CEN/TR 15310-5:2006
(Main)Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 5: Guidance on the process of defining the sampling plan
Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 5: Guidance on the process of defining the sampling plan
This Technical Report provides guidance on process of defining of a Sampling Plan based on the objective of the testing programme. It specifically deals with the strategic decisions that are needed, based on the sampling objective.
NOTE 1 Given the great variety of waste types, sampling situations and objectives, this Technical Report cannot provide definitive instructions that cover all scenarios. Instead, it discusses the basic statistical approach to be followed, and provides statistical tools that can be applied to determine the amount and type of sampling (e.g. number of samples and sample size) in any given situation to achieve results of adequate reliability (i.e. precision and confidence).
NOTE 2 The document provides considerable detail on current best practice, but is not exhaustive.
NOTE 3 To clarify the text, the document provides a number of worked examples.
Charakterisierung von Abfall - Probenahme - Teil 5: Verfahren zur Aufstellung eines Probenahmeplans
Caractérisation des déchets - Prélèvement des déchets - Partie 5 : Guide relatif au processus d'élaboration d'un plan d'échantillonnage
Le présent Rapport Technique donne des conseils relatifs au processus d’élaboration d’un plan d’échantillonnage fondé sur l’objectif du programme d’essai. Il traite spécifiquement des décisions stratégiques qui s’imposent en fonction de l’objectif de l’échantillonnage.
NOTE 1 En raison de la grande diversité des types de déchets, des situations d’échantillonnage et des objectifs, le présent document ne peut pas fournir des instructions définitives couvrant tous les scénarios. Il décrit plutôt l’approche statistique fondamentale à adopter et il propose des outils statistiques qui peuvent être utilisés pour déterminer la quantité et le type de l’échantillonnage (par exemple le nombre d’échantillons et leur taille) dans une situation donnée quelconque afin d’obtenir des résultats présentant une fiabilité adéquate (c’est-à-dire fidélité et niveau de confiance).
NOTE 2 Le document est très détaillé en ce qui concerne les bonnes pratiques actuelles mais il n’est pas exhaustif.
NOTE 3 Afin d’aider à la compréhension du texte, le document comporte un certain nombre d’exemples traités.
Karakterizacija odpadkov - Vzorčenje odpadkov - 5. del: Navodilo o postopkih priprave načrta vzorčenja
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2007
.DUDNWHUL]DFLMDRGSDGNRY±9]RUþHQMHRGSDGNRY±GHO 1DYRGLORRSRVWRSNLK
SULSUDYHQDþUWDY]RUþHQMD
Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 5: Guidance on the
process of defining the sampling plan
Charakterisierung von Abfall - Probenahme - Teil 5: Verfahren zur Aufstellung eines
Probenahmeplans
Caractérisation des déchets - Prélevement des déchets - Partie 5 : Guide relatif au
processus d'élaboration d'un plan d'échantillonnage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15310-5:2006
ICS:
13.030.10 Trdni odpadki Solid wastes
13.030.20 7HNRþLRGSDGNL%ODWR Liquid wastes. Sludge
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15310-5
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
November 2006
ICS 13.030.10; 13.030.20
English Version
Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 5:
Guidance on the process of defining the sampling plan
Caractérisation des déchets - Prélèvement des déchets - Charakterisierung von Abfall - Probenahme - Teil 5:
Partie 5 : Guide relatif au processus d'élaboration d'un plan Verfahren zur Aufstellung eines Probenahmeplans
d'échantillonnage
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 21 February 2006. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 292.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15310-5:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .7
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 The process of defining the Sampling Plan.10
4.1 General description of the process .10
4.2 Identification of involved parties.12
4.3 Establishing the objective of the testing programme.14
4.4 Strategic choices in deriving the technical goals from the objective.15
4.5 Checklist for the project manager.29
4.6 Further steps to be taken by the project manager.30
Annex A Examples of sampling plans for specific situations .31
A.1 Characterization of predominant aluminium content objects from the sorting of
household and related waste .31
A.2 Basic characterisation and compliance testing of waste from a continuous production
process .33
A.3 Contaminated soil to be possibly land filled and to be tested as granular waste for basic
characterisation .37
A.4 Zinc concentrate to be tested as granular waste for basic characterisation and
compliance testing .40
Bibliography .42
Foreword
This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15310-5:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292
“Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This Technical Report has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and
the European Free Trade Association.
This Technical Report is one of a series of five Technical Reports dealing with sampling techniques and
procedures, and provides essential information and instructions for the application of the EN-standard:
EN 14899 Characterisation of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the preparation and
application of a Sampling Plan.
The principal component of the EN Standard is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling Plan. This
EN 14899 standard can be used to:
produce standardised sampling plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (i.e. the elaboration of
daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios);
incorporate specific sampling requirements into national legislation;
design and develop a Sampling Plan on a case by case basis.
The Technical Reports display a range of potential approaches and tools to enable the project manager to
tailor his sampling plan to a specific testing scenario (i.e. a ‘shop shelf’ approach to sampling plan
development for waste testing). This approach allows flexibility in the selection of the sampling approach,
sampling point, method of sampling and equipment used.
In practice, confusion can arise when translating the objective of the testing programme, which is often
couched at a relative abstract level (e.g. ‘the waste needs to be assessed to fulfil the demands of waste
regulation’) into an unambiguous technical instruction in the Sampling Plan, that will provide data to meet that
objective (e.g. ‘the mean concentration of each truck load should comply with a specified concentration level’).
This Technical Report attempts to clarify the ‘grey area’ between the definition of an overall testing objectives
and the definition of the practical Sampling Plan. It specifically provides guidance on the policy aspects that
may be relevant for defining the objective of the testing programme, and how this will define the technical
methods that can be used to prepare the Sampling Plan.
Introduction
Wastes are materials, which the holder discards, or intends or is required to discard, and which may be sent
for final disposal, reuse or recovery. Such materials are generally heterogeneous and it will be necessary
therefore to specify in the testing programme the amount of material for which the characteristics of interest
need to be defined. The testing of wastes allows informed decisions to be made on how they should be
treated (or not), recovered or disposed. In order to undertake valid tests, some sampling of the waste is
required.
The principal component of the standard EN 14899 is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling Plan,
within the framework of an overall testing programme as illustrated in Figure 1 of EN 14899:2005. This
standard can be used to:
produce standardised sampling plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (i.e. the elaboration of
daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios);
incorporate specific sampling requirements into national legislation;
design and develop a Sampling Plan on a case by case basis.
The development of a Sampling Plan within this framework involves the progression through three steps or
activities.
1) Define the Sampling Plan;
2) Take a field sample in accordance with the Sampling Plan;
3) Transport the laboratory sample to the laboratory.
This Technical Report provides information to support Key Step 1 of the Sampling Plan process map and
describes the selection of sampling approach that can be used in the recovery of a sample for a wide variety
of waste types and arisings. Specifically CEN/TR 15310-1 provides information to support 4.2.7 (select
sampling approach) of the Framework Standard. Due consideration and selection of statistical criteria is of key
importance in the production of a Sampling Plan as it provides the sole means of ensuring that, wherever
possible, the type and number of samples taken will address a clearly identified objective and will provide
results that achieve a tolerable level of reliability.
In the process of defining the Sampling Plan (step 1 in Figure 1 of EN 14899:2005), the objective of the testing
programme is translated into specific and concrete technical instructions for the sampler. Using these
instructions the sampler will take the type and number of samples that are adequate to meet the objective of
the testing programme, ultimately providing the decision maker with the required information on the waste
material under investigation.
The process of defining the Sampling Plan, which takes into consideration both policy and technical
requirements to produce technical instructions to the sampler, is therefore a fundamental step in sampling of a
waste material.
In practice, problems arise when translating the objective of the testing programme, which is couched at a
relative abstract level (e.g. ‘the waste needs to be assessed to fulfil the demands of waste regulation’) into a
technical instruction that corresponds with that same objective (e.g. ‘the mean concentration of each truck
load should comply with a specified concentration level’). There is a ‘gap’ between the definition of the need to
evaluate the waste material and the technical methods that should be applied in order to make an adequate
evaluation possible.
This Technical Report aims to ‘bridge the gap’ between the chosen objective of the testing programme in
policy terms, and that same objective defined in technical terms for sampling. It provides information and
guidance on the process of defining a Sampling Plan. It deals specifically with the policy aspects relevant for
defining the objective of the testing programme, and provides guidance for the definition of the Sampling Plan.
In addition to the main body of the Technical Report, an annex provides worked examples of Sampling Plans
for a number of frequently occurring waste materials and situations in which these waste materials arise.
Thereby the examples provide background to the main body of this Technical Report.
These examples clarify the process of defining the Sampling Plan. A number of assumptions have been made
to produce each individual example, and therefore – although the examples represent actual daily practice –
they are case specific and are not necessarily directly applicable to other similar generic situations.
This Technical Report is written for two distinctive groups of users:
policy makers involved in sampling. For example, people working for the central, regional or local
authority, government or administration, the management of a company involved in the production or
disposal of waste, etc. Essentially, these people are, directly or indirectly, involved in making policy
decisions that are based on the technical information gathered through sampling. Their interest lies in the
requirement for testing a waste material to gain (general) knowledge about the waste material or to
comply to national, regional or local legislation. They have – in general – no technical knowledge of
sampling, but are responsible for making the right choices. They therefore need help to understand the
definition of the testing programme in technical terms, in order to be able to judge if the suggested testing
programme is adequate for the purpose.
sampling specialists (specifically the project manager). These are the people who have to translate the
objective of the testing programme, as defined by the policy maker, into a technically unambiguous
Sampling Plan that will instruct the sampler on what to do in the field. The project manager is therefore
confronted with the problem that not only technical information is necessary for the definition of the
Sampling Plan, but also policy information.
Incorporated within the text of this Technical Report is an example. Each individual step of the process of
defining the Sampling Plan made in this Technical Report is illustrated by the same step in this example. The
example is meant to clarify the text of the individual paragraphs in more practical terms.
Example of a waste to be tested
Due to the incineration of residuals from paper production, filter dust is collected. The dust is trapped in an air
filter unit and put into stockpiles before transport to the landfill. In order to allow land filling, the concentrations
of a number of key constituents should comply with the acceptance criteria of that landfill. Therefore the waste
must be sampled.
This Technical Report should be read in conjunction with the Framework Standard for the preparation and
application of a Sampling Plan as well as the other Technical Reports that contain essential information to
support the Framework Standard. The full series comprises:
− EN 14899 Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the preparation and
application of a Sampling Plan;
− CEN/TR 15310-1, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials – Part 1: Guidance on
selection and application of criteria for sampling under various conditions;
− CEN/TR 15310-2, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste mat
...
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