ASTM D3878-00
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Composite Materials
Standard Terminology Composite Materials
SCOPE
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms of commercial importance, that appear in one or more standards on composites containing high-modulus (greater than 20 GPa (3 X 106 psi)) fibers.
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to include common meanings of the same terms as used outside the composites industry.
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as standard.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 3878 – 00
Standard Terminology for
1
Composite Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope in a specified length of tow, end, or strand as a result of
unequal tension; the tendency of some filaments in a taut
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms
horizontal tow, end, or strand to sag lower than others.
of commercial importance, that appear in one or more stan-
roving catenary—the difference in length of the ends, tows,
dards on composites containing high-modulus (greater than
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or strands in a specified length of roving as a result of
20-GPa (3 3 10 psi)) fibers.
unequal tension; the tendency of some ends, tows, or strands
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings
in a taut horizontal roving to sag lower than others.
used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to
composite:
include common meanings of the same terms as used outside
composite material—a substance consisting of two or more
the composites industry.
materials, insoluble in one another, which are combined to
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as
form a useful engineering material possessing certain prop-
standard.
erties not possessed by the constituents.
2. Referenced Documents
DISCUSSION—a composite material is inherently inhomogeneous on a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
microscopic scale but can often be assumed to be homogeneous on a
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D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles macroscopic scale for certain engineering applications. The constitu-
ents of a composite retain their identities: they do not dissolve or
2.2 Military Standard:
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otherwise merge completely into each other, although they act in
MIL-HDBK-17
concert.
3. Terminology
damage, n—in structures and structural mechanics, a struc-
3.1 Definitions:
tural anomaly in material or structure created by manufac-
turing or service usage.
645° laminate—a balanced symmetric laminate composed of
damage resistance, n—in structures and structural mechan-
only +45° plies and −45° plies.
ics, a measure of the relationship between the force, energy,
angleply laminate—any balanced laminate consisting of plus
or other parameter(s) associated with an event or sequence of
and minus theta plies where theta is an acute angle with
events and the resulting damage size and type.
respect to a reference direction.
balanced laminate—any laminate that contains one ply of DISCUSSION—Damage resistance increases as the force, energy, or
other parameter increases for a given size or type of damage. Con-
minus theta orientation with respect to the laminate principal
versely, damage resistance increases as damage decreases for a given
axis for every identical ply with a plus theta orientation.
applied force, energy, or other parameter. Damage resistance and
braided fabric—see braided fabric under fabric.
damage tolerance are often confused. A material or structure with high
bundle—a general term for a collection of essentially parallel
damage resistance will incur less physical damage from a given event.
filaments.
Materials or structures with high damage tolerance may incur varying
carbon fiber precursor—a material from which carbon fiber
levels of physical damage but will have high amounts of remaining
is made by pyrolysis. Polyacrylonitrile, rayon, or pitch fibers functionality. A damage-resistant material or structure may, or may not,
be considered damage tolerant.
are commonly used precursors.
catenary:
discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite—any composite
filament catenary—the difference in length of the filaments
material consisting of a matrix reinforced by discontinuous
fibers. The fibers may be whiskers or chopped fibers.
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fabric-reinforced composite—any composite material con-
These definitions are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and are the direct responsibilities of Subcommittee D30.01 on
sisting of a matrix reinforced by fabric (woven, knitted, or
Editorial and Resource Standards.
braided assemblages of fibers).
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2000. Published February 2001. Originally
fiber-reinforced composite—any composite material consist-
published as D 3878 – 81. Last previous edition D 3878 – 98.
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. ing of a matrix reinforced by continuous or discontinuous
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Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
fibers.
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111–5094.
Copy
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