ASTM E2916-18
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination
Standard Terminology for Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology includes general as well as discipline-specific definitions as they apply across the spectrum of image analysis, computer forensics, video analysis, forensic audio, and facial identification.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the examination of digital and multimedia evidence to include the areas of computer forensics, image analysis, video analysis, forensic audio, and facial identification.
1.2 Legal or scientific terms that generally are understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2916 − 18
Standard Terminology for
1
Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2916; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Terminology: Terms and Definitions
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding 4.1 Definitions:
definitions used in the examination of digital and multimedia
achievable resolution, resolving power, n—the measure of
evidence to include the areas of computer forensics, image
imaging system’s practical limit to distinguish between
analysis, video analysis, forensic audio, and facial identifica-
separate adjacent elements, typically by imaging a known
tion.
reference standard.
1.2 Legalorscientifictermsthatgenerallyareunderstoodor
acquisition, n—in computer forensics, the process of using an
defined adequately in other readily available sources may not
access interface to read digital data from a digital source and
be included.
to create a destination object.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
ad hoc image, n—see uncontrolled image.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
allocated space, allocated storage, n—in computer forensics,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the portions of storage that are assigned or reserved for
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
active instructions or for data.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
IEEE 100-2000, (C) 610.10-1994w
2. Referenced Documents
anthropometric analysis, n—in facial identification,anex-
plicit measurement of landmarks on a face and a comparison
2
2.1 ANSI/NIST Standards:
of these measurements between two samples.
ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2011 Data Format for the Interchange of
Fingerprint, Facial, and Other Biometric Information anti-forensics, n—the application of a process to modify,
NIST SP 800-86 Guide to Integrating Forensic Techniques
conceal or destroy information to inhibit or prevent the
into Incident Response effectiveness of forensic science examinations.
NIST SP 800-88 Guidelines for Media Sanitization
archive image, n—in computer forensics,a bit stream dupli-
3
2.2 IEEE Standards:
cate of data placed on media that is suitable for long-term
IEEE 100-2000 The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Stan-
storage
dards Terms, 7th Edition
artifact, n—a by-product, artificial feature, or change resulting
3. Significance and Use
from human activity or a technical process. (Compare
noise.)
3.1 This terminology includes general as well as discipline-
DISCUSSION—Examples include speckles in a scanned picture,
specific definitions as they apply across the spectrum of image
“blocking” in compressed images, distortion in over-saturated audio,
analysis, computer forensics, video analysis, forensic audio,
and the automatic creation of temporary files due to normal usage of a
and facial identification.
computer.
aspect ratio, n—the ratio of the width to the height of a
1 rectangle, such as an image, a pixel, or an active video
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on
Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12 on frame.
Digital and Multimedia Evidence.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originally
attempt, n—in facial identification, a submission of a single
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2916 – 13. DOI:
set of biometric samples to a biometric system for identifi-
10.1520/E2916-18.
cation or verification. (Compare biometric search.)
2
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
3
audio enhancement, n—the processing and filtering of audio
Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),
445 Hoes Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854, http://www.ieee.org. recordings to improve the signal quality and intelligibility of
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2916 − 18
thesignalsofinterest,suchasspeech,byattenuatingnoiseor transaction; (2) in facial identification, a body that issues
otherwise increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. biometric documents and certifies that the data stored on the
documents are genuine.
backlight, n—in facial identification, a light source placed
behind a subject in a controlled capture that reduces back- clarification, n—see enhancemen
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2916 − 13 E2916 − 18
Standard Terminology for
1
Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2916; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the examination of digital and multimedia evidence to
include the areas of computer forensics, image analysis, video analysis, forensic audio, and facial identification.
1.2 Legal or scientific terms that generally are understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be
included.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
E2808 Guide for Microspectrophotometry and Color Measurement in Forensic Paint Analysis
2
2.1 ANSI/NIST Standards:
ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2011 Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial, and Other Biometric Information
NIST SP 800-86 Guide to Integrating Forensic Techniques into Incident Response
NIST SP 800-88 Guidelines for Media Sanitization
4
2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 9000 Quality Management
ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and Related Activities — General Vocabulary
ISO/IEC 19794-5 Information Technology — Biometric Data Interchange Formats — Part 5: Face Image Data
3
2.2 IEEE Standards:
IEEE 100-2000 The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, 7th Edition
6
2.5 ASCLD/LAB Publication:
ASCLD/LAB International Supplemental Requirements (Testing), 2011 Edition
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This terminology includes general as well as discipline-specific definitions as they apply across the spectrum of image
analysis, computer forensics, video analysis, forensic audio, and facial identification.
4. Terminology: Terms and Definitions
4.1 Definitions:
achievable resolution, resolving power, n—the measure of imaging system’s practical limit to distinguish between separate
adjacent elements, typically by imaging a known reference standard.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12 on Digital and
Multimedia Evidence.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2018. Published July 2013November 2018. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2916
– 13. DOI: 10.1520/E2916-13.10.1520/E2916-18.
2
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
3
Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), 445 Hoes Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854, http://www.ieee.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2916 − 18
acquisition, n—in computer forensics, the process of using an access interface to read digital data from a digital source and to
create a destination object.
ad hoc image,n—see uncontrolled image.
administrative review, n—a procedure used to check casework for consistency with agency/laboratory policy and editorial
practice.
allocated space, allocated storage, n—in computer forensics, the portions of storage that are assigned or reserved for active
instructions or for data.
IEEE 100-2000, (C) 610.10-1994w
anthropometric analysis, n—in facial identification, an explicit measurement of landmarks on a face and a comparison of these
measurements between two samples.
anti-forensics, n—the application of a process to modify, conceal or destroy information to inhibit or prevent the effectiveness of
forensic science examinations.
ar
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.