determining biodegradation rates under municipal or industrial composting conditions, Specification D6400 is to be used, including test methods and conditions as specified.
5.2 The correlation of results from this guide to actual disposal environments (for example, agricultural mulch films, municipal or industrial composting, or landfill applications) has not been determined, and as such, the results should be used only for comparative and ranking purposes.
5.3 The results of laboratory exposure cannot be directly extrapolated to estimate absolute rate of deterioration by the environment because the acceleration factor is material dependent and can be significantly different for each material and for different formulations of the same material. However, exposure of a similar material of known outdoor performance, a control, at the same time as the test specimens allows comparison of the durability relative to that of the control under the test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a framework or road map to compare and rank the controlled laboratory rates of degradation and degree of physical property losses of polymers by thermal and photooxidation processes as well as the biodegradation and ecological impacts in defined applications and disposal environments after degradation. Disposal environments range from exposure in soil, landfill, and municipal or industrial compost in which thermal oxidation may occur and land cover and agricultural use in which photooxidation may also occur.
1.2 In this guide, established ASTM International standards are used in three tiers for accelerating and measuring the loss in properties and molecular weight by both thermal and photooxidation processes and other abiotic processes (Tier 1), measuring biodegradation (Tier 2), and assessing ecological impact of the products from these processes (Tier 3).
1.3 The Tier 1 conditions selected for thermal oxidation and photooxidation accelerate the degradation likely to occur in a chosen application and disposal environment. The conditions should include a range of humidity or water concentrations based on the application and disposal environment in mind. The measured rate of degradation at typical oxidation temperatures is required to compare and rank the polymers being evaluated in that chosen application to reach a molecular weight that constitutes a demonstrable biodegradable residue (using ASTM International biometer tests for CO2 evolution appropriate to the chosen environment). By way of example, accelerated oxidation data must be obtained at temperatures and humidity ranges typical in that chosen application and disposal environment, for example, in soil (20 to 30°C), landfill (20 to 35°C), and municipal or industrial composting facilities (30 to 65°C). For applications in soils, local temperatures and humidity ranges must be considered as they vary widely with geography. At least one temperature must be reasonably close to the end use or disposal temperature, but under no circumstances should this be more than 20°C away from the removed that temperature. It must also be established that the polymer does not undergo a phase change, such as glass transition temperature (Tg) within the...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed to provide load versus deformation response of plastics under essentially multi-axial deformation conditions at impact velocities. This test method further provides a measure of the rate sensitivity of the material to impact.
4.2 Multi-axial impact response, while partly dependent on thickness, does not necessarily have a linear correlation with specimen thickness. Therefore, results must be compared only for specimens of essentially the same thickness, unless specific responses versus thickness formulae have been established for the material.
4.3 For many materials, there are cases where a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of puncture properties of rigid plastics over a range of test velocities.
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 6603-2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content. The technical content and results shall not be compared between the two test methods.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test methods are intended to be rapid empirical tests which have been found to be useful in the relative comparison of materials having the same nominal thickness.
Note 2: When the plastic material contains plasticizer, loss from the plastic is assumed to be primarily plasticizer. The effect of moisture is considered to be negligible.
4.2 Correlation with ultimate application for various plastic materials shall be determined by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of volatile loss from a plastic material under defined conditions of time and temperature, using activated carbon as the immersion medium.
1.2 Two test methods are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Test Method A, Direct Contact with Activated Carbon—In this test method the plastic material is in direct contact with the carbon. This test method is particularly useful in the rapid comparison of a large number of plastic specimens.
1.2.2 Test Method B, Wire Cage—This test method prescribes the use of a wire cage, which prevents direct contact between the plastic material and the carbon. By eliminating the direct contact, the migration of the volatile components to the surrounding carbon is minimized and loss by volatilization is more specifically measured.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 176 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This classification system provides a method of adequately identifying PTFE micropowders using a system consistent with that also of another specific classification. These powders are sometimes known as lubricant powders which usually have a much smaller particle size than those used for molding or extrusion. The test methods and properties included are those required to identify and specify the various types of fluoropolymer micropowders. This classification covers two groups of fluoropolymer micropowders. Fluoropolymer micropowders are classified into groups according to their base fluoropolymer. These groups are further subdivided into classes and grades. Different tests shall be performed in order to determine the following properties of the micropowders: melting characteristics, melt flow rate, specific gravity, water content, particle size, surface area, and bulk density.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification system provides a method of adequately identifying low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) micronized powders using a system consistent with that of Classification System D4000. It further provides a means for specifying these materials by the use of a simple line callout designation. This classification covers fluoropolymer micronized powders that are used as lubricants and as additives to other materials in order to improve lubricity or to control other characteristics of the base material.
1.2 These powders are sometimes known as lubricant powders. The powders usually have a much smaller particle size than those used for molding or extrusion, and they generally are not processed alone. The test methods and properties included are those required to identify and specify the various types of fluoropolymer micronized powders. Recycled fluoropolymer materials meeting the detailed requirements of this classification are included (see Guide D7209).
1.3 These fluoropolymer micronized powders and the materials designated as filler powders (F) in ISO 12086-1 and ISO 12086-2 are equivalent.2
1.4 The values stated in SI units as detailed in IEEE/ASTM SI-10 are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.1.2.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for the measuring of the minimum concentration of oxygen in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of plastics. Correlation with burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.
5.2 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes a procedure for measuring the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as percent volume, that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen.
1.2 This test method provides three testing procedures. Procedure A involves top surface ignition, Procedure B involves propagating ignition, and Procedure C is a short procedure involving the comparison with a specified minimum value of the oxygen index.
1.3 Test specimens used for this test method are prepared into one of six types of specimens (see Table 1).
1.4 This test method provides for testing materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to 10.5-mm thick. Such materials are solid, laminated or cellular materials characterized by an apparent density greater than 15 kg/m3.
1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexible sheet or film materials, while supported vertically.
1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3.
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein.
1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 2: This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic compositions using very small amounts of material. The data obtained can be used for quality control and/or research and development purposes. For some classes of materials, such as thermosets, it can also be used to establish optimum processing conditions.
5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus these variables provide graphical representation indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosetting resin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions.
5.2.1 Observed data are specific to experimental conditions. Reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data was obtained is essential to assist users with interpreting the data an reconciling apparent or perceived discrepancies.
5.3 This test method can be used to assess:
5.3.1 Modulus as a function of temperature,
5.3.2 Modulus as a function of frequency,
5.3.3 The effects of processing treatment, including orientation,
5.3.4 Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure and damping,
5.3.5 The effects of substrate types and orientation (fabrication) on elastic modulus,
5.3.6 The effects of formulation additives which might affect processability or performance,
5.3.7 The effects of annealing on modulus and glass transition temperature,
5.3.8 The effect of aspect ratio on the modulus of fiber reinforcements, and
5.3.9 The effect of fillers, additives on modulus and glass transition temperature.
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, make reference to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for determining and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins as well as composite systems in the form of cylindrical specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The compression data generated is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastics material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining the thermomechanical properties (as a function of a number of viscoelastic variables) for a wide variety of plastic materials using nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques as outlined in Practice D4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus, loss (viscous) modulus, complex modulus, and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of the polymeric material system.
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz.
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pr...
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