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ASTM E2907/E2907M-13(2019)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing

Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Paper machine rolls can range in size from 2.4 to 9 m [8 to 30 ft] long, with a shell thickness of from 12.5 to 75 mm [0.5 to 3 in.,] and 300 to 1200 mm [12 to 48 in.] diameter. Depending on purpose, paper machine rolls can weigh as little as 60 000 kg [13 000 lb] to as much as 27 500 kg [60 000 lb].  
5.2 If indications are found during this procedure it can be repeated, with additional sensors to refine source location accuracy.  
5.3 Removal of rolls for traditional NDT examination may be impractical and may not be sensitive enough to locate small defects.  
5.4 Traditional AE examination, whereby the roll is subjected to load greater than service load to detect crack extension, risks damage to the roll and is best employed as a follow-up NDT examination.  
5.5 Manual rotation through a full revolution subjects existing cracks to tensile and compressive forces which can open and close existing cracks, and cause friction at the crack surfaces.  
5.6 Excess background noise (overhead cranes, nearby maintenance activities) may distort AE data or render it useless. Users must be aware of the following common sources of background noise: bearing noise (lack of lubrication, spalling, and so forth), mechanical contact with the roll by other objects, electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) from nearby broadcasting facilities and from other sources. This practice should not be used if background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled.  
5.7 Other Non-destructive test methods may be used to evaluate the significance of AE indications. Traditional AE has been used to confirm the existence of the AE indication and fine tune the location. Magnetic particle, ultrasonic and radiographic examinations have been used to establish the position, depth and dimensions of the indication. Procedures for using other NDT methods are beyond the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examinations of non-pressure, paper machine rolls.  
1.2 This practice utilizes a slow rotation of the roll to produce a full load cycle where load is provided by the weight of the roll suspended from its bearings or other journal support mechanism(s).  
1.3 This practice is used for detection of cracks and other discontinuities in rolls that produce frictional acoustic emission during rotation.  
1.4 The AE measurements are used to detect or locate emission sources, or both. Other nondestructive test (NDT) methods must be used to evaluate the significance of AE sources. Procedures for other NDT techniques are beyond the scope of this practice. See Note 1.
Note 1: Traditional AE examination, magnetic particle examination, shear wave ultrasonic examination, and radiography are commonly used to establish the exact position and dimensions of flaws that produce AE.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2019
ICS
17.140.20 - Noise emitted by machines and equipment
85.100 - Equipment for the paper industry
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E1316-14e1 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Refers
ASTM E1316-15 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM E2374-15 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Refers
ASTM E1316-15a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Refers
ASTM E1316-16 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Feb-2016
Refers
ASTM E1316-16a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Aug-2016
Refers
ASTM E1316-17 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Feb-2017
Refers
ASTM E1316-17a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
15-Jun-2017
Refers
ASTM E1316-18 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Jan-2018
Refers
ASTM E1316-19 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Mar-2019
Refers
ASTM E1316-19b - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Dec-2019

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ASTM E2907/E2907M-13(2019) - Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face RubbingASTM E2907/E2907M-13(2019) - Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing
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ASTM E2907/E2907M-13(2019) - Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2907/E2907M − 13 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Practice for
Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic
1
Emission from Crack Face Rubbing
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2907/E2907M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission
(AE) examinations of non-pressure, paper machine rolls.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This practice utilizes a slow rotation of the roll to
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
produce a full load cycle where load is provided by the weight
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
of the roll suspended from its bearings or other journal support
Testing
mechanism(s).
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
1.3 This practice is used for detection of cracks and other
Sensors
discontinuitiesinrollsthatproducefrictionalacousticemission
E976 GuideforDeterminingtheReproducibilityofAcoustic
during rotation.
Emission Sensor Response
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.4 The AE measurements are used to detect or locate
E2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor
emission sources, or both. Other nondestructive test (NDT)
Response Using an Acrylic Rod
methods must be used to evaluate the significance of AE
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance
sources. Procedures for other NDT techniques are beyond the
Verification
scope of this practice. See Note 1.
E2598 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast
NOTE 1—Traditional AE examination, magnetic particle examination,
Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers
shear wave ultrasonic examination, and radiography are commonly used
3
to establish the exact position and dimensions of flaws that produce AE. 2.2 ASNT Standards:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
4
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance 2.3 AIA Document
with the standard. NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
Testing Personnel
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 3.1 Definitions—See Terminology E1316 for general termi-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
nology applicable to this practice.
Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.1 crack face rubbing—physical displacement of existing
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
crack surfaces as load is changed.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on the ASTM website.
3
Acoustic Emission Method. AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
Current edition approved May 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2907/E2907M – 13. Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
DOI: 10.1520/E2907_E2907M-13R19. WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2907/E2907M − 13 (2019)
3.2.2 crack fac
...

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ASTM E2598/E2598M-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers

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5.1 Cast iron Yankee dryers can be up to 6.7 m [22 ft] in diameter, 7.3 m [24 ft] long, and weigh 91 000 Kg [100 tons], or more (refer to Fig. 1). Vessel thickness measurements are available from the paper/tissue machine operator. Cast iron is a brittle metal and has no specific yield point. Yankee dryers must maintain specific dimensional tolerances. When a pressurized Yankee or steam heated paper dryer (SHPD) remains stationary, it fills with condensate at a rapid rate. In an hour, a steam pressurized Yankee or SHPD can fill half way with condensate, doubling the weight on the frame, and the floor. Some Yankee owners have corporate requirements that a cast iron Yankee dryer remain stationary for 1/2 h, then rotation is required. Permission is required, if the Yankee is to remain stationary for more time. This issue should be discussed with the responsible person prior to the examination.
FIG. 1 Yankee Dryer Drum  
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5.5 Flaws to be found are the same as those in any cast and machined product. Attempts have been made to characterize strength properties of cast irons in compact tension tests. In a TAPPI sponsored laboratory study, two out of three cast iron compact tension specimens experienced unplanned failures. From that experience it was cautioned that cracks initiated and grew faster than expected resulting in brittle fracture before the process could be halted. The failure of these two coupons demonstrated the rate in which cracks can grow in these materials and the mater...
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1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value due to the procedures herein that are unique to the AE community.  
1.2 This practice provides guidelines for carrying out acoustic emission (AE) examinations of Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers (SHPD) of the type to make tissue, paper, and paperboard products.  
1.3 This practice requires pressurization to levels used during normal operation. The pressurization medium may be high temperature steam, air, or gas. The dryer is also subjected to significant stresses during the heating up and cooling down periods of operation. Acoustic Emission data maybe collected during these time periods but this testing is beyond the scope of this document.  
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ASTM E2598/E2598M-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cast iron Yankee dryers can be up to 6.7 m [22 ft] in diameter, 7.3 m [24 ft] long, and weigh 91 000 Kg [100 tons], or more (refer to Fig. 1). Vessel thickness measurements are available from the paper/tissue machine operator. Cast iron is a brittle metal and has no specific yield point. Yankee dryers must maintain specific dimensional tolerances. When a pressurized Yankee or steam heated paper dryer (SHPD) remains stationary, it fills with condensate at a rapid rate. In an hour, a steam pressurized Yankee or SHPD can fill half way with condensate, doubling the weight on the frame, and the floor. Some Yankee owners have corporate requirements that a cast iron Yankee dryer remain stationary for 1/2 h, then rotation is required. Permission is required, if the Yankee is to remain stationary for more time. This issue should be discussed with the responsible person prior to the examination.
FIG. 1 Yankee Dryer Drum  
5.2 Yankee dryers operate under a heated hood. The hood is in close proximity to the Yankee shell and allows only inches of clearance for the top half of the vessel.  
5.3 Cast iron steam heated paper machine dryers are 2 m [6 ft] in diameter, or more, and may be 9 m [30 ft] long.  
5.4 Grey cast iron experiences a continuing reduction in elastic modulus as it is stressed to increasing higher levels. It is prudent not to stress grey cast iron material beyond its operating stress level.  
5.5 Flaws to be found are the same as those in any cast and machined product. Attempts have been made to characterize strength properties of cast irons in compact tension tests. In a TAPPI sponsored laboratory study, two out of three cast iron compact tension specimens experienced unplanned failures. From that experience it was cautioned that cracks initiated and grew faster than expected resulting in brittle fracture before the process could be halted. The failure of these two coupons demonstrated the rate in which cracks can grow in these materials and the mater...
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1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value due to the procedures herein that are unique to the AE community.  
1.2 This practice provides guidelines for carrying out acoustic emission (AE) examinations of Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers (SHPD) of the type to make tissue, paper, and paperboard products.  
1.3 This practice requires pressurization to levels used during normal operation. The pressurization medium may be high temperature steam, air, or gas. The dryer is also subjected to significant stresses during the heating up and cooling down periods of operation. Acoustic Emission data maybe collected during these time periods but this testing is beyond the scope of this document.  
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1.2.2 Hand protective products tested by this test method are new and ratings received by this method may be reduced or eliminated by hydrocarbon loading (gasoline, diesel fuel, transformer oil, etc.), sweat, dirt, grease, or other contaminants. The end user takes responsibility for use of hand protective products tested by this method when contaminated in such a manner that could reduce or eliminate the arc rating of the hand protective products.  
1.2.3 This test method is designed to provide information for gloves used for electric arc protection only. This test method is not suitable for determining electrical protective properties of hand protective products.  
1.3 This test method is used to measure and describe the properties of hand protective products in response to convective and radiant energy generated by an electric arc under controlled laboratory conditions.  
1.4 This test method does not apply to electrical contact or electrical shock hazards.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined  
1.6 This standard shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire assessment that takes into account all of the factors, which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this s...

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ASTM
ASTM F1911-05(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Installation of Barbed Tape

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to provide standard requirements utilizing specialized equipment and hand tools.  
4.2 Ensure that the barbed tape is fabricated from acceptable material and well constructed. Field verification of the barbed tape's acceptability shall be in accordance with the project's specifications and this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation procedure for barbed tape.  
1.2 The primary purpose of this practice is to guide those responsible for or concerned with the installation of barbed tape on chain link fences, masonry walls, roofs or used as ground barriers. This standard is not intended to cover aspects of perimeter security for establishing levels of product performance or give analysis relating to various design comparisons.  
1.3 This standard involves the use of material, that may cause injury, including exposure to hazardous materials, and operation of specialized equipment.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4861-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling and Selection of Analytical Techniques for Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is recommended for use primarily for non-occupational exposure monitoring in domiciles, public access buildings, and offices.  
5.2 The methods described in this practice have been successfully applied to measurement of pesticides and PCBs in outdoor air and for personal respiratory exposure monitoring.  
5.3 A broad spectrum of pesticides are commonly used in and around the house and for insect control in public and commercial buildings. Other semivolatile organic chemicals, such as PCBs, are also often present in indoor air, particularly in large office buildings. This practice promotes needed precision and bias in the determination of many of these airborne chemicals.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of air for a variety of common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and provides guidance on the selection of appropriate analytical measurement methods. Other compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated naphthalenes may be efficiently collected from air by this practice, but guidance on their analytical determination is not covered by this practice.  
1.2 The sampling and analysis of PCBs in air can be more complicated than sampling PCBs in solid media (for example, soils, building materials) or liquids (for example, transformer fluids). PCBs in solid or liquid material are typically analyzed using Aroclor2 distillation groups in chromatograms. In contrast, recent research has shown that analysis of PCBs in air samples by GC-ECD has also been found to exhibit potential uncertainties due to changes in the PCB patterns, differences in responses in distillation groups, peak co-elutions and differences in response factors within a homolog group (1, 2).3 As such it is recommended that PCBs in air not be quantified using AroclorTM distillation groups. In addition, it is recommended that analysis of PCBs in air be done using GC-MS rather than GC-ECD. Any mention, to outdated practices for “Aroclor” and GC-ECD analysis of PCBs herein are retained solely for historical perspective.  
1.3 A complete listing of pesticides and other semivolatile organic chemicals for which this practice has been tested is shown in Table 1.  
1.4 This practice is based on the collection of chemicals from air onto polyurethane foam (PUF) or a combination of PUF and granular sorbent (for example, diphenyl oxide, styrene-divinylbenzene), or a granular sorbent alone.  
1.5 This practice is applicable to multicomponent atmospheres, 0.001 μg/m3 to 50 μg/m3 concentrations, and 4 h to 24 h sampling periods. The limit of detection will depend on the nature of the analyte and the length of the sampling period.  
1.6 The analytical method(s) recommended will depend on the specific chemical(s) sought, the concentration level, and the degree of specificity required.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see 10.24 and A1.1.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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