ASTM D5283-92(1997)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assurance and Quality Control Planning and Implementation
Standard Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assurance and Quality Control Planning and Implementation
SCOPE
1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are composed of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality assessment. This practice addresses the planning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) above).
1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered to assure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof.
1.3 DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this practice to generate data adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs.
1.4 This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words "must," "shall," "may," and "should" have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1-A complete table of contents of this practice is given in Appendix X1.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: D 5283 – 92 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Practice for
Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste
Management Activities: Quality Assurance and Quality
Control Planning and Implementation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5283; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are composed of 2.1 ASTM Standards:
four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
(2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies and E 1187 Terminology Relating to Laboratory Accreditation
specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance crite- 2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Documents:
ria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and SW-846, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Vol 1,
(4) data quality assessment. This practice addresses the plan- Third Edition (NTIS No. PB88239223/LL), November
ning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects 1986
of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) QAMS-005/80 (NTIS No. PB83170514/LL), Interim
above). Guidelines and Specifications for Preparing Quality As-
1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered surance Project Plans, Office of Monitoring Systems and
to assure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of Quality Assurance, December 29, 1980
environmental data generation activities. Environmental data EPA/QAMS, Development of Data Quality Objectives, De-
include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of scription of Stages I and II, July 16, 1986
samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations QAMS 004/80 (NTIS No. PB83219667/LL), Guidelines
thereof. and Specifications for Preparing Quality Assurance Pro-
1.3 DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this gram Plans, Office of Monitoring Systems and Quality
practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are Assurance, September 20, 1980
subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs 2.3 Other documents related to the subject matter of this
were met. For example, many screening activities do not practice are cited in Appendix X2. This list is not intended to
require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality be comprehensive.
control (QC) steps found in this practice to generate data
adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of
3. Terminology
the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical
judgement as it relates to the established DQOs. 3.1 Definitions—The terms most applicable to this practice
have been defined in Terminologies D 1129 and E 1187.
1.4 This practice presents extensive management require-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ments designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The
words “must,”“ shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected 3.2.1 background sample—a sample taken from a location
on or proximate to the site of interest and used to document
carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the
statements made in this practice. baseline or historical information.
3.2.2 collocated samples—independent samples collected
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the as close as possible to the same point in space and time and
intended to be identical.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.2.3 data quality objectives (DQOs)—statements on the
level of uncertainty that a decision maker is willing to accept
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in the results derived from environmental data (see EPA/
NOTE 1—A complete table of contents of this practice is given in
QAMS, July 16, 1986).
Appendix X1.
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Sampling. Available from Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1992. Published February 1993. Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5283
3.2.4 environmental data generation activity— tasks asso- sufficient quality to meet the DQOs for a specific data
ciated with the production of environmental data, including collection activity.
planning, sampling, and analysis. 3.2.18 reference material—a material containing known
quantities of target analytes in either solution or a homoge-
3.2.5 equipment rinsate (equipment blank)—a sample of
neous matrix and used to document the bias of the analytical
analyte-free media that has been used to rinse the sampling
process.
equipment. This blank is collected after the completion of
3.2.19 split samples—aliquots of sample taken from the
decontamination and prior to sampling and is useful for
same container and analyzed independently. These are usually
documenting the adequate decontamination of sampling equip-
taken after mixing or compositing and are used to document
ment.
intra- or interlaboratory precision.
3.2.6 field blank—a sample of analyte-free media similar to
3.2.20 standard addition—the practice of adding a known
the sample matrix that is transferred from one vessel to another
amount of an analyte to a sample immediately prior to analysis,
or exposed to the sampling environment at the sampling site.
typically used to evaluate matrix effects.
This blank is preserved and processed in the same manner as
3.2.21 standard operating procedures (SOPs)—the estab-
the associated samples and is used to document contamination
lished written procedures of a given organization. Special
in the sampling and analysis process.
project plans may require procedures different from the estab-
3.2.7 field duplicates—collocated samples that are analyzed
lished SOPs.
independently and are useful in documenting the precision of
3.2.22 surrogate—an organic compound that is similar to
the sampling and analytical process.
the target analyte(s) in chemical composition and behavior in
3.2.8 laboratory control sample—a known matrix spiked
the analytical process, but is not normally found in environ-
with compound(s) representative of the target analytes and
mental samples.
used to document laboratory performance.
3.2.23 trip blank—a sample of analyte-free media taken
3.2.9 material blank—a sample composed of construction
from the laboratory (or appropriate point of origin) to the
materials such as those used in well installation, well develop-
sampling site and returned to the laboratory unopened. A trip
ment, pump and flow testing, and slurry wall construction.
blank is used to document the contamination attributable to
Examples of these materials are bentonite, sand, drilling fluids,
shipping and field handling procedures and is also useful in
and source and purge water. This blank documents the con-
documenting the contamination of volatile organics samples.
tamination resulting from use of the construction materials.
4. Summary of Practice
3.2.10 matrix duplicate—an intralaboratory split sample
4.1 This practice describes the criteria and activities for field
used to document the precision of a procedure in a given
and laboratory organizations involved in generating environ-
sample matrix.
mental data in terms of human and physical resources, QA and
3.2.11 matrix spike—an aliquot of sample spiked with a
QC procedures, and documentation requirements depending on
known concentration of target analyte(s) and used to document
the DQOs.
the bias of an analytical process in a given sample matrix. The
spiking occurs prior to sample preparation and analysis. 5. Significance and Use
3.2.12 matrix spike duplicates—intralaboratory split
5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regu-
samples spiked with identical concentrations of target ana-
latory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of
lyte(s) and used to document the precision and bias of a
known quality commensurate with their intended use.
procedure in a given sample matrix. The spiking occurs prior to
5.2 Data generation efforts involve the following: establish-
sample preparation and analysis.
ment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet the
3.2.13 method blank—an analyte-free media, to which all DQOs; implementation of the project plan; and assessment of
reagents are added in the same volumes or proportions used in the data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.
sample processing. The method blank must be carried through 5.3 Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field and
the complete sample preparation and analytical procedure and laboratory organizations generating environmental data. Addi-
is used to document contamination resulting from the analyti- tional activities may be required based on the DQOs of the data
cal process. collection effort.
5.4 This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratory
3.2.14 project—single or multiple data collection activities
organizations generating environmental data and identifies
that are related through the same planning sequence.
some other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.
3.2.15 project planning documents—all documents related
5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communi-
to the definition of the environmental data collection activities
cation among those involved in establishing DQOs, planning
associated with a project.
and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of envi-
3.2.16 quality assurance program plan (QAPP)—anor-
ronmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.
derly assemblage of management policies, objectives, prin-
5.6 Environmental field operations are discussed in Section
ciples, and general procedures by which an organization
7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed in
involved in environmental data generation activities outlines
Section 8.
how it intends to produce data of known quality.
6. Project Specification
3.2.17 quality assurance project plan (QAPjP)— an orderly
assemblage of detailed procedures designed to produce data of 6.1 Project activities should be defined prior to the start of
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5283
any field or laboratory activities. At a minimum, project policy. Planning documents shall specify the required level of
specifications should address the following topics: document control and identify the personnel having access.
6.2 Data Quality Objectives—DQOs for the data generation Document formats that may be required to ensure that all data
activity should be defined prior to the initiation of field and needs are satisfied shall be specified. In addition, a project
laboratory work. It is desirable that the field and laboratory schedule that identifies critical milestones and completion
organizations be aware of the DQOs so that the personnel dates should be available.
conducting the work are able to make informed decisions
7. Standard Practices for Environmental Field
during the course of the project.
Operations
6.3 Project Plan— The project should be designed to meet
7.1 Purpose—The field organization must conduct its op-
the DQOs, and the project plan should define the following:
erations in such a manner as to provide reliable information
6.3.1 Project Objectives—Project objectives provide back-
that meets the DQOs. To achieve this goal, certain minimum
ground information, state reasons for the data collection effort,
policies and procedures must be implemented in order to meet
identify any regulatory programs governing data collection,
the DQOs.
define specific objectives for each sampling location, and
7.2 Organization— The field organization shall be struc-
describe the intended uses for the data.
tured such that each member of the organization has a clear
6.3.2 Project Management—A person(s) shall be designated
understanding of his or her duties and responsibilities and the
as having responsibility and authority for the following: (1)
relationship of those responsibilities to the total effort. The
developing project documents that implement the DQOs; (2)
organizational structure, functional responsibilities, levels of
selecting field and laboratory organizations to conduct the
authority, job descriptions, and lines of communication for
work; (3) coordinating communication among the field and
activities shall be established and documented. One person
laboratory organizations and government agencies, as required;
may cover more than one organizational function.
and (4) reviewing and assessing the final data.
7.2.1 Management—The management of the field organiza-
6.3.3 Sampling Requirements—Sampling locations, equip-
tion is responsible for establishing organizational, operational,
ment, and procedures and sample preservation and handling
health and safety, and QA policies. Management shall ensure
requirements shall be specified.
that the following requirements are met: (1) the appropriate
6.3.4 Analytical Requirements—The analytical procedures,
methodologies are followed, as documented in the standard
analyte list, required detection limits, and required precision
operating procedures (SOPs); (2) personnel clearly understand
and bias values shall be specified. Regulatory requirements and
their duties and responsibilities; (3) each staff member has
DQOs shall be considered when developing the specifications.
access to appropriate project documents; (4) any deviations
NOTE 2—This does not imply that the specified analytical requirements
from the project plan are communicated to project manage-
can be met.
ment; and ( 5) communication occurs between the field,
6.3.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control laboratory, and project management, as specified in the project
Requirements—The QA and QC requirements shall address
plan. Management shall foster an attitude within the organiza-
both field and laboratory activities. The means for controlling tion that emphasi
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