ASTM D4485-18
(Specification)Standard Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils
Standard Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils
ABSTRACT
This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment. Automotive engine oils are classified in three general arrangements: S, C, and Energy Conserving. These arrangements are further divided into categories with performance measured as follows: SH, SJ, SL, SM, CF-4, CF, CF-2, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, Energy Conserving associated with SJ, and Energy Conserving associated with SL. Different bench and chemical tests shall be performed to help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment.
1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oil applications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawn mowers, motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoing vessels.
1.3 This specification is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline or diesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, it is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils run in gasoline engine Sequence Tests that defined engine oil categories prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects of engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests in this specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance, it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operating conditions.
1.4 This specification includes bench and chemical tests that help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance not covered by the engine tests in this specification.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5.1 Exceptions:
1.5.1.1 The roller follower shaft wear in Test Method D5966 is in mils.
1.5.1.2 The oil consumption in Test Method D6750 is in grams per kilowatthour.
Note 1: The kWh unit is deprecated. The preferred SI unit is the joule (J); 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ.
1.5.1.3 The bearing wear in Test Method D6709 is in grams and is described as weight loss, a non-SI term.
1.5.1.4 Some of the appendixes are verbatim from other sources, and non-SI units are included.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation:D4485 −18
Standard Specification for
1
Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4485; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This specification covers all the currently active American Petroleum Institute (API) engine oil
performancecategoriesthathavebeendefinedinaccordancewiththeASTMconsensusprocess.There
are organizations with specifications not subject to the ASTM consensus process, such as the
International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC), American Petroleum
Institute (API – SM, SN Specifications), and the Association des Constructeurs Europeans
d’Automobiles (ACEA). Certain of these specifications, which have been defined primarily by the use
of current ASTM test methods, have also been included in the Appendixes for information.
In the ASTM system, a specific API designation is assigned to each category. The system is
open-ended, that is, new designations are assigned for use with new categories as each new set of oil
performance characteristics are defined. Oil categories may be referenced by engine builders in
making lubricant recommendations, and used by lubricant suppliers and customers in identifying
products for specific applications. Where applicable, candidate oil programs are conducted in
accordancewiththeAmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC)PetroleumAdditivesProductApprovalCode
of Practice.
Other service categories not shown in this document have historically been used to describe engine
oil performance (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH and CA, CB, CC, CD, CD-II, CE, CF, CF-2, CF-4,
CG-4) (see 3.1.2). SA is not included because it does not have specified engine performance
requirements. SH is not included because it was a category that could not be licensed for gasoline
engine oil use in the API Service Symbol after Dec. 2, 2010. (Note—The SH category has been
included in Appendix X8 as relevant information in combination with “C” categories.) The others are
notincludedbecausetheyarebasedontestmethodsforwhichengineparts,testfuel,orreferenceoils,
or a combination thereof, are no longer available.Also, theASTM 5-Car and SequenceVI Procedures
are obsolete and have been deleted from the category Energy Conserving and Energy Conserving II
(defined by Sequence VI). Information on excluded older categories and obsolete test requirements
can be found in SAE J183.
1. Scope* 1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oil
applications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawn
1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and
mowers, motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoing
heavy-dutyinternalcombustionenginesusedunderavarietyof
vessels.
operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and
off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment.
1.3 This specification is based on engine test results that
generally have been correlated with results obtained on refer-
ence oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline or
1
diesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, it
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
is based on engine test results that generally have been
Subcommittee D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.
correlated with results obtained on reference oils run in
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally
gasoline engine Sequence Tests that defined engine oil catego-
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4485 – 16. DOI:
10.1520/D4485-18. ries prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4485−18
of engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests in D4683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New and
this specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance, Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Tempera-
it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operating ture by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 °C
conditions. D4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature
1.4 Thisspecificationincludesbenchandchemicalteststhat
D4741 Test
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4485 − 16 D4485 − 18
Standard Specification for
1
Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4485; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This specification covers all the currently active American Petroleum Institute (API) engine oil
performance categories that have been defined in accordance with the ASTM consensus process. There
are organizations with specifications not subject to the ASTM consensus process, such as the
International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC), American Petroleum
Institute (API – SM, SN Specifications), and the Association des Constructeurs Europeans
d’Automobiles (ACEA). Certain of these specifications, which have been defined primarily by the use
of current ASTM test methods, have also been included in the Appendixes for information.
In the ASTM system, a specific API designation is assigned to each category. The system is
open-ended, that is, new designations are assigned for use with new categories as each new set of oil
performance characteristics are defined. Oil categories may be referenced by engine builders in
making lubricant recommendations, and used by lubricant suppliers and customers in identifying
products for specific applications. Where applicable, candidate oil programs are conducted in
accordance with the American Chemistry Council (ACC) Petroleum Additives Product Approval Code
of Practice.
Other service categories not shown in this document have historically been used to describe engine
oil performance (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH and CA, CB, CC, CD, CD-II, CE, CF, CF-2, CF-4,
CG-4) (see 3.1.2). SA is not included because it does not have specified engine performance
requirements. SH is not included because it was a category that could not be licensed for gasoline
engine oil use in the API Service Symbol after Dec. 2, 2010. (Note—The SH category has been
included in Appendix X8 as relevant information in combination with “C” categories.) The others are
not included because they are based on test methods for which engine parts, test fuel, or reference oils,
or a combination thereof, are no longer available. Also, the ASTM 5-Car and Sequence VI Procedures
are obsolete and have been deleted from the category Energy Conserving and Energy Conserving II
(defined by Sequence VI). Information on excluded older categories and obsolete test requirements
can be found in SAE J183.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of
operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment.
1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oil applications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawn mowers,
motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoing vessels.
1.3 This specification is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils
in actual service engines operating with gasoline or diesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, it is based on engine
test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils run in gasoline engine Sequence Tests that
defined engine oil categories prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects of engine oil performance are evaluated
by the engine tests in this specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance, it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under
actual operating conditions.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016July 1, 2018. Published March 2017October 2018. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 as
D4485 – 15a.D4485 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D4485-16.10.1520/D4485-18.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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