ASTM D7144-05a(2011)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals Determination
Standard Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals Determination
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Human exposure to toxic metals present in surface dust can result from dermal contact with or ingestion of contaminated dust. Also, inhalation exposure can result from disturbing dust particles from contaminated surfaces. Thus standardized methods for the collection and analysis of metals in surface dust samples are needed in order to evaluate the potential for human exposure to toxic elements.
This practice involves the use of sampling equipment to collect surface dust samples that may contain toxic metals, and is intended for use by qualified technical professionals.
This practice allows for the subsequent determination of collected metals concentrations on an area (loading) or mass concentration basis, or both.
Because particle losses can occur due to collection of dust onto the inner surfaces of the nozzle, the length of the collection nozzle is specified in order that such losses are comparable from one sample to another.
This practice is suitable for the collection of surface dust samples from, for example: (a) soft, porous surfaces such as carpet or upholstery; (b) hard, rough surfaces such as concrete or roughened wood; (c) confined areas that cannot be easily sampled by other means (such as wipe sampling as described in Practice D6966). A companion sampling technique that may be used for collection of surface dust from hard, smooth surfaces is wipe sampling (Practice D6966). A companion vacuum sampling technique that may be used for sampling carpets is described in Practice D5438.
Procedures presented in this practice are intended to provide a standardized method for dust collection from surfaces that cannot be reliably sampled using wipe collection methods (for example, Practice D6966). Additionally, the procedure described uses equipment that is readily available and in common use for other environmental and occupational hygiene sampling applications.
The entire contents of the filter holder, that is, the filter plus collected dust, is targete...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the micro-vacuum collection of surface dust for subsequent determination of metals. The primary intended application is for sampling from soft, rough, or porous surfaces.
1.2 Micro-vacuum sampling is carried out using a collection nozzle attached to a filter holder (sampling cassette) that is connected to an air sampling pump.
1.3 This practice allows for the subsequent determination of metals on a loading basis (mass of metal(s) per unit area sampled), or on a concentration basis (mass of metal(s) per unit mass of sample collected), or both.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 Limitations—Due to a number of physical factors inherent in the micro-vacuum sampling method, analytical results for vacuum dust samples are not likely to reflect the total dust contained within the sampling area prior to sample collection. Indeed, dust collection will generally be biased towards smaller, less dense dust particles. Nevertheless, the use of this standard practice will generate data that are consistent and comparable between operators performing micro-vacuum collection at a variety of sampling locations and sites.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D7144 −05a(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Practice for
Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for
Subsequent Metals Determination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7144; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers the micro-vacuum collection of 2.1 ASTM Standards:
surface dust for subsequent determination of metals. The D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
primary intended application is for sampling from soft, rough, Atmospheres
or porous surfaces. D3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
1.2 Micro-vacuumsamplingiscarriedoutusingacollection
D5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical
nozzle attached to a filter holder (sampling cassette) that is
Analysis
connected to an air sampling pump.
D6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples
1.3 This practice allows for the subsequent determination of
Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determi-
metals on a loading basis (mass of metal(s) per unit area
nation of Metals
sampled),oronaconcentrationbasis(massofmetal(s)perunit
2.2 ISO Standard:
mass of sample collected), or both.
ISO 15202-1 Workplace air—Determination of metals and
metalloids in airborne particulate matter by inductively
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry—Part 1:
Sampling
1.5 Limitations—Due to a number of physical factors inher-
ent in the micro-vacuum sampling method, analytical results
for vacuum dust samples are not likely to reflect the total dust
3. Terminology
contained within the sampling area prior to sample collection.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to sam-
Indeed, dust collection will generally be biased towards
pling and analysis of dust not given here, refer to D1356.
smaller, less dense dust particles. Nevertheless, the use of this
standard practice will generate data that are consistent and
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
comparable between operators performing micro-vacuum col-
3.2.1 air sampling pump—a portable pump that is used to
lection at a variety of sampling locations and sites.
draw air through a filter holder/collection nozzle assembly for
micro-vacuum collection of surface dust. An example would
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
include a personal sampling pump (D1356).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.2.2 batch—a group of field or quality control samples, or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
both, that are collected together in a similar environment and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. are processed together using the same reagents and equipment.
3.2.3 collection nozzle—apieceofflexibleplastictubingcut
at a 45º angle at the inlet end, and connected at the outlet end
to the inlet orifice of a filter holder (sampling cassette).
3.2.4 field blank—a sample that is handled in exactly the
same way that field samples are collected, except that no air is
drawn through it.
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on WorkplaceAir Quality.
Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D7144 – 05a. DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/D7144-05AR11. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Reynolds, S. J., et al., “Laboratory comparison of vacuum, OSHA, and HUD the ASTM website.
sampling methods for lead in household dust.” American Industrial Hygiene Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Association Journal, Vol. 58, pp. 439-446 (1997). 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7144−05a (2011)
3.2.5 filter holder—an apparatus that supports and contains
the filter medium upon which dust is collected. It is also often
referred to as a sampling cassette.
3.2.6 internal capsule—a device inserted into a filter holder
(sampling cassette) that allows complete capture of contami-
nant within its envelope and prevents deposition of collected
material on the internal walls of the sampling cassette. Use of
FIG. 1Schematic of Sampling Assembly for Micro-Vacuum Sur-
an internal capsule is necessary for gravimetric analysis
face Dust Sampling
purposes.
A: Flexible tubing connecting the filter holder to the sampling
NOTE 1—Such capsules are commercially available. pump (not shown); B: Outlet of filter holder; C: Back-up pad/
support; D: Filter; E: Inlet of filter holder; F: Housing of filter
3.2.7 sampling device (assembly)—for micro-vacuum
holder; G: Flexible tubing collection nozzle
sampling, an apparatus consisting of the collection nozzle,
filter holder (containing internal capsule, if necessary), and air
sampling pump, used to collect surface dust. The collection
5.4 Because particle losses can occur due to collection of
nozzle is attached to the inlet end of the filter holder. The filter
dust onto the inner surfaces of the nozzle, the length of the
holderhousesthefilter,throughwhichairisdrawnbyusingthe
collection nozzle is specified in order that such losses are
air sampling pump.The filter holder is attached to the pump by
comparable from one sample to another.
flexible tubing.
5.5 Thispracticeissuitableforthecollectionofsurfacedust
3.2.8 surface dust—particulate matter on a given surface
samples from, for example: (a) soft, porous surfaces such as
which has been transported to its present location by various
carpet or upholstery; (b) hard, rough surfaces such as concrete
means, such as settling through the air or tracking from other
or roughened wood; (c) confined areas that cannot be easily
sources.
sampled by other means (such as wipe sampling as described
in Practice D6966).Acompanion sampling technique that may
4. Summary of Practice
be used for collection of surface dust from hard, smooth
4.1 Samples of surface dust are collected from selected
surfaces is wipe sampling (Practice D6966). A companion
sampling locations into individual filter holders by using a
vacuum sampling technique that may be used for sampling
micro-vacuum collection technique that employs a personal
carpets is described in Practice D5438.
sampling pump. The sample is then processed for transport
5.6 Procedures presented in this practice are intended to
and subsequent laboratory analysis for determination of metals
provide a standardized method for dust collection from sur-
content.
faces that cannot be reliably sampled using wipe collection
4.2 The collected sample may include particles which ad-
methods (for example, Practice D6966). Additionally, the
here to the internal walls of the filter holder. This material
procedure described uses equipment that is readily available
should be rinsed or wiped off and added to the sample meant
and in common use for other environmental and occupational
for subsequent chemical analysis. However, this material
hygiene sampling applications.
cannot be included in gravimetric determination unless an
5.7 The entire contents of the filter holder, that is, the filter
internal capsule that can be accurately weighed is used during
plus collected dust, is targeted for subsequent analysis for
sample collection.
metals content. An internal capsule is used if gravimetric
analysis is necessary.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Human exposure to toxic metals present in surface dust
6. Apparatus
can result from dermal contact with or ingestion of contami-
6.1 Dust sampling equipment—The sampling assembly (see
nateddust.Also,inhalationexposurecanresultfromdisturbing
Fig.1)forthemicro-vacuumcollectionofsurfacedustsamples
dust particles from contaminated surfaces. Thus standardized
has the following components:
methods for the collection and analysis of metals in surface
6.1.1 Filters, of a diameter suitable for use with the filter
dust samples are needed in order to evaluate the potential for
holders,andwithacollectionefficiencyofnotlessthan99.5 %
human exposure to toxic elements.
for particles with a diffusion diameter of 0.3 µm, and with a
5.2 This practice involves the use of sampling equipment to
verylowmetalcontent(typicallylessthan0.1µgofeachmetal
collect surface dust samples that may contain toxic metals, and
of interest per filter) (see ISO 15202-1).
is intended for use by qualified technical professionals.
6.1.1.1 Weight-stable filters or matched-weight filters shall
be used if it is desired to determine the mass of collected dust.
5.3 This practice allows for the subsequent determination of
collected metals concentrations on an area (loading) or mass
NOTE 2—If the filters are to be weighed in order to determine the mass
concentration basis, or both.
of dust collected, it is important that they be resistant to moisture
retention, so that blank weight changes that can occur as a result of
changes in temperature and humidity are as low and repeatable as
possible. Also, filters selected for weight stability should not be exces-
Que Hee, S. S., et al., “Evolution of efficient methods to sample lead sources,
such as house dust and hand dust, in the homes of children.” Environmental sively brittle, since this can introduce weighing errors due to loss of filter
Research, Vol. 38, pp. 77-95 (1985). material.
D7144−05a (2011)
6.1.2 Filter holders, for 25- or 37-mm diameter filters. 7.1.2 If pre-weighed filters and internal capsules are used,
6.1.3 Internal capsules, for gravimetric analysis—If it is record their masses to the nearest 0.1 mg using established
desired to determine the mass of collected dust, internal acceptance criteria.
capsules shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg.
NOTE 5—If desired, pre-loaded filter holders and capsules with pre-
NOTE 3—If pre-weighed internal capsules and filters are used, it will be weighed filters and internal capsules may be purchased, already
assembled, from the manufacturer.
necessary to tare the internal
...
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