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ASTM D6198-12

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design

Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide assists users in design and development of packaging intended for the protection of goods while they are in transit from point of origin to final destination. By following all steps of this guide, users will be assured that the most important factors are included in package design. In some cases, the sequence of steps may be changed, and often the steps may occur simultaneously with concurrent work activities.  
4.2 The design process focuses on protection from hazards of handling, storage, and shipping while recognizing the economics of all other facets of distribution, including packaging materials and labor, and transportation.  
4.3 In transport packaging, distribution  is generally defined as inclusion of handling, storage, and transportation factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an approach to design of packaging for distributing goods through the hazards of handling, storage, and transportation.  
1.2 The principal content of this guide is the identification of the key steps involved in development of transport packages, including shipping containers, interior protective packaging, and unit loads. It is recognized that actual usage and application to individual design projects may vary appreciably without diminishing the value of the process. Consult with a packaging professional whenever needed.  
1.3 This guide is not intended for design of primary packaging unless the primary package is planned for use as a shipping container.  
1.4 The user of this guide must be aware of the carrier rules regarding packaging for shipment via each mode of transportation in which the transport package may move, such as the National Motor Freight Classification (less-than truckload) and the Uniform Freight Classification (railroad). For hazardous materials packaging, the packaging must perform to the requirements of the applicable modal regulations listed in Section 2.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2012
ICS
55.180.10 - General purpose containers
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6198-07 - Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design
Effective Date
01-Oct-2012
Replaced By
ASTM D6198-18 - Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design
Effective Date
01-Mar-2018
Referred By
ASTM D5118/D5118M-22 - Standard Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes
Effective Date
01-Oct-2012
Referred By
ASTM D5168-22 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Triple-Wall Corrugated Fiberboard Containers
Effective Date
01-Oct-2012

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6198 − 12
Standard Guide for
1
Transport Packaging Design
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Contain-
ers and Systems
1.1 This guide covers an approach to design of packaging
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
for distributing goods through the hazards of handling, storage,
ments
and transportation.
D999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-
1.2 The principal content of this guide is the identification
tainers
of the key steps involved in development of transport
D1974 Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Rein-
packages, including shipping containers, interior protective
forcing Fiberboard Boxes
packaging,andunitloads.Itisrecognizedthatactualusageand
D3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility of
application to individual design projects may vary appreciably
Products, Using Shock Machines
without diminishing the value of the process. Consult with a
D3580 Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion)
packaging professional whenever needed.
Test of Products
1.3 This guide is not intended for design of primary pack-
D4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact
aging unless the primary package is planned for use as a
Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
shipping container.
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
tainers and Systems
1.4 The user of this guide must be aware of the carrier rules
D4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Ship-
regarding packaging for shipment via each mode of transpor-
ping Containers
tation in which the transport package may move, such as the
D4919 GuideforTestingofHazardousMaterialsPackagings
National Motor Freight Classification (less-than truckload) and
D5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by
the Uniform Freight Classification (railroad). For hazardous
Free Fall
materials packaging, the packaging must perform to the re-
D5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Contain-
quirements of the applicable modal regulations listed in Sec-
ers by Shock Machines
tion 2.
D6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Packages
D6537 Practice for Instrumented Package ShockTesting For
2. Referenced Documents
Determination of Package Performance
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High
D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance
Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method
of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads
D6804 Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes
D7030 Test Method for Short Term Creep Performance of
Corrugated Fiberboard Containers Under Constant Load
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD10onPackagingand
Using a Compression Test Machine
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers and
D7386 Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for
Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Single Parcel Delivery Systems
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally
D7387 Test Method for Vibration Testing of Intermediate
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D6198 – 07. DOI:
10.1520/D6198-12.
Bulk Containers (IBCs) Used for Shipping Liquid Haz-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ardous Materials (Dangerous Goods)
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D7660 Guide for Conducting Internal Pressure Tests on
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. United Nations (UN) Packagings
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6198 − 12
2.2 ISO Standard: 4.3 In transport packaging, distribution is generally defined
ISO 4180 Complete Filled Transport Packages—General as inclusion of handling, storage, and transportation factors.
3
Rulesfort
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6198 − 07 D6198 − 12
Standard Guide for
1
Transport Packaging Design
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers an approach to design of packaging for distributing goods through the hazards of handling, storage, and
transportation.
1.2 The principal content of this guide is the identification of the key steps involved in development of transport packages,
including shipping containers, interior protective packaging, and unit loads. It is recognized that actual usage and application to
individual design projects may vary appreciably without diminishing the value of the process. Consult with a packaging
professional whenever needed.
1.3 This guide is not intended for design of primary packaging unless the primary package is planned for use as a shipping
container.
1.4 The user of this guide must be aware of the carrier rules regarding packaging for shipment via each mode of transportation
in which the transport package may move, such as the National Motor Freight Classification (less-than truckload) and the Uniform
Freight Classification (railroad). For hazardous materials packaging, the packaging must perform to the requirements of the
applicable modal regulations listed in Section 2.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads
D880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Containers and Systems
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
D1974 Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard Boxes
D3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility of Products, Using Shock Machines
D3580 Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
D4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
D4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
D4919 Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials Packagings
D5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free Fall
D5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Containers by Shock Machines
D6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
D6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
D6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages
D6537 Practice for Instrumented Package Shock Testing For Determination of Package Performance
D6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers and
Systems—pplication Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2007Oct. 1, 2012. Published April 2007November 2012. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 as
ε1
D6198 – 01D6198 – 07. . DOI: 10.1520/D6198-07.10.1520/D6198-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6198 − 12
D6804 Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes
D7030 Test Method for Short Term Creep Performance of Corrugated Fiberboard Containers Under Constant Load Using a
Compression Test Machine
D7386 Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel Delivery Systems
D7387 Test Method for Vibration Testing of Intermediate Bulk Co
...

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4.1 This guide assists users in design and development of packaging intended for the protection of goods while they are in transit from point of origin to final destination. By following all steps of this guide, users will be assured that the most important factors are included in package design. In some cases, the sequence of steps may be changed, and often the steps may occur simultaneously with concurrent work activities.  
4.2 The design process focuses on protection from hazards of handling, storage, and shipping while recognizing the economics of all other facets of distribution, including packaging materials and labor, and transportation.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Shipping containers and the interior packaging materials are used to protect their contents from the hazards encountered in handling, transportation, and storage. Shock is one of the more troublesome of these hazards. Free-fall drop testing, while easy to perform, often understresses the test specimen by subjecting it to drops which are not perpendicular to the dropping surface.
Note 1: For example, testing has shown that non-perpendicular drops, 2° off perpendicularity, result in 8 % lower acceleration into the test specimen resulting from the impact energy dispersing in several axes.4  
4.1.1 Controlled shock input by shock machines provides a convenient method for evaluating the ability of shipping containers, interior packaging materials, and contents to withstand shocks. Simulated free-fall drop testing of package systems, which have critical elements, has produced good results where the frequency of the shock pulse is at least three times that of the package system's natural frequency.  
4.2 As in most mechanical shock test procedures, fixturing of the package on the shock test machine may have significant influence on the test results. Typically, packages will be firmly held on the table by securing some type of cross member(s) across the top of the package. Care should be taken that any pressure resulting from such fixturing should be minimal, particularly when the container being tested is corrugated or some other similar material.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Guide for Conducting Stacking Tests on UN Packagings Using Guided or Unguided Loads

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized method and a set of basic instructions for performing stack testing on UN packaging designs using either guided or unguided top loads. This guide provides the suggested minimum information that should be documented when conducting stacking test and provides information for recommended equipment.  
4.2 All packaging design types other than bags must be subjected to a stacking test. Packagings subject to the stacking test must be capable of withstanding a superimposed top load of a specified minimum mass for a specified period of time without failure as these parameters are defined in the regulations. The test is not intended to determine the absolute top load capability of a packaging.  
Note 1: When quantification of box compression strength is desired for determining stacking strength or for design purposes use Test Method D642 and conditioning as recommended in 4.5.  
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1.2 The Dangerous Goods Regulations require performance tests to be conducted on packaging designs prior to being authorized for use. The regulations do not include standardized procedures to accomplish this which can result in differences between testing facilities. The purpose of this document is to provide guidance and to establish a set of common practices for conducting stack testing on packagings undergoing UN certification.  
1.3 The user of this guide must be trained in accordance with 49 CFR as required by 172.700 and should be familiar with other applicable hazardous materials regulations such as; International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), and carrier rules such as International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide assists users in design and development of packaging intended for the protection of goods while they are in transit from point of origin to final destination. By following all steps of this guide, users will be assured that the most important factors are included in package design. In some cases, the sequence of steps may be changed, and often the steps may occur simultaneously with concurrent work activities.  
4.2 The design process focuses on protection from hazards of handling, storage, and shipping while recognizing the economics of all other facets of distribution, including packaging materials and labor, and transportation.  
4.3 In transport packaging, distribution  is generally defined as inclusion of handling, storage, and transportation factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an approach to design of packaging for distributing goods through the hazards of handling, storage, and transportation.  
1.2 The principal content of this guide is the identification of the key steps involved in development of transport packages, including shipping containers, interior protective packaging, and unit loads. It is recognized that actual usage and application to individual design projects may vary appreciably without diminishing the value of the process. Consult with a packaging professional whenever needed.  
1.3 This guide is not intended for design of primary packaging unless the primary package is planned for use as a shipping container.  
1.4 The user of this guide must be aware of the carrier rules regarding packaging for shipment via each mode of transportation in which the transport package may move, such as the National Motor Freight Classification (less-than truckload) and the Uniform Freight Classification (railroad). For hazardous materials packaging, the packaging must perform to the requirements of the applicable modal regulations listed in Section 2.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    5 pages
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  • Guide
    5 pages
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ASTM
ASTM F1210-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Oil Spill Dispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments, Lakes and Large Water Bodies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.  
3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response.  
1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.  
1.3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. The dispersibility of the oil with the chosen dispersant should be evaluated.  
1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).  
1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters.  
1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.  
1.7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    3 pages
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  • Guide
    3 pages
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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    4 pages
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  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
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