ASTM E1495/E1495M-12
(Guide)Standard Guide for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates, and Bonded Joints
Standard Guide for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates, and Bonded Joints
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
General—Conventional ultrasonics should be considered first for the detection of overt flaws such as delaminations in composites. Thereafter, AU should be considered for composites that are proved to be free of major flaws or discontinuities. The AU method is intended almost exclusively for assessing the collective effects of dispersed defects and subcritical flaw populations. These are material aberrations that influence AU measurements and also underlie mechanical property variations, dynamic load response, and impact and fracture resistance.
Specific Advantages—The AU method can be used to evaluate composite laminate and bond quality using access to only one surface as, for example, the exterior surface of pressure vessels. It is unnecessary to utilize angle beam fixtures because the method can always be applied with probes at normal incidence. The method can be applied using dry coupling with elastomer pads attached to the probes, and there is no need to immerse the examination object in water.
General Applications—The AU method was devised to assess diffuse discontinuity populations and any associated changes of the mechanical properties of composites and composite-like materials. The AU method has been used to evaluate fiber-reinforced composites (6), composite laminates (7), filament-wound pressure vessels (8), adhesive bonds (9), paper and wood products (10), and cable and rope (11). The method has been shown to be particularly practical for assessing the strength of adhesively bonded joints. It has also been shown to be useful for assessing microporosity (12), micro-cracking (13), hydrothermal aging (14), and damage produced by impacts (15) and fatigue (16).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide explains the rationale and basic technology for the acousto-ultrasonic (AU) method. Guidelines are given for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of flaws and physical characteristics that influence the mechanical properties and relative strength of composite structures (for example, filament-wound pressure vessels), adhesive bonds (for example, joints between metal plates), and interlaminar and fiber/matrix bonds in man-made composites and natural composites (for example, wood products).
1.2 This guide covers technical details and rules that must be observed to ensure reliable and reproducible quantitative AU assessments of laminates, composites, and bonded structures. The underlying principles, prototype apparatus, instrumentation, standardization, examination methods, and data analysis for such assessments are covered. Limitations of the AU method and guidelines for taking advantage of its capabilities are cited.
1.3 The objective of AU is to assess subtle flaws and associated strength variations in composite structures and bonded joints. Discontinuities such as large voids, disbonds, or extended lack of contact at interfaces can be assessed by other NDE methods such as conventional ultrasonics.
1.4 Additional information may be found in the publications cited in the list of references at the end of this guide. The referenced works provide background on research, applications, and various aspects of signal acquisition, processing, and interpretation.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E1495/E1495M − 12
Standard Guide for
Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates,
1
and Bonded Joints
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1495/E1495M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This guide explains the rationale and basic technology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
for the acousto-ultrasonic (AU) method. Guidelines are given
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of flaws and physical
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
characteristics that influence the mechanical properties and
relative strength of composite structures (for example,
2. Referenced Documents
filament-wound pressure vessels), adhesive bonds (for
2
example, joints between metal plates), and interlaminar and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
fiber/matrix bonds in man-made composites and natural com-
posites (for example, wood products). Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2 This guide covers technical details and rules that must
3
2.2 ASNT Standard:
be observed to ensure reliable and reproducible quantitative
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
AU assessments of laminates, composites, and bonded struc-
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
tures. The underlying principles, prototype apparatus,
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practicem for Personnel Quali-
instrumentation, standardization, examination methods, and
fications and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
data analysis for such assessments are covered. Limitations of
4
the AU method and guidelines for taking advantage of its
2.3 AIA Document:
capabilities are cited.
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
Testing Personnel
1.3 The objective of AU is to assess subtle flaws and
associated strength variations in composite structures and
3. Terminology
bonded joints. Discontinuities such as large voids, disbonds, or
extended lack of contact at interfaces can be assessed by other
3.1 Definitions:
NDE methods such as conventional ultrasonics.
3.1.1 acousto-ultrasonics (AU)—a nondestructive examina-
tion method that uses induced stress waves to detect and assess
1.4 Additionalinformationmaybefoundinthepublications
the diffuse defect states, damage conditions, and variations of
cited in the list of references at the end of this guide. The
mechanical properties of an examination structure. The AU
referenced works provide background on research,
method combines aspects of acoustic emission (AE) signal
applications, and various aspects of signal acquisition,
analysis with ultrasonic materials characterization methods
processing, and interpretation.
(Terminology E1316).
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
3.1.2 Additional related definitions may be found in Termi-
pound units are to be regarded as standard.The values stated in
nology E1316.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standards.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc- the ASTM website.
3
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
Emission Method. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1495 - 02 (2007). WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
DOI: 10.1520/E1495-12.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1495/E1495M − 12
3.2.1 stress wave factor (SWF)—a generic measure of the material are collected and evaluated, as in backs
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1495–02 (Reapproved 2007) Designation: E1495/E1495M – 12
Standard Guide for
Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates,
1
and Bonded Joints
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1495/E1495M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide explains the rationale and basic technology for the acousto-ultrasonic (AU) method. Guidelines are given for
nondestructiveevaluation(NDE)offlawsandphysicalcharacteristicsthatinfluencethemechanicalpropertiesandrelativestrength
ofcompositestructures(forexample,filament-woundpressurevessels),adhesivebonds(forexample,jointsbetweenmetalplates),
and interlaminar and fiber/matrix bonds in man-made composites and natural composites (for example, wood products).
1.2 This guide covers technical details and rules that must be observed to ensure reliable and reproducible quantitative AU
assessments of laminates, composites, and bonded structures. The underlying principles, prototype apparatus, instrumentation,
standardization, examination methods, and data analysis for such assessments are covered. Limitations of the AU method and
guidelines for taking advantage of its capabilities are cited.
1.3 The objective of AU is to assess subtle flaws and associated strength variations in composite structures and bonded joints.
Discontinuitiessuchaslargevoids,disbonds,orextended lack of contact at interfaces can be assessed by other NDEmethodssuch
as conventional ultrasonics.
1.4 Additionalinformationmaybefoundinthepublicationscitedinthelistofreferencesattheendofthisguide.Thereferenced
works provide background on research, applications, and various aspects of signal acquisition, processing, and interpretation.
1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3
2.2 ASNT Standard:
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practicem for Personnel Qualifications and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
4
2.3 AIA Document:
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 acousto-ultrasonics (AU)—a nondestructive examination method that uses induced stress waves to detect and assess the
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission
Method.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1495-02. DOI:
10.1520/E1495-02R07.
Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1495 - 02 (2007). DOI:
10.1520/E1495-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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