ASTM D56-22
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Flash point measures the tendency of the specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that shall be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. One should consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classes.
5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material. For example, an abnormally low flash point on a sample of kerosene can indicate gasoline contamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point, by Tag manual and automated closed testers, of liquids with a viscosity below 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F), or below 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) at 25 °C (77 °F), and a flash point below 93 °C (200 °F).
1.1.1 Two sets of test conditions are used within this test method: low temperature (LT) test conditions for expected flash points ≥ 60 °C.
1.1.2 For the closed-cup flash point of liquids with the following properties: a viscosity of 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) or more at 40 °C (104 °F); a viscosity of 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) or more at 25 °C (77 °F); a flash point of 93 °C (200 °F) or higher; a tendency to form a surface film under test conditions; or containing suspended solids, Test Method D93 can be used.
1.1.3 For cut-back asphalts refer to Test Methods D1310 and D3143.
Note 1: The U.S. Department of Transportation (RSTA)2 and U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flash point under 37.8 °C (100 °F) are flammable as determined by this test method for those liquids that have a viscosity less than 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F) or 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) or less at 25 °C (77 °F), or do not contain suspended solids or do not have a tendency to form a surface film while under test. Other flash point classifications have been established by these departments for liquids using this test method.
1.2 This test method can be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and cannot be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method can be used as elements of fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
1.3 Related standards are Test Methods D93, D1310, D3828, D3278, and D3941.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see 6.5, 7.1, 9.3, 11.1.4, and refer to Safety Data Sheets.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Pr...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D56 − 22
Standard Test Method for
1
Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD56;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This dynamic flash point test method employs a prescribed rate of temperature rise for the material
undertest.Therateofheatingmaynotinallcasesgivetheprecisionquotedinthetestmethodbecause
of the low thermal conductivity of certain materials. To improve the prediction of flammability, Test
Method D3941, which utilizes a slower heating rate, was developed. Test Method D3941 provides
conditions closer to equilibrium where the vapor above the liquid and the liquid are at about the same
temperature. If a specification requires Test Method D56, do not change to Test Method D3941 or
other test method without permission from the specifier.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.
2
NOTE 1—The U.S. Department of Transportation (RSTA) and U.S.
1. Scope*
Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flash
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash
point under 37.8 °C (100 °F) are flammable as determined by this test
2
point, by Tag manual and automated closed testers, of liquids method for those liquids that have a viscosity less than 5.5 mm /s (cSt) at
2
2
40 °C (104 °F) or 9.5 mm /s (cSt) or less at 25 °C (77 °F), or do not
with a viscosity below 5.5 mm /s (cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F), or
2 contain suspended solids or do not have a tendency to form a surface film
below9.5 mm /s(cSt)at25 °C(77 °F),andaflashpointbelow
while under test. Other flash point classifications have been established by
93 °C (200 °F).
these departments for liquids using this test method.
1.1.1 Two sets of test conditions are used within this test
1.2 This test method can be used to measure and describe
method: low temperature (LT) test conditions for expected
the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response
flash points < 60 °C, and high temperature (HT) test conditions
to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and
for expected flash points of ≥ 60 °C.
cannot be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire
1.1.2 For the closed-cup flash point of liquids with the
2 risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire
following properties: a viscosity of 5.5 mm /s (cSt) or more at
2 conditions. However, results of this test method can be used as
40 °C (104 °F); a viscosity of 9.5 mm /s (cSt) or more at 25 °C
elements of fire risk assessment that takes into account all of
(77 °F);aflashpointof93 °C(200 °F)orhigher;atendencyto
the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard
form a surface film under test conditions; or containing
of a particular end use.
suspended solids, Test Method D93 can be used.
1.1.3 For cut-back asphalts refer to Test Methods D1310 1.3 Related standards are Test Methods D93, D1310,
D3828, D3278, and D3941.
and D3143.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on ForinformationonUnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportationregulations,see
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Codes of United States Regulation 49 CFR Chapter 1 and for information on United
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. States Department of Labor regulations, see Code of United States Regulation 29
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published July 2022. Originally approved CFR Chapter XVII. Each of these items are revised annually and may be procured
in 1918. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D56 – 21a. DOI: 10.1520/ from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,
D0056-22. DC 20402.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D56−22
4
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 2.2 Federal Test Method Standards:
standard.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D56 − 21a D56 − 22
Standard Test Method for
1
Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D56; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This dynamic flash point test method employs a prescribed rate of temperature rise for the material
under test. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the precision quoted in the test method because
of the low thermal conductivity of certain materials. To improve the prediction of flammability, Test
Method D3941, which utilizes a slower heating rate, was developed. Test Method D3941 provides
conditions closer to equilibrium where the vapor above the liquid and the liquid are at about the same
temperature. If a specification requires Test Method D56, do not change to Test Method D3941 or
other test method without permission from the specifier.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point, by Tag manual and automated closed testers, of liquids with a
2 2
viscosity below 5.5 mm /s (cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F), or below 9.5 mm /s (cSt) at 25 °C (77 °F), and a flash point below 93 °C
(200 °F).
1.1.1 Two sets of test conditions are used within this test method: low temperature (LT) test conditions for expected flash points
< 60 °C, and high temperature (HT) test conditions for expected flash points of ≥ 60 °C.
2
1.1.2 For the closed-cup flash point of liquids with the following properties: a viscosity of 5.5 mm /s (cSt) or more at 40 °C
2
(104 °F); a viscosity of 9.5 mm /s (cSt) or more at 25 °C (77 °F); a flash point of 93 °C (200 °F) or higher; a tendency to form
a surface film under test conditions; or containing suspended solids, Test Method D93 can be used.
1.1.3 For cut-back asphalts refer to Test Methods D1310 and D3143.
2
NOTE 1—The U.S. Department of Transportation (RSTA) and U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flash point under
2
37.8 °C (100 °F) are flammable as determined by this test method for those liquids that have a viscosity less than 5.5 mm /s (cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F) or
2
9.5 mm /s (cSt) or less at 25 °C (77 °F), or do not contain suspended solids or do not have a tendency to form a surface film while under test. Other flash
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.08 on Volatility.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021July 1, 2022. Published December 2021July 2022. Originally approved in 1918. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D56 –
21.21a. DOI: 10.1520/D0056-21A.10.1520/D0056-22.
2
For information on United States Department of Transportation regulations, see Codes of United States Regulation 49 CFR Chapter 1 and for information on United States
Department of Labor regulations, see Code of United States Regulation 29 CFR Chapter XVII. Each of these items are revised annually and may be procured from the
Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D56 − 22
point classifications have been established by these departments for liquids using this test method.
1.2 This test method can be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat
and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and cannot be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials,
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method can be used as elements of fire risk
assessment that takes into account all of the factors that a
...
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