ASTM C1131-10
(Practice)Standard Practice for Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert, Storm Sewer, and Sanitary Sewer Systems
Standard Practice for Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert, Storm Sewer, and Sanitary Sewer Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The significance of the LCA method is that it is a comprehensive technique for taking into account all relevant monetary values over the project design life and provides a measure of the total cost of the material, system, or structure.
The LCA method can be effectively applied in both the preconstruction and bid stages of projects. After bids are taken, real costs can be used instead of estimates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle) analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed for use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, and sanitary sewer systems.
Note 1—As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, but are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings, concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet and dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.
1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement, and cost deductions for any residual value at the end of the proposed project design life.
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCA method determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all initial and future costs over the project design life, and deducts any residual value.
1.4 Major factors in the LCA method include project design life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.
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Designation: C1131 – 10
Standard Practice for
Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert, Storm
1
Sewer, and Sanitary Sewer Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1131; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope structures; backfill; surface restoration, traffic rerouting, safety,
utility relocations, etc.; and additional future costs required by
1.1 Thispracticecoversproceduresforleastcost(lifecycle)
new land uses, population growth, etc.
analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed
2.1.4 discount rate—accounts for the time value of money
foruseintheconstructionofconcreteculvert,stormsewer,and
andreflectstheimpartialityofpayingorreceivingadollarnow
sanitary sewer systems.
or at a future time.
NOTE 1—Asintendedinthispractice,examplesofanalysesinclude,but
2.1.4.1 Discussion—The discount rate is used to convert
are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings,
costs occurring at different times to equivalent costs at a
concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular
common time. Discount rates may be expressed in nominal or
pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet
real terms.
and dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.
2.1.5 future costs—costs incurred after a project has been
1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with plan-
constructed and operating, such as maintenance, rehabilitation,
ning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, reha-
and replacement costs.
bilitation, replacement, and cost deductions for any residual
2.1.6 indirect costs—the indirect costs to the owner that
value at the end of the proposed project design life.
users pay in terms of delayed time.
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCAmethod
2.1.7 inflation rate—an increase in the volume of money
determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all
and credit relative to available goods and services resulting in
initial and future costs over the project design life, and deducts
a continuing rise in the general price level.
any residual value.
2.1.7.1 Discussion—In this practice, inflation refers to
1.4 Major factors in the LCAmethod include project design
2
yearly change in the Producer Price Index (1).
life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.
2.1.8 interest rate—the cost of borrowed money.
2.1.9 maintenance costs—the annual or periodic direct and
2. Terminology
indirect costs of keeping a material, system, or structure
2.1 Definitions:
functioning for the project design life; such maintenance does
2.1.1 constant dollars—dollars of uniform purchasing
not extend the service life of the material, system, or structure.
power exclusive of inflation or deflation.
2.1.10 nominal discount rate—a discount rate that takes
2.1.1.1 Discussion—Constant dollars are costs stated at
into account both the effects of inflation and the real earning
price levels for a specific reference year, usually the particular
potential of money invested over time.
time that the LCA is being conducted.
2.1.10.1 Discussion—When future costs and values are
2.1.2 current dollars—dollarsofpurchasingpowerinwhich
expressed in current dollars, after having been adjusted for
actual prices are stated, including inflation or deflation.
inflation, a nominal discount rate is used to convert the future
2.1.2.1 Discussion—Current dollars are costs stated at price
costs and values to present value constant dollars. Users of this
levels in effect whenever the costs are incurred. In the absence
practice should consult with their accountant or client to
of inflation or deflation, current dollars are equal to constant
determine the appropriate discount rate for a given project.
dollars.
2.1.11 original costs—costs incurred in planning, design-
2.1.3 direct costs—the direct costs of excavation, removal,
ing, and constructing a project.
and disposal of existing materials, systems, or structures;
2.1.12 project design life—the number of years of useful
installation and testing of replacements materials, systems or
life the material, system, or structure must provide.
2.1.13 real discount rate—a discount rate that takes into
account only the real earning potential of money over time and
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete
is the differential between the interest and inflation rates.
Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originally
approved in 1
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1131–95 (Reapproved 2007) Designation: C1131 – 10
Standard Practice for
Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert, Storm
1
Sewer, and Sanitary Sewer Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1131; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle) analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed for
use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, and sanitary sewer systems.
NOTE 1—As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, but are not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings,
concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc.; (2) systems-circular pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wet and
dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.
1.2 The LCAmethod includes costs associated with planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, rehabilitation
andrehabilitation, replacement, and cost deductions for any residual value at the end of the proposed project design life.
1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCAmethod determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all initial
and future costs over the project design life, and deducts any residual value.
1.4 Major factors in the LCA method include project design life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:
E833Terminology of Building Economics
3.Terminology
3.1
2.1 Definitions:
3.1.1
2.1.1 constant dollars—dollars of uniform purchasing power exclusive of inflation or deflation.
3.1.1.1
2.1.1.1 Discussion—Constant dollars are costs stated at price levels for a specific reference year, usually the particular time that
the LCA is being conducted.
3.1.2
2.1.2 current dollars—dollars of purchasing power in which actual prices are stated, including inflation or deflation.
3.1.2.1
2.1.2.1 Discussion—Current dollars are costs stated at price levels in effect whenever the costs are incurred. In the absence of
inflation or deflation, current dollars are equal to constant dollars.
3.1.3
2.1.3 direct costs—thedirectcostsofexcavation,removal,anddisposalofexistingmaterials,systems,orstructures;installation
and testing of replacements materials, systems or structures; backfill; and surface restoration.
3.1.4—the direct costs of excavation, removal, and disposal of existing materials, systems, or structures; installation and testing
of replacements materials, systems or structures; backfill; surface restoration, traffıc rerouting, safety, utility relocations, etc.; and
additional future costs required by new land uses, population growth, etc.
2.1.4 discount rate—accounts for the time value of money and reflects the impartiality of paying or receiving a dollar now or
at a future time.
3.1.4.1
2.1.4.1 Discussion—Thediscountrateisusedtoconvertcostsoccurringatdifferenttimestoequivalentcostsatacommontime.
Discount rates may be expressed in nominal or real terms.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.
Current edition approved MayDec. 1, 2007.2010. Published May 2007.January 2011. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20002007 as
C1131 – 95 (2000).(2007). DOI: 10.1520/C1131-95R07.10.1520/C1131–10.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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C1131 – 10
3.1.5
2.1.5 future costs—costs incurred after a project has been constructed and operating, such as maintenance, rehabilitation, and
replacement costs.
3.1.6
2.1.6 indirect costs—the costs of traffic rerouting, safety, utility relocations, etc., and additional future costs required by new
land uses, population growth, etc.
3.1.7—the indirect costs to the owner that users pay in terms of delayed time.
2.1.7 inflation rate—an increase in the volume of money and credit relative to available goods and services resulting in a
continuing rise in the general price level.
3.1.7.1
2.1.7.1 Discussion—In this practice, inflation refers to yearly change in the Producer Price Index (1).
2
3.1.8
2.1.8 interest r
...
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