ASTM E3289-21

Standard Guide for Using Equipment and Assays for Field Detection of Fentanyl and Fentanyl-Related Compounds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide includes a wide range of technologies that are currently in use. Considerations and guidance for using these technologies are listed in each technology section.  
5.2 The guide was compiled with significant input, review, and feedback from first responders; assay and instrument manufacturers; and local, state, and federal SMEs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides end-users and practitioners with information on the optimal use and limitations of assays and instrumentation designed to detect fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds.  
1.2 This guide also provides summaries and links to guidance documents on training, personal protective equipment (PPE), sampling and detection, and medical countermeasures.  
1.3 This guide is intended for first responders and other end-users of field detection assays or instruments used to detect fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds while out in the field. These instruments could also be used in a laboratory setting.  
1.4 End-users will need to determine specific requirements including, but not limited to, use by hazardous material (HAZMAT) teams, use in explosive or other hazardous environments or atmospheres, use with PPE, use by firefighters or law enforcement officers, special electromagnetic compatibility needs, extended storage periods, and extended mission times. These specific requirements may or may not be generally applicable to all chemical detection systems.  
1.5 Units:  
1.5.1 The metric system is used for all measures of weight. All temperatures are given in °C.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2021
• ICS: 71.040.40 - Chemical analysis
• Technical Committee: E54 - Homeland Security Applications
• Drafting Committee: E54.01 - CBRNE Detection and CBRN Protection

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E3131-17 - Standard Specification for Nucleic Acid-Based Systems for Bacterial Pathogen Screening of Suspicious Visible Powders
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2017
• Refers: ASTM E2771-11e3 - Standard Terminology for Homeland Security Applications
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2011
• Refers: ASTM E2771-11 - Standard Terminology for Homeland Security Applications
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2011
• Refers: ASTM E2771-11e1 - Standard Terminology for Homeland Security Applications
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2011
• Refers: ASTM E2771-11e2 - Standard Terminology for Homeland Security Applications
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2011

Overview

ASTM E3289-21: Standard Guide for Using Equipment and Assays for Field Detection of Fentanyl and Fentanyl-Related Compounds provides essential guidance for first responders, emergency personnel, and other practitioners who use detection assays and instruments to identify fentanyl and related substances in the field. Developed by ASTM, this guide outlines best practices, optimal use, and limitations of field-portable detection technologies, and emphasizes the importance of safety, appropriate equipment, and training. The guide is a valuable resource for agencies responding to incidents involving suspected fentanyl exposures, offering actionable information to enhance safe and efficient detection operations.

Key Topics

• Field Detection Technologies: The guide covers a wide range of currently available field detection instruments, including portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), mass spectrometry (MS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), colorimetric assays, and immunoassays. Each technology’s strengths and limitations are discussed to inform the end user’s selection and deployment.

• Safety and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Guidance on the proper selection, use, donning, doffing, and care of PPE is provided, based on specific mission requirements and risk assessments. Recommendations ensure responders minimize risk of exposure when dealing with hazardous materials, including fentanyl and its analogues.

• Sampling and Detection Methods: The guide outlines best practices for obtaining and preparing samples, and details the operational considerations associated with both trace and bulk sample analysis. It also provides recommendations for avoiding cross-contamination and exposure through careful sample collection techniques and equipment use.

• Training and Medical Countermeasures: References to training materials and medical countermeasure protocols are included, emphasizing the importance of responder education, awareness of fentanyl exposure symptoms, and access to treatments such as naloxone for opioid toxidrome cases.

Applications

The ASTM E3289-21 guide can be adopted by:

• First Responders and Emergency Services: Firefighters, law enforcement officers, EMS personnel, and hazardous materials (HAZMAT) teams benefit from tailored guidance on equipment deployment, PPE use, and safe field detection practices tailored to their operational environments and unique incident requirements.
• Public Health and Safety Agencies: To enhance planning, policy formation, and training modules, agencies can incorporate the guide’s best practices and operational protocols.
• Laboratory and Technical Personnel: While focused on field detection, the guide is also relevant for laboratory settings where similar instruments and assays are used.
• Incident Commanders and Safety Officers: The guide assists decision-makers in developing incident-specific detection strategies and informing risk control measures during fentanyl-related emergencies.

Related Standards

ASTM E3289-21 references and complements several other key standards and guidance documents relevant to fentanyl detection and responder safety:

• ASTM E3243 – Specification for Field Detection Equipment and Assays Used for Fentanyl and Fentanyl-Related Compounds
• ASTM E3290 – Test Method for Establishing Performance of Equipment and Assays for Field Detection of Fentanyl and Fentanyl-Related Compounds
• NFPA 472 – Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents
• NFPA 704 – Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response
• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120 – Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
• ISO 17034 – General Requirements for the Competence of Reference Material Producers

Adherence to ASTM E3289-21 not only aids in safe and accurate field detection of fentanyl, but also supports compliance with leading industry and safety standards, ensuring coordinated and effective response to hazardous opioid incidents.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3289 − 21
Standard Guide for
Using Equipment and Assays for Field Detection of Fentanyl
and Fentanyl-Related Compounds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3289; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This guide provides end-users and practitioners with
E2771 Terminology for Homeland Security Applications
information on the optimal use and limitations of assays and
E3131 Specification for Nucleic Acid-Based Systems for
instrumentation designed to detect fentanyl and fentanyl-
Bacterial Pathogen Screening of Suspicious Visible Pow-
related compounds.
ders
1.2 This guide also provides summaries and links to guid-
E3243 Specification for Field Detection Equipment and
ance documents on training, personal protective equipment
Assays Used for Fentanyl and Fentanyl-Related Com-
(PPE), sampling and detection, and medical countermeasures.
pounds
1.3 This guide is intended for first responders and other
E3290 Test Method for Establishing Performance of Equip-
end-usersoffielddetectionassaysorinstrumentsusedtodetect
ment and Assays for Field Detection of Fentanyl and
fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds while out in the field.
Fentanyl-Related Compounds
These instruments could also be used in a laboratory setting.
2.2 NFPA Standards:
1.4 End-users will need to determine specific requirements NFPA 472 Standard for Competence of Responders to Haz-
including, but not limited to, use by hazardous material ardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents
(HAZMAT) teams, use in explosive or other hazardous envi- NFPA 473 Standard for Competencies for EMS Personnel
ronments or atmospheres, use with PPE, use by firefighters or
Responding to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass
law enforcement officers, special electromagnetic compatibil- Destruction Incidents
ity needs, extended storage periods, and extended mission
NFPA 704 Standard System for the Identification of the
times. These specific requirements may or may not be gener- Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response
ally applicable to all chemical detection systems.
2.3 OSHA Standards:
29 CFR 1910.120 OSHA Hazardous waste operations and
1.5 Units:
emergency response
1.5.1 The metric system is used for all measures of weight.
29 CFR 1910.132 OSHA PPE Standard
All temperatures are given in °C.
29 CFR 1910.134 OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.4 Other Standards:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Eurachem/CITAC Guide CG 4:2012 Quantifying Uncer-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tainty in Analytical Measurement
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ISO 17034 General requirements for the competence of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
reference material producers
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the ASTM website.
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on Homeland Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http://www.osha.gov.
Security Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E54.01 on Available from Eurachem, https://www.eurachem.org/index.php.
CBRNE Detection and Decontamination. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published July 2021. DOI: 10.1520/ Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
E3289-21. Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E3289 − 21
3. Terminology The SMEs providing the support can identify poor-quality data
and recommend settings for a successful rescan, perform
3.1 Definitions:
advanced data analysis techniques to identify chemicals pres-
3.1.1 accuracy, n—closeness of agreement between a test
ent in the sample, and quickly provide decision-support capa-
result and the accepted reference value. E2771
bilities and guidance in response to end-user inquiries. Reach-
3.1.2 assay, n—quantitative or qualitative test used to deter-
back services are commonly used for aiding in the
mine the presence or absence of a target chemical compound.
interpretation of ambiguous data and for confirmation of
3.1.2.1 Discussion—This definition differs slightly from
positive results (especially those with which decisions of
Specification E3131; here it refers to chemical, and not
consequence may be taken).
necessarily biological materials or compounds.
3.1.12 reference material, n—substance sufficiently homog-
3.1.3 bulk sample, n—total sample amount (including the
enous and stable with respect to one or more specified
sum of target and non-target compounds) that is visible to the
propertiesthathasbeenestablishedtobefitforitsintendeduse
naked eye; the amount of sample available for testing bulk
in the measurement process; properties can be quantitative or
samples according to this standard is >1 µg, but ≤10 mg.
qualitative. ISO 17034
3.1.4 compound, n—chemical substance under evaluation
3.1.13 saturation, n—condition in which the detector re-
in this specification.
sponse no longer increases with increased sample concentra-
tion.
3.1.5 false negative, n—failure to detect a compound within
3.1.13.1 Discussion—This can occur when there is too
a sample when it is present.
much sample introduced to an instrument or assay. For optical
3.1.6 false positive, n—detection of a compound within a
detection instruments, too much exposure to light, including
sample when it is not present.
ambient light, can saturate the detector.
3.1.7 measurement process, n—step, or series of systematic
3.1.14 sensitivity, n—change in the response of a measuring
steps, used to detect a material or determine if a system or
instrument divided by the corresponding change in the
instrument performs as intended.
stimulus. Eurachem/CITAC Guide CG 4:2012
3.1.8 non-target compound, n—a compound other than the
3.1.15 specificity/selectivity, n—ability of a measurement
desired compound of interest to be detected; for fentanyl and
process to determine accurately and specifically the analyte of
fentanyl-related substances, this includes diluents/cutting
interest in the presence of other components in the sample
agents, dyes/colorants, and other drugs that are not fentanyl or
matrix under the stated conditions of the test. Eurachem/
fentanyl-related substances.
CITAC Guide CG 4:2012
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Non-target compounds should not give
3.1.16 target compound, n—the compound of interest to be
a positive test result for fentanyl or fentanyl-related substances
detected; for this guide it is fentanyl and fentanyl-related
(oranotherdesiredcompoundofinteresttobedetected);thisis
compounds.
considered a false-positive result. Ideally, all non-target com-
3.1.16.1 Discussion—Ideally, all target compounds should
pounds should result in negative detection results for fentanyl
result in positive detection results.
and fentanyl-related compounds.
3.2 Acronyms:
3.1.9 operator, n—person operating an on-site chemical
3.2.1 ATR—attenuated total reflectance.
assessment technology.
3.2.2 CDC—Centers for Disease Control.
3.1.9.1 Discussion—Thisdefinitiondiffersslightlyfromthat
E3131 as it applies to the chemical detection
in Specification 3.2.3 CFR—Code of Federal Regulations.
technology referred to in this document.
3.2.4 CONOPS—concept of operations.
3.1.10 precursor, n—a chemical compound that is used in
3.2.5 DEA—Drug Enforcement Agency.
the synthesis of, generally, a compound with more complex
3.2.6 DOJ—Department of Justice.
chemical structure; in this guide, a precursor is a compound
3.2.7 EMS—emergency medical services.
used to synthesize fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds.
3.2.8 EMT—emergency medical technician.
3.1.11 reach-back support, n—reach-back support refers to
a service, often available 24 h a day/7 days per week via paid 3.2.9 FEMA—Federal Emergency Management Agency.
subscriptionthroughanequipment(instrumentorassay)manu-
3.2.10 FTIR—Fourier transform infrared (also known as
facturer;theserviceallowsequipmentusersinthefieldtobein
FTIR spectroscopy).
real-time contact with subject matter experts (SMEs) to pro-
3.2.11 GC—gas chromatography.
vide advice and assessment of analysis results, including, but
3.2.12 GC/MS—gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
not limited to identification of one or more substances in an
unknown sample. 3.2.13 HAZMAT—hazardous material team.
3.1.11.1 Discussion—As an example, a field chemical de-
3.2.14 HPMS—high pressure mass spectrometry.
tection instrument like a Raman spectrometer may be used to
3.2.15 IAB—InterAgency Board.
scan an unknown sample suspected of containing fentanyl or
3.2.16 IMS—ion mobility spectrometry.
fentanyl-related compounds. The user can send the resulting
data to reach-back support for review, interpretation, or both. 3.2.17 ISO—International Organization for Standardization.
E3289 − 21
3.2.18 MS—mass spectrometry. 6. Summary of Existing Guidance Documents and
Resources for Emergency Responders
3.2.19 NFPA—National Fire Protection Association.
6.1 The documents and guidance summarized below do not
3.2.20 NIOSH—National Institute for Occupational Safety
purport to address all hazards or best practices. They are
and Health.
provided here for reference and are not part of this standard’s
specific guidance.
3.2.21 OSHA—Occupational Safety and HealthAdministra-
tion.
6.2 Training Guidance (1, 2, 3)
6.2.1 Responders should be trained on the potential hazards
3.2.22 PPE—personal protective equipment.
they might encounter and the necessary knowledge and skills
3.2.23 SERS—surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
toperformtheirworkwithminimalrisktotheirownsafetyand
health, and that of other responders.
3.2.24 SME—subject matter expert.
6.2.2 Responders who perform jobs where fentanyl or its
3.2.25 TICs—toxic industrial chemicals.
analogues are reasonably anticipated to be present should also
receive special training in conducting an on-scene risk assess-
3.2.26 TIMs—toxic industrial materials.
ment related to fentanyl and its analogues, and demonstrate an
3.2.27 TLC—thin layer chromatography.
understanding of the following:
6.2.2.1 When to use PPE; what PPE is necessary; how to
3.2.28 US&R—Urban Search & Rescue (which may be
properly don, operate in, decontaminate, doff, dispose of, and
FEMA or State teams).
maintain PPE; and the limitations of PPE.
6.2.2.2 What the potential exposure routes are for fentanyl
4. Summary of Guide
and its analogues.
4.1 This guide provides important information to end-users
6.2.2.3 How to recognize the signs and symptoms of fenta-
of field detection equipment and assays for safe collection and
nyl and fentanyl-related substance exposure.
optimaltestingofsamplessuspectedofcontainingfentanyland
6.2.2.4 When and how to seek medical help.
fentanyl-related compounds while out in the field. These
6.2.3 Always comply with OSHA’s hazardous materials
instruments could also be used in a laboratory setting.
standard (29 CFR 1910.120) involving hazardous substances
(1, 3).
4.2 Information from this guide can be incorporated into
planning, policy, training, and overall concept of operations 6.3 Safe Operating Procedures Guidance (1, 2, 3)—
Response personnel must balance safety with mobility and
(CONOPS) for responding to a scene where fentanyl or
efficiency when working at scenes where fentanyl is known or
fentanyl-related compounds may be present. This guide rec-
suspected to be present. The first determination should be
ommendsbestpracticesanduseandlimitationsofvariousfield
whetherdetectionandidentificationofthematerialwillchange
detection instruments and assays. Overview guidance and
the response. If the answer is no, then strong consideration
references are also given regarding sampling, PPE,
should be given to not interacting with the threat material for
decontamination, and medical countermeasures.
detection purposes, and instead packaging and providing it to
4.3 Companion Standards—While this guide is intended for
law enforcement for laboratory testing with appropriate PPE
emergency responders and those using field detection equip-
and advanced detection equipment. If detection and identifica-
ment or assays for measuring samples that are suspected of
tion of fentanyl is critical to the incident response, an incident-
containing fentanyl while out in the field, two related compan-
specificplanshouldbedevelopedtoperformthefieldtestingin
ionstandardsthataretechnicalinnatureexistthatwerewritten accordance with agency policies and procedures.
for laboratory personnel who will be conducting performance 6.3.1 As with all first responder operations involving haz-
ardous materials, responders should follow established safe
testing of these types of instruments and assays in a laboratory
work practices when fentanyl or its analogues are known or
setting. Specification E3243 defines the composition and
suspected to be present. Refer to reference documents for safe
amount of material to be used as test samples, as well as a
handling guidance to minimize risk of exposure.
statistically-based approach for defining performance. Test
6.3.2 Avoid performing tasks or operations that may aero-
Method E3290 defines detailed protocols for preparing test
solize fentanyl due to increased exposure risks. Activities that
samples and measuring them on different instruments and with
aerosolize fentanyl require higher levels of PPE and should be
different assays.
conducted by appropriately trained personnel, and in accor-
dance with agency policies and procedures.
5. Significance and Use
6.3.3 Refer to reference documents for guidance on how to
5.1 This guide includes a wide range of technologies that
avoid exposure or cross-contamination.
are currently in use. Considerations and guidance for using
6.4 Detection Recommendations (2, 3, 4)
these technologies are listed in each technology section.
5.2 The guide was compiled with significant input, review,
and feedback from first responders; assay and instrument 7
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
manufacturers; and local, state, and federal SMEs. this standard.
E3289 − 21
6.4.1 Always develop incident-specific detection strategies adjusted accordingly. Additionally, higher levels of PPE may
to inform the selection of risk control measures and the overall be necessary to protect responders from exposure to other
status of the emergency. Choice of instruments and sampling chemicals that may also be present in addition to fentanyl.
methodologies should consider the following: Personnel, equipment, and tactics can be deployed, evaluated,
6.4.1.1 Linear range; and downgraded depending on the identification of the sub-
6.4.1.2 Limit of detection; stance or level of potential contamination.
6.4.1.3 Cross-sensitivities;
6.6.4 As the principal hazard for exposure to fentanyl and
6.4.1.4 Response times;
fentanyl-related compounds is respiratory, respiratory protec-
6.4.1.5 Interferences;
tion is recommended whenever there is moderate risk or
6.4.1.6 Recommended operating environment;
higher. In all cases, first responders should wear gloves
6.4.1.7 Detector specificity;
(NIOSH only recommends the use of nitrile gloves with a
6.4.1.8 Quantitative and qualitative capabilities; and
minimum thickness of 5 6 2 mil (1, 6)) to prevent potential
6.4.1.9 Operating requirements.
transfer of opioid powders and residues to their bodies, where
6.4.2 A list of technologies for which there is data demon-
later re-aerosolization could cause subsequent exposure by
strating their performance for the detection of fentanyl and
inhalation or through mucous membranes. As the risk
fentanyl-related compounds is found within the InterAgency
increases, full skin coverage is recommended for the same
Board (IAB) recommendations report (2).
reason. PPE recommendations for high-risk situations include
full skin coverage provided by an ensemble certified against
6.5 Sampling and Sample Selection (2)
the appropriate standards, such as NFPA in the United States,
6.5.1 In responses to incidents potentially involving fenta-
that integrates suitable respiratory protection. Production labo-
nyl and fentanyl-related compounds, the hazard is assumed to
ratories may include various liquid chemicals, and in such
be present, usually because a fentanyl or fentanyl-related
cases the ensemble must provide dermal and respiratory
compound is visible, or a patient is exhibiting symptoms of
protection from vapors and liquids as well.
opioid exposure. If there is no visible material, a trace
6.6.5 The IAB provides a table that describes the physical
technique is required.
features and general performance characteristics of recom-
6.5.2 Trace techniques can detect amounts which are diffi-
mended PPE items. Several options are described, along with
cult to see without magnification. For this reason, samples are
approaches for their integration as an overall ensemble. These
generally taken by swabbing a surface and desorbing the
should be reviewed before procuring any equipment.
collected material off the swab into the instrument of interest.
6.6.6 All PPE should be used in accordance with OSHA’s
6.5.3 When sufficient sample is available (for example,
milligrams or more), various options for detection can be used, HazMat operations (29 CFR 1910.120) and PPE standard (29
CFR 1910.132).When required, respirator use should be in the
each with its own benefits and shortcomings.
context of a comprehensive respiratory protection program in
6.6 PPE Recommendations (1, 2, 4, 5)
accordance with the OSHArespiratory protection standard (29
6.6.1 PPE is the last line of defense in the hierarchy of
CFR 1910.134) and other requirements.
controls; PPE alone is not sufficient to ensure protection from
6.6.7 Responders who need to wear respirators must be
fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds. Each agency is
medically cleared, trained, and fit-tested for respirator use.
responsible for conducting its own risk assessment to deter-
Detailed information on respiratory protection programs, in-
mine the appropriate PPE for its individual members. In
cluding fit-testing procedures, can be accessed at OSHA’s
addition,eachagencymustdevelopspecificstandardoperating
respiratory protection eTool (5).
procedures related to the selection, use (including proper
6.6.8 Selected PPE must be donned in the correct order to
donning and doffing), and care (decontamination, possible
provide effective protection against contact with fentanyl and
reuse, or disposal) of PPE, and periodically train its members
fentanyl-related compounds. The specific donning order de-
in these procedures.
pends on the PPE items comprising the ensemble, as the
6.6.2 Each agency should also determine the risk level
donning process is affected by how interfaces are formed. All
based on an assessment of the specific mission responsibilities
PPE should be donned in accordance with an established
and work environment that may include the presence of
standard operating procedure, under supervision, and with
specific hazards and the likelihood of exposure during opera-
assistance as needed. While taping may be recommended for
tions. The risk assessment should consider the amount and
some interfaces, it is important to use tape that does not
reliability of available information regarding the potential
degrade protection. For example, when tape is removed during
presence of fentanyl or fentanyl-related compounds, and dura-
doffing (particularly a tape with strong adhesive, such as duct
tion and proximity to materials, specifically the first respond-
tape) it can tear the garment. Respirators should never be taped
er’s expected proximity to bulk materials, and the type of work
to the hood of a protective coverall or other PPE––this can
that is to be performed.
disrupt the fit of the respirator, which affects its protective
6.6.3 For emergency response personnel PPE selection,
performance.
recommendations are based on a risk level determined by two
major factors: the PPE wearer’s possible exposure to fentanyl 6.6.9 Extreme care must be exercised when doffing PPE
or fentanyl-related compounds and the wearer’s operational following use where contamination has occurred or is sus-
response function. It is important to recognize that the expo- pected. A specific sequence for doffing the PPE must be
sure level initially selected can change and PPE should be followed, in an order that prevents any contamination transfer
E3289 − 21
from the PPE to the wearer or others, and the following Consider dampening the clothing prior to removal with a fine
considerations should be included in standard operating pro- water mist to minimize re-aerosolization of small particles.
cedures for doffing ensembles with known or suspected con- 6.7.5 All contaminated disposable PPE should be placed in
tamination. durable polyethylene bags and disposed of properly. Decon-
tamination recommendations found within the IAB report are
6.6.9.1 The wearer must assume that any surface could be
baseduponscientificstudiesavailableatthetimethedocument
contaminated.
was developed.
6.6.9.2 All doffing must be performed under supervision
and with assistance as needed.
6.8 Medical Countermeasures (2, 8, 9)
6.8.1 It is important to have an emergency medical techni-
6.6.9.3 The last items removed should be the face/eye
protection or respirator and inner nitrile gloves. cian (EMT) or other medical personnel available if there is a
risk of fentanyl exposure.
6.6.9.4 Anytime the wearer or an individual assisting the
6.8.2 The IAB recommends that all first responders who
wearer in the doffing process touches a potentially contami-
may encounter fentanyl, particularly law enforcement, be
nated surface or PPE item, the wearer or assisting individual
aware of symptoms related to the effects of fentanyl and
must rinse their gloved hands with an appropriate decontami-
accidental fentanyl exposure. These symptoms include pin-
nation solution that does not cause the gloves to degrade.
point pupils, excessive sleepiness, not responding to loud
6.6.9.5 For some types of ensembles, it is possible to cut off
voices, inadequate or absent breathing, and cyanosis (patient
the garment to permit easier doffing without contacting con-
appears blue).
taminatedsurfaces.Ifcuttingofthegarmentisperformed,then
6.8.3 If a patient possesses paraphernalia consistent with
the procedures used for the cutting process should be ac-
opioid use, has a history consistent with opioid use, or shows
counted for in the garment’s design (for example, the place-
symptoms of an opioid toxidrome, an EMT or medically
ment of seams and closures).
trained responder may deem it necessary to administer nalox-
6.6.10 Each agency should ensure that it develops specific
one.
standard operating procedures covering all elements of use
6.8.3.1 Naloxone is a liquid, administered intramuscularly
including donning, doffing, and disposing of PPE following
by auto-injection, as a nasal spray, or intravenously. It is
use. If PPE is contaminated, it must be isolated, contained, and
available over the counter in many jurisdictions. Only medi-
disposed in accordance with federal, state, and local
cally trained responders with experience treating victims of
regulations, as applicable to the specific jurisdiction.
fentanyl exposure should administer naloxone.
6.6.11 All agencies that engage in response operations
6.8.4 The IAB provides the following recommendations for
where responders may need to use PPE against fentanyl or
jurisdictions implementing or considering implementing medi-
fentanyl-related compound exposure must train their key
cally trained responder-administered naloxone for opiate tox-
members at least annually in these procedures. IAB PPE
idromes:
recommendationsarebasedonrecognizedconsensusstandards
6.8.4.1 Confirm there are no state or jurisdictional statutes
that have been applied to PPE, including protective clothing
or regulations precluding law enforcement officers from func-
and respiratory equipment. Referenced standards and attributes
tioning in this capacity;
shouldbepartofanypurchasespecificationsforselectingPPE.
6.8.4.2 Seek medical advice from a local EMS medical
6.7 Decontamination Recommendations (1, 2, 7)
director;
6.7.1 Responders who come into contact with fentanyl on 6.8.4.3 Establish an opioid toxidrome treatment protocol
their skin should immediately wash the affected area with cool within jurisdictional guidance and requirements;
water and soap, taking care not to break the skin or scrub an 6.8.4.4 Implement training for responders on opioid tox-
open wound. idrome treatment; and
6.8.4.5 Implement response protocols with interdisciplinary
6.7.2 Most fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds are
representation.
water soluble, so expedient decontamination (rinsing) of any
contacted areas with water is advisable. Fentanyl in its hydro-
7. Guidance for the Use of Field Detection Technology
chloride form (the most common street form) is more soluble
for Fentanyl and Fentanyl-related Compounds
than the citrate form (medical grade). Both are more soluble
than the free base. Consider adding soap to the wash water to
7.1 Currently, several types of field portable detection
account for the slightly soluble free base. Splashing should be
technologies are used for field detection of fentanyl and
kept to a minimum to avoid aerosolization of the materials. It
fentanyl-related compounds. This guide only considers instru-
is not recommended to use bleach, alcohol-based solutions, or
mentsandassaysspecificallydesignedforusewhileinthefield
high pH soaps, as they all may enhance dermal absorption of
and does not consider laboratory-based instruments, although
fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds.
field portable instruments could be used in a laboratory setting.
6.7.3 It is not recommended to use alcohol-based hand
These technologies include gas chromatography/mass spec-
sanitizers to decontaminate as they do not remove fentanyl and
trometry (GC/MS), mass spectrometry (MS) alone (sometimes
fentanyl-related compounds and may enhance absorption of
referred to as high pressure mass spectrometry (HPMS)), ion
fentanyl through the skin.
mobility spectrometry (IMS), Fourier transform infrared spec-
6.7.4 All contaminated clothing should be removed and troscopy (FTIR, specifically instruments that use attenuated
laundered, being careful not to disturb any contaminated areas. total reflection (ATR) as the sampling technique), Raman
E3289 − 21
spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), samples, it is important to remain disciplined and focused and
colorimetric assays, and immunoassays. When these analytical to follow your agency’s established protocols.
techniques are used for field detection applications, they are 7.4.2 Leverage all visual clues such as sample characteris-
often not being utilized to their full potential as used in a tics and situational context of the location when determining
forensic science service provider’s laboratory. Thus, the field thefirststepsfortestingandsamplecharacterization(seeTable
practitioner should be familiar with the differences. 1 and Table 2).
7.4.3 Using a combination of technologies offers advan-
7.2 Strengths and weaknesses of various field detection
tages.
technologies are shown in Table 1. Note that these are only
7.4.3.1 Certain technologies and assays are designed for
applicable to products that are specifically designed for use
bulk or trace detection. In some cases, a trace detection
while in the field (for example, typically battery operated and
instrumentmaybecomeoverloadedifusedforbulkanalysis;in
portable). In general, products designed for use in the field
others, an instrument designed for bulk detection may not have
have limitations that are different than those of products
the sensitivity required to identify fentanyl at concentrations
designed to be used in a laboratory environment.
found in commonly encountered illicit “street” samples.
7.3 While bulk detection technologies cannot detect trace
7.4.3.2 By using multiple detection technologies, for ex-
quantities (≤1 µg total sample amount), most trace detection
ample Raman spectroscopy combined with an immunoassay, it
technologies can successfully test a bulk sample (>1 µg total
is possible to arrive at an informed opinion regarding the
sample amount) with appropriate sample preparation/dilution.
presence or absence of fentanyl. If a Raman spectrometer fails
In general, trace detection technologies that can also test bulk
to detect fentanyl but its presence is noted by immunoassay, it
samples with proper sample preparation/dilution include GC/
may be reasonable to conclude that a responder has encoun-
MS, MS, and IMS; sample dilution is highly recommended to
tered relatively dilute drugs, although still hazardous, as
avoid overloading the detectors with sample. Bulk detection
opposed to potentially higher purity material that presents
technologies include Raman spectroscopy, SERS, FTIR
higher levels of hazard and exposure danger.
spectroscopy, immunoassays, and colorimetric assays. SERS,
7.4.3.3 When using multiple technologies with limited
immunoassays, and colorimetric assays may also be able to
amounts of sample, a nondestructive method (for example,
detect trace amounts of sample.
FTIR, Raman) can be used initially and the same material then
7.4 Best Practices for Field Detection: analyzed by a destructive method.
7.4.1 For optimal use of field instruments and assays to 7.4.4 Minimize impacts of the environment (for example,
screen suspect samples for fentanyl and fentanyl-related sun, wind, and rain) on the measurement process.
TABLE 1 Strengths and Weakness of Field Detection Technologies
Detection Technology Advantages Disadvantages
GC/MS High sensitivity and selectivity Requires multiple manual sample manipulations in full GC/MS mode
Low false-positive and false-negative rates Longer times from sample introduction to result than many of the other
Gas chromatograph (GC) separation step enables detection of multiple detection technologies
target chemicals in complex mixtures Detectors can be overloaded by introducing too much sample
Some systems can operate just the MS in a real-time vapor detection Much larger footprint (size and weight) than other portable systems
mode Equipment is more expensive than other available technologies and
assays
HPMS High sensitivity Detectors can be overloaded with sample if trace sampling guidance
Low false-positive rate is not followed, requiring bake-out before it can be used again
Rapid analysis and reporting Current HPMS systems often have small libraries focused on high-
hazard threats
IMS High sensitivity Generally, only small libraries are available
Rapid analysis and reporting Can be prone to false positives
Can have problems with complex or “dirty” samples; overloading
requires long bake-out before instrument can be used again
FTIR Can measure a wide variety of compounds Target components can be difficult to detect at <10 % levels in a
Large libraries available sample
Nondestructive Can be difficult to resolve mixtures of compounds
Rapid analysis and reporting
Raman Can measure through clear containers and packaging; some products Target components can be difficult to detect at <10 % levels in a
can also measure through opaque containers sample
Large libraries available Can be difficult to resolve mixtures of compounds
Nondestructive
Rapid analysis and reporting
Mixture analysis available
SERS Can often achieve low parts-per-million sensitivity Requires multiple manual manipulations
Requires specific libraries matched to the SERS substrate and Raman
excitation wavelength
Colorimetric Assays Low cost Colored samples, some matrices, and cross-reactivity can interfere
Sensitive with interpretation of color changes
Immunoassays Low cost Subject to false positives (can have cross-reactivity with some other
Sensitive narcotics)
Low false negatives reported for fentanyls
Fentanyl analogues can also be detected
E3289 − 21
TABLE 2 Recommendations for Analysis Based on Sample Attributes, Components, and Characteristics
NOTE 1—This table contains recommendations for the analysis of samples that may be encountered. Guidance within the table may not be applicable for all situations; proceed as appropriate
for the sample and analysis conditions. Before adopting any recommendations from this table, appropriate safety considerations, PPE, and manufacturer’s instructions on the use of an assay or
instrument should be reviewed and followed (see Section 6).
Descriptions and
General
Sample Attributes Recommendations Colorimetric FTIR GC/MS HPMS IMS Immuno-assay Raman
Absorbed on a If these materials Use a portion of the Treat a small piece Swab sample and Use swab. Use swab. Swab across Use scan delay and
material (paper, are dark-colored, material as the as a solid sample extract into solvent. Sample vapor if Sample vapor if sample or extract step away from
dense cellulose they can trap heat sample or extract (can work when If material interferes volatile. volatile. sample out of instrument as scan
fibers, and represent an the chemical out of absorbent material with the extraction material with water proceeds.
coffee filters, ignition hazard the material and does not interfere solvent, consider or saline. Reduce laser power
cardboard, paper when scanned with assay the extract. with characteristic using evidence tape Perform a serial or integration time
towels, or other laser-based instru- Do not use acids for target compound to capture swab dilution (run of scan.
materials) ments (for example, extraction—they peaks). particulates and most dilute first). Extract from
Raman). can turn the then perform sol- material and scan in
absorbent materials vent solvent (scan blank
dark and the ex- extraction. solvent to identify
tracts may contain background peaks).
interfering compo- Also consider using
nents. evidence tape to
Colored absorbent transfer particles to
materials may the tape and focus
interfere with or the laser on those
mask results. particles.
Bulk/high purity High-purity bulk Use amounts Consult Swab the surface or Swab the surface or Swab the surface or Swab across Consult
samples (if sample samples may recommended in kit manufacturer’s sample to be sample to be sample to be sample or dissolve manufacturer’s
is visible to the saturate detectors instructions, avoid instructions. tested. tested. tested. in water/saline. instructions.
naked eye, consider in some over saturation. Perform a serial Perform a serial Perform a serial Consider running a
it bulk) instruments, dilu- Consider running a swab dilution (run swab dilution (run swab dilution (run diluted sample.
tions are diluted sample. most dilute first). most dilute first). most dilute first).
recommended.
Otherwise, consult
manufacturer’s
instructions.
Capsules If the instrument Granular capsule Granular capsule Dissolve capsule Crush capsule Crush capsule Dissolve capsule Attempt to scan
cannot scan contents may be contents may need contents in solvent. content into powder content into powder contents in water or through ends of
through the slow to dissolve to be ground to Alternatively, a and swab if safe to and swab if safe to saline solution. capsule.
capsule, empty (grind to powder if powder needle can be used do so. do so. Alternatively, a Granular capsule
content into a plas- safe to do so). (if safe to do so). to pierce the shell Perform a serial Perform a serial needle can be used content may require
tic bag or vial. Alternatively, and material can be swab dilution (scan swab dilution (scan to pierce the shell multiple scan spots.
Alternately, a material can be re- removed from most dilute first). most dilute first). and material can be Alternatively,
capsule can be moved from capsule capsule and rinsed Alternatively, a Alternatively, a removed from material can be re-
pierced with a using a needle to with solvent. needle can be used needle can be used capsule and rinsed moved from capsule
needle to collect pierce the shell. to pierce the shell to pierce the shell with water or saline. and treated as an
powder/residues and material can be and material can be uncontained solid.
from the interior. removed from removed from
Granular capsule capsule and rinsed capsule and rinsed
content may need with solvent. with solvent.
to be ground to
powder for some
tests – only do this
if it is safe.
E3289 − 21
TABLE 2 Continued
Descriptions and
General
Sample Attributes Recommendations Colorimetric FTIR GC/MS HPMS IMS Immuno-assay Raman
Clear/translucent Residues in interior Scrape material out Scrape material out Swab the interior Swab the interior Swab the interior Scrape material out Scan in “point and
glass or plastic (for of pipe can be of the pipe and treat of the pipe and treat surface or sample surface or sample surface or sample of the pipe scraped shoot mode” and
example, smoking sampled. as a solid sample. as a solid sample. to be tested. to be tested. to be tested. and dissolve in wa- focus laser on
pipe) Perform a serial Perform a serial Perform a serial ter or saline. residues in the pipe.
swab dilution (run swab dilution (run swab dilution (run Scrape material out
most dilute first). most dilute first). most dilute first). of the pipe and treat
as a solid sample.
Dark background For laser-based If colored material Separate from Swab the surface or Swab the surface or Swab the surface or Swab across Separate from
(sample presented scanning in contact with background and sample to be sample to be sample to be sample or dissolve background if
against/in contact instruments (for sample can transfer follow any other tested. tested. tested. in water or saline. possible, otherwise
with dark example, Raman) into the assay, this appropriate sample Perform a serial Perform a serial Perform a serial treat as a dark
background) heat can be trapped may interfere with handling guidance. swab dilution (run swab dilution (run swab dilution (run sample (potential
and or mask results. most dilute first). most dilute first). most dilute first). ignition hazard).
create an ignition
hazard.
Dark samples or Sample may be Colored samples Do not use anvil for Swab the surface or Swab the surface or Swab the surface or Swab across Scan in vial with
samples containing thermally sensitive may interfere with potentially explosive sample to be sample to be sample to be sample or dissolve cap removed or
dark spots and or an ignition or mask results. samples. tested. tested. tested. in water or saline. loosen or remove
specks hazard. Perform a serial Perform a serial Perform a serial seal in other types
Use a minimal swab dilution (run swab dilution (run swab dilution (run of containers.
amount of sample most dilute first). most dilute first). most dilute first). Use scan delay and
material to increase step away from
user safety. instrument as scan
Recommended to proceeds.
confirm if the mate- Reduce laser power
rial is explosive or integration time
(can use an ignition of scan.
test: use a cotton
swab to swab a
trace of sample and
observe if it sparks
in the flame of a
propane torch).
Do not sample
material if there is
any concern.
Sample different
components (dark
particles vs. light
particles) if
heterogeneous.
Explosive/ energetic Ignition/explosive Colored samples Do not use anvil for Swab the surface or Swab the surface or Swab the surface or Swab across Scan in vial with
material (known or hazard. may interfere with potentially explosive sample to be sample to be sample to be sample or dissolve cap removed or
suspected) Use a minimal or mask results. samples. tested. tested. tested. in water or saline. loosen or remove
amount of sample Perform a serial Perform a serial Perform a serial seal in other types
material to increase swab dilution (run swab dilution (run swab dilution (run of containers.
user safety. most dilute first). most dilute first). most dilute first). Use scan delay and
Do not sample step away from
material if there is instrument as scan
concern. proceeds.
Reduce laser power
or integration time
of scan.
E3289 − 21
TABLE 2 Continued
Descriptions and
General
Sample Attributes Recommendations Colorimetric FTIR GC/MS HPMS IMS Immuno-assay Raman
Fluorescent or Amber, brown, Remove portion of Remove portion of Remove portion of Remove portion of Remove portion of Remove portion of If container is
colored glass green, and blue sample from sample from sample from sample from sample from sample from fluorescent, remove
containers glass or plastic container, consult container, follow container, follow container, follow container, follow container, follow a portion of sample
bottles can manufacturer’s instructions instructions instructions instructions instructions and scan in a vial
generate fluores- instructions. appropriate for appropriate for appropriate for appropriate for appropriate for or clear plastic bag.
cence when scan- Colored materials in sample type. sample type. sample type. sample type. sample type. Use a laser
ning through the contact with the wavelength that re-
container. sample may duces or minimized
Always carefully interfere with/mask fluorescence.
inspect sealed results.
containers, or
packages, before
opening. Take
appropriate
precautions if
chemical residues
are
present on outside
surfaces as they
may be potentially
explosive peroxides.
Additionally,
opening containers
can allow volatile
chemicals of inter-
est to escape.
Fluorescent Samples that gener- Colored samples Review Fluorescence Fluorescence Fluorescence Review Use laser
samples ate may interfere with/ manufacturer’s should not affect should not affect should not affect manufacturer’s wavelength that re-
high mask results. guidance for any this analysis. this analysis. this analysis. guidance for any duces or minimizes
fluorescence inter- issues that might Follow any other Follow any other Follow any other issues that might fluorescence.
fere with Raman result from fluores- appropriate sample appropriate sample appropriate sample result from fluores- Analyze sample
results. cent samples. handling guidance. handling guidance. handling guidance. cent samples. using SERS if
available.
Frosted or opaque Examples: foam Remove portion of Remove portion of Remove portion of Remove portion of Remove portion of Remove portion of Most instruments
container of sample cups and soda sample from sample from sample from sample from sample from sample from will not be able to
cans. container, consult container, consult container, consult container, consult container, consult container, consult scan through the
Always carefully manufacturer’s manufacturer’s manufacturer’s manufacturer’s manufacturer’s manufacturer’s container.
inspect sealed instructions. instructions. instructions. instructions. instructions. instructions. Remove small
containers, or amount of sample
packages, before and scan in vial or
opening. clear plastic bag.
Take appropriate
precautions if
chemical residues
are
present on outside
surfaces as they
may be potentially
explosive peroxides.
Additionally,
open
...