ASTM F2070-00(2022)

Standard Specification for Transducers, Pressure and Differential, Pressure, Electrical and Fiber-Optic

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for pressure and differential pressure transducers for general applications. Pressure transducers typically consist of a sensing element that is in contact with the process medium and a transduction element that modifies the signal from the sensing element to produce an electrical or optical output. Some parts of the transducer may be hermetically sealed if those parts are sensitive to and may be exposed to moisture. Pressure connections must be threaded with appropriate fittings to connect the transducer to standard pipe fittings or to other appropriate leak-proof fittings. The output cable must be securely fastened to the body of the transducer. Most common sensing elements are diaphragms, bellows, capsules, Bourdon tubes, and piezoelectric crystals. The function of the sensing element is to produce a measurable response to applied pressure or vacuum. The response may be sensed directly on the element or a separate sensor may be used to detect element response. The following are the different types of electrical pressure transducers: differential transformed transducer, potentiometric transducer, strain gage transducer, variable reluctance transducer, and piezoelectric transducer. Different kinds of fiber-optic pressure transducers shall be discussed: Fabry-Perot interferometer, Bragg grating interferometer, quartz resonator, and micromachined membrane/diaphragm deflection. The following physical properties of transducers shall be determined: enclosure, transducer mounting, external configuration, standard electrical connection, pressure connections, damping, size, and weight. Different tests shall be conducted in order to determine the service life and overall performance of the transducers.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for pressure and differential pressure transducers for general applications.  
1.2 Special requirements for naval shipboard applications are included in Supplementary Requirements S1, S2, and S3.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Where information is to be specified, it shall be stated in SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2022
• ICS: 17.100 - Measurement of force, weight and pressure
• Technical Committee: F25 - Ships and Marine Technology
• Drafting Committee: F25.10 - Electrical

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D3951-18(2023) - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM D3951-18 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
• Effective Date: 01-May-2018
• Refers: ASTM D3951-15 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015
• Refers: ASTM D3951-10 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2010
• Refers: ASTM D3951-98(2004) - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1998
• Refers: ASTM D3951-98 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1998

Overview

ASTM F2070-00(2022) is the established standard specification for pressure and differential pressure transducers, focusing specifically on electrical and fiber-optic technologies. Published by ASTM International, this standard outlines comprehensive requirements for the design, performance, materials, testing, and application of transducers used to measure pressure or differential pressure in a variety of general and specialized environments, including naval shipboard use.

Pressure transducers are key components in diverse sectors such as industrial automation, marine systems, process industries, and hazardous locations, providing critical measurement and monitoring of fluid pressures. Their accurate performance relies on a combination of robust sensing elements and reliable signal conversion to electrical or optical outputs.

Key Topics

Main subject areas covered by ASTM F2070-00(2022) include:

• Types of Pressure Transducers

  • Electrical pressure transducers such as differential transformer, potentiometric, strain gage, variable reluctance, and piezoelectric types
  • Fiber-optic pressure transducers, including Fabry-Perot interferometer, Bragg grating, quartz resonator, and micromachined membrane

• Core Design Elements

  • Sensing elements (diaphragms, bellows, capsules, Bourdon tubes, piezoelectric crystals)
  • Transduction element converting mechanical responses to measurable outputs
  • Hermetic sealing where moisture exposure risk dictates

• Physical and Performance Properties

  • Enclosures, mounting configurations, size, and weight
  • Threaded, leak-proof pressure connections
  • Secure output cable attachment
  • Determination of static error band, repeatability, hysteresis, sensitivity, and more

• Material and Compatibility Requirements

  • Long-term compatibility of sensing elements and wetted parts with the process medium
  • Avoidance of dissimilar metals in contact unless protected from corrosion

• Test and Documentation Procedures

  • Service life and performance tests for reliability
  • Detailed inspection, certification, marking, and packaging compliance
  • Quality assurance aligned with ISO 9001 where required

• Special Naval Shipboard Requirements

  • Supplementary criteria for application in naval environments, including shock, vibration, and EMI standards

Applications

ASTM F2070-00(2022) serves organizations and engineers involved in:

• Industrial Process Control:
  Ensuring robust and precise pressure measurement in pipelines, reactors, and automated systems.

• Marine and Naval Shipboard Systems:
  Providing reliable pressure transducer performance in harsh shipboard conditions, including corrosion-resistant materials, and resistance to shock and vibration.

• Power Plants and Utilities:
  Monitoring steam, oil, water, and gas pressures to maintain safety and efficiency.

• Chemical and Petrochemical Industries:
  Measuring pressure in aggressive or hazardous environments where fiber-optic transducers offer immunity to electromagnetic interference and intrinsic safety.

• Aerospace and Defense:
  Accurate differential pressure monitoring for fuel, hydraulic, and environmental control systems.

• Research and Development:
  Offering standardized terminology, classification, and procurement guidance for designing new pressure measurement solutions.

Related Standards

For comprehensive performance and quality assurance, the following related standards and references are recommended:

• ASTM D3951: Practice for Commercial Packaging
• ISO 9001: Quality management systems
• ANSI/ISA S37.1: Electrical Transducer Nomenclature and Terminology
• NEMA Standard 250: Enclosures for Electrical Equipment
• MIL-STD-167-1, MIL-STD-461: Military standards for vibration and EMI (relevant for shipboard applications)

ASTM F2070-00(2022) supports best practices in pressure and differential pressure transducer specification, ensuring high reliability, system compatibility, and safety across industries. Organizations seeking standard-compliant pressure measurement solutions should refer to this document for procurement, design, and maintenance guidelines.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2070 −00 (Reapproved 2022) AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Specification for
Transducers, Pressure and Differential, Pressure, Electrical
and Fiber-Optic
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2070; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 9001Quality System—Model for QualityAssurance in
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for pressure
Design/Development, Production, Installation, and Ser-
and differential pressure transducers for general applications.
vicing
1.2 Special requirements for naval shipboard applications
3. Terminology
are included in Supplementary Requirements S1, S2, and S3.
3.1 Terms marked with “ANSI/ISA S37.1” are taken di-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
rectly fromANSI/ISAS37.1 (R-1982) and are included for the
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
convenience of the user.
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
3.2 Definitions:
tion only and are not considered standard. Where information
3.2.1 Terminology consistent with ANSI/ISA S37.1 shall
is to be specified, it shall be stated in SI units.
apply, except as modified by the definitions listed as follows:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2 absolute pressure, n—pressure measured relative to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
zero pressure (vacuum). ANSI/ISA S37.1
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.3 ambient conditions, n—conditions such as pressure
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
and temperature of the medium surrounding the case of the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
transducer. ANSI/ISA S37.1
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.4 burst pressure, n—the maximum pressure applied to
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the transducer sensing element without rupture of the sensing
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
element or transducer case as specified.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2.5 calibration, n—the test during which known values of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. measurands are applied to the transducer and corresponding
output readings are recorded under specified conditions.
2. Referenced Documents ANSI/ISA S37.1
3.2.6 common mode pressure, n—the common mode pres-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sure is static line pressure applied simultaneously to both
D3951Practice for Commercial Packaging
pressure sides of the transducer for the differential pressure
2.2 ANSI/ISA Standards:
transducer only.
ANSI/ISA S37.1Electrical Transducer Nomenclature and
3.2.7 differential pressure, n—the difference in pressure
Terminology
between two points of measurement. ANSI/ISA S37.1
3.2.8 environmental conditions, n—specified external
conditions,suchasshock,vibration,andtemperature,towhich
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F25 on Ships
a transducer may be exposed during shipping, storage,
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.10 on
Electrical. handling, and operation. ANSI/ISA S37.1
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
3.2.9 error, n—the algebraic difference between the indi-
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as F2070–00 (2017).
cated value and the true value of the measurand.
DOI: 10.1520/F2070-00R22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ANSI/ISA S37.1
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
F2070 − 00 (2022)
3.2.10 fiber-optic pressure transducer, n—a device that 3.2.26 ripple, n—the peak-to-peak ac component of the dc
converts fluid pressure, by means of changes in fiber-optic output.
properties, to an output that is a function of the applied
3.2.27 sensing element, n—that part of the transducer that
measurand. The fiber-optic pressure transducer normally con-
responds directly to the measurand. ANSI/ISA S37.1
sists of a sensor head, optoelectronics module, and connector-
3.2.28 sensitivity factor, n—the ratio of the change in
ized fiber-optic cable.
transducer output to a change in the value of the measurand.
3.2.11 hysteresis, n—the maximum difference in output, at
3.2.29 sensor head, n—the transduction element of the
any measurand value within the specified range, when the
fiber-optic pressure transducer that detects fluid pressure by
valueisapproachedfirstwithincreasingandthenwithdecreas-
means of changes in optical properties.
ing measurand. ANSI/ISA S37.1
3.2.30 signal conditioner, n—an electronic device that
3.2.12 insulation resistance, n—the resistance measured
makes the output signal from a transduction element compat-
between insulated portions of a transducer and between the
ible with a readout system.
insulated portions of a transducer and ground when a specified
3.2.31 static error band, n—static error band is the maxi-
dc voltage is applied under specified conditions.
mum deviation from a straight line drawn through the coordi-
3.2.13 line pressure, n—the pressure relative to which a
nates of the lower range limit at specified transducer output,
differential pressure transducer measures pressure.
and the upper range limit at specified transducer output
ANSI/ISA S37.1
expressed in percent of transducer span.
3.2.14 operating environmental conditions, n— environ-
3.2.32 transducer, n—device that provides a usable output
mental conditions during exposure to which a transducer must
in response to a specified measurand. ANSI/ISA S37.1
perform in some specified manner.
3.2.33 wetted parts, n—transducer components with at least
ANSI/ISA S37.1
one surface in direct contact with the process medium.
3.2.15 optical, adj—involving the use of light-sensitive
devices to acquire information.
4. Classification
3.2.16 optical fiber, n—averythinfilamentorfiber,madeof
4.1 Designation—Mosttransducermanufacturersusedesig-
dielectricmaterials,thatisenclosedbymaterialoflowerindex
nations or systematic numbering or identifying codes. Once
of refraction and transmits light throughout its length by
understood, these designations could aid the purchaser in
internal reflections.
quickly identifying the transducer type, range, application, and
other parameters.
3.2.17 optoelectronics module, n—acomponentofthefiber-
optic pressure transducer that contains the optical source and
4.2 Design—Pressure transducers typically consist of a
detector, and signal conditioner devices necessary to convert
sensingelementthatisincontactwiththeprocessmediumand
the sensed pressure to the specified output signal.
a transduction element that modifies the signal from the
sensing element to produce an electrical or optical output.
3.2.18 output, n—electrical or numerical quantity, produced
Some parts of the transducer may be hermetically sealed if
by a transducer or measurement system, that is a function of
those parts are sensitive to and may be exposed to moisture.
the applied measurand.
Pressureconnectionsmustbethreadedwithappropriatefittings
3.2.19 overpressure, n—the maximum magnitude of mea-
to connect the transducer to standard pipe fittings or to other
surand that can be applied to a transducer without causing a
appropriate leak-proof fittings. The output cable must be
change in performance beyond the specified tolerance.
securely fastened to the body of the transducer. A variety of
sensing elements are used in pressure transducers. The most
3.2.20 pressure cycling, n—the specified minimum number
commonelementsarediaphragms,bellows,capsules,Bourdon
of specified periodic pressure changes over which a transducer
tubes, and piezoelectric crystals. The function of the sensing
will operate and meet the specified performance.
element is to produce a measurable response to applied
3.2.21 pressure rating, n—the maximum allowable applied
pressure or vacuum. The response may be sensed directly on
pressure of a differential pressure transducer.
theelementoraseparatesensormaybeusedtodetectelement
3.2.22 process medium, n—the measured fluid (measurand)
response. The following is a brief introduction to the major
that comes in contact with the sensing element.
pressure sensing technology design categories.
4.2.1 Electrical Pressure Transducers:
3.2.23 range, n—measurand values, over which a trans-
4.2.1.1 Differential Transformer Transducer—Linear vari-
ducer is intended to measure, specified by their upper and
able differential transformers (LVDT) are variable reluctance
lower limits. ANSI/ISA S37.1
devices. Pressure-induced sensor movement, usually transmit-
3.2.24 repeatability, n—ability of a transducer to reproduce
ted through a mechanical linkage, moves a core within a
output readings when the same measurand value is applied to
differential transformer. Sensors are most commonly bellows,
it consecutively, under the same conditions, and in the same
capsules, or Bourdon tubes. The movement of the core within
direction. ANSI/ISA S37.1
the differential transformer results in a change in reluctance
3.2.25 response, n—the measured output of a transducer to that translates to a voltage output. An amplifying mechanical
a specified change in measurand. linkage may be used to obtain adequate core movement.
F2070 − 00 (2022)
4.2.1.2 Potentiometric Transducer—Pressure-induced nals from the resonators are transmitted back to the optoelec-
movement of the sensing element causes movement of a tronics interface unit. The interface unit provides an output of
potentiometer wiper resulting in a change in resistance which temperature-compensated pressure.
translates to a voltage output. A bellows or Bourdon tube is
4.2.2.4 Micromachined Membrane/Diaphragm
commonly used as the sensing element. An amplifying me-
Deflection—Thesensingelementismadeonasiliconsubstrate
chanical linkage may be used to obtain adequate wiper
usingphotolithographicmicromachining.Thedeflectionofthis
movement.
micromachined membrane is detected and measured using
4.2.1.3 Strain Gage Transducer—Typical strain gage pres- light. The light is delivered to the sensor head through an
sure transducers convert a pressure into a change in resistance optical fiber.The light returning from the membrane is propor-
due to strain which translates to a relative voltage output. tional to the pressure deflection of the membrane and is
Pressure-induced movement in the sensing element deforms delivered back to a detector through an optical fiber. The fiber
strain elements. The strain elements of a typical strain gage and the sensor head are packaged within a thin tubing.
pressure transducer are active arms of a Wheatstone Bridge
4.3 Types—The following are common types of pressure
arrangement. As pressure increases, the bridge becomes elec-
and differential pressure transducers: pressure, differential;
trically unbalanced as a result of the deformation of the strain
pressure (gage, absolute and sealed); pressure, vacuum; and
elements providing a change in voltage output.
pressure, compound.
4.2.1.4 Variable Capacitance Transducer—Variable capaci-
4.4 Process Medium—The following are the most common
tance pressure transducers sense changes in capacitance with
types of process media: freshwater, oil, condensate, steam,
changes in pressure. Typically, a diaphragm is positioned
nitrogenandotherinertgases,seawater,fluegasandammonia,
between two stator plates. Pressure-induced diaphragm deflec-
and oxygen.
tion changes the circuit capacitance, which is detected and
translated into a change in voltage output.
4.5 Application—The following is provided as a general
4.2.1.5 Variable Reluctance Transducer—Variable reluc-
comparisonofdifferenttypesoftransducersandconsiderations
tance pressure transducers sense changes in reluctance with
for application.
changes in pressure. Typically, a diaphragm is positioned
4.5.1 LVDT Transducer—The sensor element may become
betweentwoferriccorecoilsensorsthatwhenexcitedproduce
complicated depending on the amount of motion required for
a magnetic field. Pressure-induced diaphragm deflection
core displacement. Careful consideration should be exercised
changes the reluctance, which is detected and translated to a
when the application includes very low- or high-pressure
change in voltage output.
measurement, overpressure exposure, or high levels of vibra-
4.2.1.6 Piezoelectric Transducer—Piezoelectric transducers
tion. Careful consideration should also be exercised when
consist of crystals made of quartz, tourmaline, or ceramic
measuring differential pressure of process media having high
material. Pressure-induced changes in crystal electrical prop-
dielectric constants, especially liquid media. If the process
erties cause the crystal to produce an electrical output which is
media is allowed to enter the gap between the sensor element
detected and translated to a change in voltage output.
and core, accuracy may suffer. Frequency response may suffer
4.2.2 Fiber-Optic Pressure Transducers:
depending on the type of mechanical linkage(s) used in the
transducer.
4.2.2.1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer—Fabry-Perot interfer-
ometers (FPI) consist of two mirrors facing each other, the 4.5.2 Potentiometric Pressure Transducer—Potentiometric
spacebetweenthemirrorsbeingcalledthecavitylength.Light pressure transducers are generally less complicated than other
reflected in the FPI is wavelength modulated in exact accor- designs. Careful consideration should be exercised when the
dance with the cavity length. Pressure-induced movement of applicationincludesverylowpressuremeasurement,overpres-
oneofthemirrorscausesameasurablechangeincavitylength
sureexposure,highlevelsofvibration,stabilityandrepeatabil-
and a phase change in the reflected light signal.This change is ityoverextendedperiodsoftime,orextremelyhighresolution
optically detected and processed.
requirements.Frequencyresponsemaysufferdependingonthe
type of mechanical linkage(s) used. Technological advances
4.2.2.2 Bragg Grating Interferometer—A Bragg grating is
have yielded more reliable designs that are commonly used.
contained in a section about 1 cm long and acts as a narrow
band filter that detects variation in the optical properties of the 4.5.3 Strain Gage Transducers—Low-level output strain
fiber. When the fiber is illuminated with an ordinary light gage transducers are among the most common pressure trans-
source such as an LED, only a narrow band of light will be ducers. They are available in very compact packages which
reflectedbackfromthegratingsectionofthefiber.Ifapressure lend well in applications in which size is critical. Strain gage
is applied to the grating section of the fiber, the grating period transducers that demonstrate high degrees of accuracy and
changes, and hence, the wavelength of the reflected light, excellent frequency response characteristics are readily avail-
which can be measured. able. Careful consideration should be exercised when the
application includes very low-pressure measurement, very low
4.2.2.3 Quartz Resonators—Typically,apairofquartzreso-
lag or delay, high vibration levels, extreme overpressure
nators are inside the pressure transducer. These are excited by
requirements, or critical stability over extended periods.
theincomingopticalsignal.Oneresonatorisload-sensitiveand
vibratesatafrequencydeterminedbytheappliedpressure.The 4.5.4 Variable Capacitance Transducers—Variable capaci-
second resonator vibrates at a frequency that varies with the tancetransducersarewellsuitedtomeasuredry,cleangasesat
internal temperature of the transducer. Optical frequency sig- very low pressures with a high degree of accuracy. Careful
F2070 − 00 (2022)
consideration should be exercised when measuring differential 4.10 Pressure Connection—The pressure connection is the
pressure of process media having high dielectric constants, opening of the transducer used to allow the process medium to
especiallyliquidmedia.Iftheprocessmediaisallowedtoenter reach the sensing element. Differential pressure transducers
the gap between the diaphragm and stators, accuracy may have two pressure connections, a high-pressure port and a
suffer.Processmediathataltersthedielectricconstantbetween low-pressure port.
the diaphragm and stators also alters the output of the trans-
ducer unless isolation devices such as membranes or oil fills 5. Ordering Information
are used.
5.1 The purchaser should provide the manufacturer with all
4.5.5 Variable Reluctance Transducers—Variable reluc-
ofthepertinentapplicationdatashowninaccordancewith5.2.
tance transducers are well suited to measure most process
If special application operating conditions exist that are not
media, especially if the core coil sensors are isolated from the
shown in the acquisition requirements, they should also be
process media. Variable reluctance transducers are well suited
described.
for applications that include high shock or vibration levels,
5.2 Acquisition Requirements—Acquisition documents
extreme overpressure requirements, high degrees of accuracy,
should specify the following:
or critical stability over extended periods. Careful consider-
5.2.1 Title, number, and date of this specification,
ation should be exercised when evaluating size, weight, and
5.2.2 Manufacturer’s part number,
cost. All reluctance devices are affected by strong magnetic
5.2.3 Range, pressure rating (differential only), power
fields.
supply, output,
4.5.6 Piezoelectric Transducers—Piezoelectric transducers
5.2.4 Mounting method (see 7.2),
are very effective in measuring changes in pressure. The
5.2.5 Type of pressure connection (see 7.5),
piezoelectric crystals only produce an output when they
5.2.6 Type of electrical connection (see 7.4),
experienceachangeinload.Withadequatesignalconditioners
5.2.7 Whenanelectricalconnectionmatingplugisnottobe
they can also be used to perform static measurements.
provided (see 7.4),
4.5.7 Fiber-Optic Pressure Transducers—Fiber-optic pres-
5.2.8 System process medium,
sure transducers can be used in virtually all applications. They
5.2.9 Prime output signal,
are extremely sensitive and are beneficial for high resolution
5.2.10 Supplemental output signal, if required,
measurements. They are unaffected by electromagnetic inter-
5.2.11 System operating characteristics, such as pressure
ference and are recommended in applications where EMI is a
and flow rate,
problem.These transducers are by nature intrinsically safe and
5.2.12 Materials,
are especially applicable for hazardous environments.
5.2.13 Environmental requirements, such as vibration and
ambient temperature,
4.6 Range—Each manufacturer of transducers advertises a
5.2.14 Quantity of transducers required,
standardoperatingrangefortheirofferedselectionsbutthereis
5.2.15 Size and weight restrictions (see 7.7),
no industry-wide standard of specific ranges for transducers.
5.2.16 Critical service life requirements (see 8.1),
Ranges are available that cover applications from vacuums to
5.2.17 Performance requirements (see 8.2),
210 MPaG (30000 psig). Refer to individual manufacturer
5.2.18 Special surface finish requirements (see 9.1),
recommendations on range best suited to each application or
5.2.19 Special cleaning requirements (see 9.2),
specify an exact range if the range is a critical characteristic.
5.2.20 When certification is required (see Section 13),
4.7 Pressure Rating—Pressure rating applies only to differ-
5.2.21 Special marking requirements (see Section 14),
ential pressure transducers. Differential pressure transducers
5.2.22 Special packaging or package marking requirements
mustbeselectedwithapressureratingforthemaximummedia
(see Section 15),
pressure to be encountered. The purchaser should refer to
5.2.23 When ISO 9001 quality assurance system is not
specific manufacturer guidance to ensure a transducer has the
required (see 16.1), and
proper pressure rating for each intended application.
5.2.24 Special warranty requirements (see 16.2).
4.8 Power Supply—Power supplies furnish excitation to the
6. Materials and Manufacture
transducer. Power supplies may include batteries; line-
powered, electronically regulated, dc power supplies; or ac
6.1 Sensing Elements—The materials for the sensing ele-
power directly from the power system.
ment and wetted parts shall be selected for long-term compat-
ibility (see 8.1) with the process medium (see 4.4).
4.9 Output—Output signals can be electrical or optical
dependent on design. Output must be measurable and must
7. Physical Properties
correspond with pressure applied within the range of the
transducer. Multiple output signals shall be provided when 7.1 Enclosure—If case sealing is required, the mechanism,
specified. One signal shall be designated as the prime and the materials, and process shall be described. The same should
other as supplemental. apply to the electrical connector. The long-term resistance to
F2070 − 00 (2022)
common process media should be stated. Resistance to clean- 9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
ing solvents should likewise be stated. Unique or special
9.1 Finish and Appearance—Any special surface finish and
enclosure requirements shall be specified in the acquisition
appearance requirements shall be specified in the ordering
requirements (see 5.2).
information (see 5.2).
7.2 Transducer Mounting—Transducers are commonly
9.2 Transducer Cleaning—Any special cleaning require-
mounted directly by their pressure connections or through the
ments shall be specified in the ordering information (see 5.2).
use of brackets or similar hardware. Mounting force or torque
shall be specified if it tends to affect transducer performance.
10. Number of Tests and Retests
Mounting error shall be specified in terms of percent of
full-scale output or within the static error band under specified
10.1 Test Specimen—The number of test specimens to be
conditions of mounting force or torque.
subjected to first-article tests shall be specified and should
depend on the transducer design.As guidance, if each range is
7.3 External Configuration—The outline drawing shall
covered by a separate and distinct design, a test specimen for
show the configuration with dimensions in SI units (inch-
each range should require testing. In instances in which a
pound units). The outline drawing shall include limiting
singular design series may cover multiple ranges and types, a
dimensions for pressure and electrical connections if they are
minimumofthreetestspecimensshouldbetestedprovidedthe
not specified. The outline drawing shall indicate the mounting
electrical, optical, and mechanical similarities are approved by
method with hole size, center location, and other pertinent
the purchaser. It is suggested that three units, one unit each
dimensions. Where threaded holes are used, thread specifica-
representing the low, medium, and high ranges, be tested,
tions shall be provided.
regardless of design similarity.
7.4 Standard Electrical Connection—Anelectricalinterface
10.1.1 Low Range—Less than 700 kPa (less than 100
connector receptacle and mating plug shall be provided with
lb/in. ).
each transducer unless otherwise specified in the contract (see
10.1.2 Medium Range—700 kPa to less than 7 MPa (100 to
5.1). Optional possible electrical interface connections include
less than 1000 lb/in. ).
pigtails and terminal boards.
10.1.3 High Range—7 MPa and greater (1000 lb/in. and
7.5 Pressure Connections—Pressureconnectionscommonly
greater).
consist of pipe thread, hose tube fittings, O-ring union, O-ring
union face seal, and others.
11. Test Methods
7.6 Damping—The use of a media for damping in transduc-
11.1 Test Data—All test data shall remain on file at the
ers shall be specified including the type, composition, and
manufacturer’s facility for review by the purchaser upon
compatibility with transducer components and materials.
request. It is recommended that test data be retained in the
7.7 Size and Weight—The purchaser may have intended
manufacturer’s files for at least three years, or a period of time
applications in which size and weight are limited. Size and
acceptable to the purchaser and the manufacturer.
weight restrictions shall be specified in the ordering informa-
tion (see 5.2).
12. Inspection
12.1 Classification of Inspections—The inspection require-
8. Performance Requirements
ments specified herein are classified as follows:
8.1 Service Life—The purchaser may have a minimum
12.1.1 First-article tests (see 12.2).
specified service life requirement that may be critical. Critical
12.1.2 Conformance tests (see 12.3).
service life requirements shall be specified in the ordering
information (see 5.2).
12.2 First-Article Tests—First-articletestrequirementsshall
8.2 Transducer Performance—Performance tolerances are bespecified,whereapplicable.First-articletestmethodsshould
usually specified in percent of transducer output span. Critical be identified for each design and performance characteristic
performance requirements shall be specified in the ordering specified. Test report documentation requirements should also
information (see 5.2). The following performance characteris- be specified.
ticsandenvironmentalexposuresmayormaynotbeimportant
12.3 Conformance Tests—Conformance testing shall be
to each purchaser’s intended application: static error band,
specified when applicable. Conformance testing shall be con-
repeatability, hysteresis, sensitivity factor, ripple, warm-up
ducted on all units manufactured for delivery unless otherwise
time, steady-state supply voltage and frequency (ac), steady-
specified in the contract.
state supply voltage (dc), response, transient supply voltage
and frequency (ac), transient supply voltage (dc), temperature,
13. Certification
humidity, overpressure, line pressure (differential only), salt
spray, pressure cycling, insulation resistance, vibration, shock, 13.1 When specified in the acquisition requirements (see
burst pressure, output, enclosure, electromagnetic interference 5.2), the purchaser shall be furnished certification that samples
(EMI), common mode pressure (differential only), pressure representing each lot have been either tested or inspected as
rating (differential only), and power system harmonic distor- directed in this specification and the requirements have been
tion. met.
F2070 − 00 (2022)
14. Product Marking 15.2 Any special packaging or package marking require-
mentsforshipmentorstorageshallbeidentifiedintheordering
14.1 Thepurchaserspecifiedproductmarkingshallbelisted
information (see 5.2).
intheacquisitionrequirements(see5.2).Theminimumdatato
be clearly marked on each transducer shall include the follow-
16. Quality Assurance
ing:
16.1 Quality System—A quality assurance system in accor-
14.1.1 Manufacturer’s name,
dancewithISO9001shallbemaintainedtocontrolthequality
14.1.2 Manufacturer’s part number,
of the product being supplied effectively, unless otherwise
14.1.3 Serial number or lot number,
specified in the acquisition requirements (see 5.2).
14.1.4 Date of manufacture,
14.1.5 Range, 16.2 Responsibility for Warranty—Unless otherwise
14.1.6 Excitation voltage, and
specified, the manufacturer is responsible for the following:
14.1.7 Pressure rating (differential pressure transducers 16.2.1 All materials used to produce a unit and
only).
16.2.2 Workmanship to produce the unit.
14.2 For differential pressure transducers, the high- and
16.3 Special warranty requirements shall be specified in the
low-pressure connections shall be clearly marked on the acquisition requirements (see 5.2).
transducer body adjacent to the connections.
17. Keywords
15. Packaging and Package Marking
17.1 differential pressure transmitter; fiber-optic pressure
15.1 Packaging of Product for Delivery—The product transducer; miniature; optoelectronics module; pressure and
should be packaged for shipment in accordance with Practice differential pressure transducers; pressure transmitter; sensing
D3951. element; sensor head; transduction element
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
The following supplementary requirement, established for U.S. naval shipboard application, shall
apply when specified in the contract or purchase order. When there is conflict between this
specification (Specification F2070) and this supplementary requirement, this supplementary require-
ment shall take precedence. This document supersedes MIL-T-24742, Transducer, Pressure and
Differential Pressure, Miniature (Electrical), for new ship construction.
S1. TRANSDUCERS, PRESSURE AND DIFFERENTIAL S1.2.3 Military Standards:
PRESSURE, MINIATURE (ELECTRICAL) MIL-S-901 Shock Tests, H.I. (High-Impact); Shipboard
Machinery, Equipment and Systems, Requirements for
S1.1 Scope
MIL-STD-167-1 Mechanical Vibrations of Shipboard
S1.1.1 This supplement covers the requirements for minia-
Equipment (Type I—Environmental and Type II—Internally
ture pressure and differential pressure transducers designed to
Excited)
meet the requirements for use onboard naval ships.
MIL-STD-461 Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics
S1.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
of Subsystems and Equipment, Requirements for the Control
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
of
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
MIL-STD-1399, Section 300 Interface Standard for Ship-
tion only and are not considered standard. Where information
board Systems, Electric Power, Alternating Current
is to be specified, it shall be stated in SI units.
MS3452 Connector, Receptacle, Electric, Box Mounting,
S1.2 Referenced Documents
Rear Release, Crimp Contact, AN Type
MS3456 Connector, Plug, Electrical, Rear Release, Crimp
S1.2.1 ISO Standards:
Contact, AN type
6149-1 Connections for Fluid Power and General Use—
S1.3 Terminology
Ports and Stud Ends with ISO 261 Threads and O-Ring
S1.3.1 Terminology is consistent with that of Section 3 and
Sealing—Part1:PortswithO-RingSealinTruncatedHousing
the referenced documents.
S1.2.2 NEMA Standards:
S1.4 Designation
250 Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maxi-
S1.4.1 Designation—For this specification pressure
mum)
transducers, designations shall be assigned in accordance with
S1.5.1 and listed in the following below:
5 6
Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300 Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
N. 17th St., Suite 900, Arlington, VA 22209, http://www.nema.org. Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
F2070 − 00 (2022)
Example: F25XMS1-D-F-5-DC-2-N-M-100D S1.4.9.1 Units—The units shall be designated by the corre-
sponding letter designator and are limited to the following:
Specification D F 5 DC 2 N M 100D
F25XMS1 Type ApplicationPress Power Output Press Mounting Range
Letter SI Units Inch-Pound Units
S1.4.2 S1.4.3 Rating Supply S1.4.6 Conn S1.4.8 S1.4.9
S1.4.4 S1.4.5 S1.4.7
V kPaV—kiloPascals, vacuum Hg—inches of mercury vacuum
A kPaA—kiloPascals, absolute psia—pounds per square inch,
S1.4.2 Types—The following designators have been estab-
absolute
lished for the various types of transducers:
D kPaD—kiloPascals, differential psid—pounds per square inch,
differential
D—Pressure, differential
G kPaG—kiloPascals, gage psig—pounds per square inch,
P—Pressure (gage, absolute and sealed)
gage
V—Pressure, vacuum S kPaS—kiloPascals, sealed at psis—pounds per square inch,
101.4 kPaA sealed at 14.7 psia
C—Pressure, compound
W kPaW—kiloPascals, water column WC—inches of water column
S1.4.3 Application—The following application designa-
N KPaWD—kiloPascals, water WCD—inches of water column,
column, differential differential
tions have been established for the corresponding process
media:
S1.5 Ordering Information
F—Freshwater, oil, condensate, steam, nitrogen, and other
S1.5.1 The purchaser shall provide the manufacturer with
inert gases
all of the pertinent application data in accordance with S1.5.2.
S—Seawater
If special application operating conditions exist that are not in
G—Flue gas and ammonia the acquisition requirements, they shall also be described.
X—Oxygen
S1.5.2 Acquisition Requirements—Acquisition documents
S1.4.4 Pressure Rating—The pressure rating shall be indi- shall specify the following:
cated by the designator for its numerical value for Type D
S1.5.2.1 Title, number, and date of this specification.
transducers(“X”forTypeP,V,andCtransducers)andshallbe
S1.5.2.2 Part designation.
limited to the following:
S1.5.2.3 National Stock Number (NSN), if available.
Designator Rating, kPaG Inch-Pound, psig
S1.5.2.4 Mounting method, if other than specified herein.
S1.5.2.5 Typeofpressureconnection,ifotherthanspecified
1 100 15
2 1000 150
herein.
3 2000 300
S1.5.2.6 Type of electrical connection, if other than speci-
4 4000 600
5 10000 1500 fied herein.
6 20000 3000
S1.5.2.7 When the electrical connection mating plug is not
7 40000 6000
to be provided.
S1.4.5 PowerSupply—Transducersshalloperatewitheither
S1.5.2.8 Quantity of transducers required.
ac or dc input power, but not both. Designators shall be as
S1.5.2.9 If deviation requests are required when departing
follows:
from material guidance.
S1.4.5.1 dc—Direct-current supply.
S1.5.2.10 When first-article tests are required.
S1.4.5.2 ac—Alternating-current supply.
S1.5.2.11 Special product marking requirements.
S1.4.6 Output—The dc electrical signal output of the trans-
S1.5.2.12 Special packaging or package marking require-
ducer shall be designated by the following designators:
ments.
2—4-20 mA
S1.5.2.13 When ISO 9001 quality assurance system is not
3—0-5 V
required.
4—0-12 V
S1.5.2.14 Special warranty requirements.
5—0-3 mV
S1.5.3 First-Article Tests—When first-article testing is
6—0-200 µV
required, the purchaser should provide specific guidance to
S1.4.7 Pressure Connection—Transducer pressure sensing
offerorswhethertheitem(s)shouldbeapreproductionsample,
connection shall be as follows:
a first-article sample, a first production item, a sample selected
N—M12 × 1.5 ( ⁄16-20 UNF-2B) (see S1.7.5)
from the first production items, or a standard production item
X— ⁄4 nps, 155-mm (6-in.) long pipe nipple (see S1.7.5)
from the manufacturer’s current inventory. The number of
Z—Other
items to be tested in accordance with S1.12.4 should be
S1.4.8 Transducer Mounting—The transducer mounting
specified.The purchaser should include specific instructions in
method shall be designated as follows:
acquisition documents regarding arrangements for tests, ap-
P—Pressure port connection
proval of first-article test results and time period for approval,
M—Mounting plate
and disposition of first articles. Invitations for bids should
S1.4.9 Range—The pressure range of the transducer shall provide that the purchaser reserves the right to waive the
bedesignatedbytwoparts.Thefirstpartshallbethedesignator requirement for samples for first-article testing to those manu-
for the upper range value. The second part shall be the facturers offering a product that has been previously acquired
designator for the upper range unit of measure (see S1.4.9.1). ortestedbythepurchaser;andthatmanufacturersofferingsuch
The transducer pressure ranges shall be in accordance with products, who wish to rely on such production or test, must
Table S1.1. furnish evidence with the bid that prior purchaser approval is
F2070 − 00 (2022)
TABLE S1.1 Range
Type D Type P Type C Type V
SI Units
Differential Pressure Differential Pressure Water Pressure Ranges, kPaG, Water Column Ranges, Compound Ranges, Vacuum Range,
A
Ranges, kPaD Column Ranges, kPaWD kPaAor kPaS kPaW kPaV/kPaG kPaV
Range Designator Range Designator Range Designator Range Designator Range Designator Range Designator
0-100 100 0-2.5 2 0-100 100 0-2.5 2 100/150 150 0-100 100
0-200 200 0-15 15 0-200 200 0-15 15 100/300 300
0-400 400 0-40 40 0-350 350 0-40 40 100/900 900
0-700 700 0-75 75 0-400 400 0-75 75 100/1500 1500
0-1400 1400 0-700 700 100/2400 2400
0-2800 2800 0-850 850 100/4000 4000
0-4000 4K 0-1400 1400
0-2000 2K
0-4000 4K
0-6000 6K
0-7000 7K
0-10000 10K
0-20000 20K
0-40000 40K
0-70000 70K
Inch-Pound Units
Differential Pressure Differential Pressure Water Pressure Ranges, psig, Water Column Ranges, Compound Ranges, Vacuum Range,
A
Ranges, psid Column Ranges, WCD psia, or psis WC Hg-0-psig Hg
Range Designator Range Designator Range Designator Range Designator Range Designator Range Designator
0-15 100 0-10 2 0-15 100 0-10 2 30-0-15 150 0-30 100
0-30 200 0-60 15 0-30 200 0-60 15 30-0-30 300
0-60 400 0-150 40 0-50 350 0-150 40 30-0-100 900
0-100 700 0-300 75 0-60 400 0-300 75 30-0-150 1500
0-200 1400 0-100 700 30-0-300 2400
0-400 2800 0-125 850 30-0-600 4000
0-600 4K 0-200 1400
0-300 2K
0-600 4K
0-900 6K
0-1000 7K
0-1500 10K
0-3000 20K
0-6000 40K
0-10000 70K
A 2
For upper range values of 7000 kPa (1000 lb/in. ) and above.
presently appropriate for the pending contract. The manufac- material and process medium compatibility. Dissimilar metals
ture of items before purchaser approval should be specified as
shall not be used in contact with each other unless suitably
the responsibility of the manufacturer. finishedtopreventelectrolyticcorrosion.Whendepartingfrom
S1.6 Materials
this guidance, the manufacturer shall provide evidence of
S1.6.1 Sensing Elements—The materials for the sensing
material compatibility to the procuring activity, unless speci-
element and wetted parts shall be selected for long-term
fied otherwise (see S1.5.1).
compatibility (see S1.8.1) with the process medium (see
S1.7 Physical Properties
S1.4.3). Table S1.2 is provided for guidance as acceptable
S1.7.1 Enclosure—Thetransducerbodyandpressurecavity
shallbeenvironmentallysealedunlessotherwisespecified.The
TABLE S1.2 Material Versus Application
transducer enclosure shall be Type 4 in accordance with
Sensing Element and
NEMA Standard 250.
Process Medium
Wetted Parts
S1.7.2 Transducer Mounting—The transducer shall have a
Application Application Application Application
Designation Designation Designation Designation
mounting plate as shown on Fig. S1.1. If required in a specific
F S G X
application and with prior approval of the purchaser, the
CRES 304L, 316L, 321 &XX
transducer may be mounted by its pressure piping connection.
ForTypeDtransducers,thehigh-pressureportshallbeused.If
CRES 15-5 PH, 17-4 PH, X
and 17-7 PH
the transducer is mounted by its pressure connection, the
Monel and K-Monel X X X
mounting plate shall not be required (see S1.5.2). If the
Inconel 600 and 750 X X
Inconel 625 and 718 X X transducer is mounted by its pressure port connection and the
Hastelloy C276 X X X
mounting plate is provided, mounting holes shall not be
Titanium CP and 6A1-4V X X
required.
CuNi 70/30 X X X
Ni Span X
S1.7.3 External Configuration—The transducer shall have
Tantalum X X
an external configuration within the boundaries established by
CarpenterA286 X X
Fig. S1.1.
F2070 − 00 (2022)
Dimension mm in.
A 72 2.83
B 7.2±0.15 0.281±0.005
C 90 max 3.5 max
D 6.5 max 0.25 max
E 50.0 max 2.0 max
F 76.0# F# 101.0 3.0# F# 4.0
G 63.5 2.5
H 19.0# H# 25.0 0.75# H# 1.0
NOTE 1—Transducer housing (body) cross section is shown as circular.Any alternate cross section not exceeding 50 mm (2 in.) in width and 50 mm
(2 in.) in height is acceptable.
NOTE 2—Dimension tolerance is plus or minus 1.25 mm (0.05 in.), unless otherwise specified.
NOTE 3—The pressure connection(s) shall be generally located as shown.
FIG. S1.1 External Configuration
S1.7.4 Electrical Connector—An electrical interface con- shall be case ground, Pin D shall be positive dc-voltage signal
nector receptacle and mating plug shall be provided with each
output, and Pin E shall be negative dc voltage signal output.
transducer unless otherwise specified. The electrical connector
S1.7.5 Pressure Connections—Unless otherwise specified,
shall be a standard threaded coupling receptacle, AN type,
transducer pressure-sensing connections for all services shall
MS3452W/14S-5P, or equivalent, for dc-power input, or AN
be M12 × 1.5 ( ⁄16-20 UNF-2B) tube connection in accordance
type, MS3452W/14S-5PX, or equivalent, for ac-power input.
with ISO 6149-1. When pressure connection Type X is
The mating plug shall be a MS3456W/14S-5S, or equivalent,
specified, as commonly used on submarine oxygen replenish-
for dc-power input, or MS3456W/14S-5SX, or equivalent, for
ment systems, the transducer sensing connections shall be a
ac-power input.
nickel-copper pipe nipple ⁄4 nominal pipe size (nps) with
S1.7.4.1 dc-Power Input—Output 2—The receptacle shall
3.1-mm (0.12-in.) minimum wall thickness, 155 mm (6 in.)
be wired to provide the performance described herein. Recep-
long, welded to the socket (see S1.5.2). For Type D
tacle Pin A shall be +28-Vdc power input, Pin B shall be
transducers, the high-pressure connection shall be on the end
–28-Vdc power input, and Pin C shall be case ground.
and the low-pressure connection shall be on the side (see Fig.
ReceptaclePinsAandBshallalsoserveasthe4-to20-mAdc
S1.1).
signal output.
S1.7.6 Welding—For Application X, all pressure boundary
S1.7.4.2 dc Power Input—Output 3, 4, 5, 6—Thereceptacle
joints shall be welded.
shall be wired to provide the performance described herein.
ReceptaclePinAshallbe+28-Vdcpowerinput,PinBshallbe S1.7.7 Lubrication—The transducer shall operate without
–28-Vdc power input, Pin C shall be case ground, Pin D shall
lubrication of moving parts after assembly.
be positive dc voltage signal output, and Pin E shall be
S1.7.8 Damping—The use of a media for damping in
negative dc voltage signal output.
transducers shall be cited on the equipment drawing.
S1.7.4.3 ac Power Input—Output 2—The receptacle shall
S1.7.9 Weight—Theweightofatransducershallnotexceed
be wired to provide the performance described herein. Recep-
510 g (18 oz).
taclePinsAandBshallbe115-Vacpowerinput,PinCshallbe
S1.8 Performance Requirements
caseground,PinDshallbe+4-to20-mAdc-signaloutput,and
S1.8.1 ServiceLife—Thetransducershallbeconstructedfor
Pin E shall be –4- to 20-mA dc signal output.
a life of 40000 h of operation and shall meet the requirements
S1.7.4.4 ac Power Input—Output 3, 4, 5, 6—Thereceptacle
specifiedhereinwhenoperatedinthenavalshipboardenviron-
shall be wired to provide the performance described herein.
Receptacle PinsAand B shall be 115-Vac power input, Pin C ment.
F2070 − 00 (2022)
S1.8.2 Input Power—The transducer shall be designed to S1.8.4.10 Response—Transducer output shall conform to
operate using 115-V, 60-Hz, single-phase, ungrounded, ac the following criteria, where all percentages are of transducer
power as defined in MIL-STD-1399, Section 300 or 28 6 span:
4.5-Vdcpower.Thetransducershalloperatewithpowersupply (1)The transducer output shall be within 62% of the
variations as specified in S1.11.2.8 and S1.11.2.11. maximumramppressurewithin0.01softhetimethatpressure
S1.8.3 Output—The electrical signal output of the trans- is attained.
(2)The transducer output shall exhibit no overshoot of
ducer shall be dc, directly proportional to the pressure or
differential pressure input. The output shall be a true current maximum ramp pressure in excess of 2%.
(3)The transducer output shall indicate the actual pressure
source or true voltage source.
S1.8.3.1 Current Output—When a 4- to 20-mA current to within 61% in 0.175 s or less after attainment of the
maximum ramp pressure, and shall remain with
...