EN 50357:2001
(Main)Evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields from devices used in Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and similar applications
Evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields from devices used in Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and similar applications
D109/093: CLC/TC 211 renumbered CLC/TC 106X * Superseded by EN 62369-1:2009
Ermittlung der Exposition von Personen gegenüber elektromagnetischen Feldern von Geräten, die in der elektronischen Artikelüberwachung (en: EAS), Hochfrequenz-Identifizierung (en: RFID) und ähnlichen Anwendungen verwendet werden
Evaluation de l'exposition humaine aux champs électromagnétiques (EMFs) émis par les dispositifs utilisés pour la surveillance électronique des objets (EAS), l'identification par radiofréquence (RFID) et les applications similaires
Evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields from devices used in Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and similar applications
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2002
Evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields from devices used in
Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and
similar applications
Evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields from devices used in Electronic
Article Surveillance (EAS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and similar
applications
Ermittlung der Exposition von Personen gegenüber elektromagnetischen Feldern von
Geräten, die in der elektronischen Artikelüberwachung (en: EAS), Hochfrequenz-
Identifizierung (en: RFID) und ähnlichen Anwendungen verwendet werden
Evaluation de l'exposition humaine aux champs électromagnétiques (EMFs) émis par les
dispositifs utilisés pour la surveillance électronique des objets (EAS), l'identification par
radiofréquence (RFID) et les applications similaires
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 50357:2001
ICS:
13.280 Varstvo pred sevanjem Radiation protection
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 50357
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM October 2001
ICS 13.280; 33.100.01
English version
Evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields
from devices used in Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS),
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and similar applications
Evaluation de l'exposition humaine aux Ermittlung der Exposition von Personen
champs électromagnétiques (EMFs) gegenüber elektromagnetischen Feldern
émis par les dispositifs utilisés pour la von Geräten, die in der elektronischen
surveillance électronique des objets Artikelüberwachung (en: EAS),
(EAS), l'identification par radiofréquence Hochfrequenz-Identifizierung (en: RFID)
(RFID) et les applications similaires und ähnlichen Anwendungen verwendet
werden
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2001-07-03. CENELEC members are bound to
comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and
notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2001 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 50357:2001 E
Foreword
This European Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 106X (former TC 211),
Electromagnetic fields in the human environment.
The text of the draft was submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure and was approved by CENELEC as
EN 50357 on 2001-07-03.
The following dates were fixed:
- latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2002-07-01
- latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2004-07-01
Annexes designated "informative" are given for information only.
In this standard, annexes A and B are informative.
__________
– 3 – EN 50357:2001
Contents
Foreword. 1
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Physical quantities, units and constants. 5
2.1 Quantities . 5
2.2 Constants . 6
3 Terms and definitions. 6
3.1 General . 6
3.2 Specific for EAS, RFID and similar applications. 11
4 Measurements and calculations for equipment compliance . 14
4.1 Simple measurements to show compliance with derived reference levels. 14
4.2 Measurements and analysis to show compliance with basic restrictions . 23
4.3 Numerical modelling to show compliance with basic restrictions. 27
4.4 Measurement of limb and contact currents. 29
5 Measurements for field monitoring. 29
5.1 Field measurements . 29
5.2 Additional evaluation. 30
6 Exposure from sources with multiple frequencies or complex waveforms. 30
7 Uncertainty. 30
7.1 Evaluating uncertainties. 31
7.2 Examples of typical uncertainties . 31
7.3 Overall uncertainties . 32
Annex A (informative) Characteristics of equipment . 35
A.1 EAS Equipment . 35
A.2 EAS desktop and activation/deactivation equipment. 39
A.3 RFID equipment. 39
Annex B (informative) Information for numerical modelling. 45
B.1 Introduction. 45
B.2 Anatomical models. 45
B.3 Electrical properties of tissue. 46
B.4 Comparison of induced currents, modelled using different sizes of prolate spheroid . 49
Introduction
This document presents procedures for the evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF’s)
from Devices used in electronic article surveillance (EAS), radio frequency identification (RFID) and similar
applications. The work has been carried out in response to:
1)
� The ICNIRP Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic
fields (up to 300 GHz) [1];
� European Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC on the limitation of exposure of the general public to
electromagnetic fields 0-300 GHz (the EC Recommendation) [2];
� European Council Directive 73/23/EEC on the harmonisation of the laws of member states relating to
electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (the LV Directive) [3];
� European Council Directive 1999/5/EC on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment
and the mutual recognition of their conformity (the R&TTE Directive) [4].
The techniques presented in this document may also be used to demonstrate compliance to other National
or International requirements.
Electromagnetic fields interact with the human body and other biological systems through a number of
physical mechanisms. The main mechanisms of interaction are based on nervous system effects and
heating. These effects are dependent on frequency and are defined by biologically relevant quantities such
as magnetic flux density, induced current density and specific absorption rate. These quantities are not
directly measurable so they must be determined either, by calculation for each case, or by measuring a
reference quantity which has a pre-derived relationship to them.
The examples used in this document are taken from the EC Recommendation and from the ICNIRP
Guidelines. They each contain a series of Basic Restrictions for magnetic flux density, induced current
density, power density and specific absorption rate as well as a series of derived Reference Levels
In any particular exposure situation, measured or calculated values can be compared to the appropriate
reference level. The reference levels are generally obtained from the basic restriction by mathematical
modelling and laboratory experimentation at specific frequencies. They reflect maximum coupling of the fields
to the exposed human being, thereby providing maximum protection. Respect of the reference level will
ensure respect of the relevant basic restriction. If the measured value exceeds the reference level, it does not
necessarily follow that the basic restriction is also exceeded. Under those circumstances, more detailed
evaluation techniques will be necessary which are specific to that type of equipment and exposure.
This document adopts a staged approach to compliance assessment. The first stage is a simple measurement
against the appropriate derived Reference Levels. If the device meets these, there is no requirement for further
assessment. Stage 2 is a more complex series of measurements, coupled with analysis techniques. Again, if
the device meets the appropriate levels, there is no requirement for further assessment. Stage 3 requires
detailed modelling and analysis to show compliance with the Basic Restrictions. Device compliance can be
shown using any one of the stages; it is not necessary to use more than one, unless an assessment using
Stages 1 or 2 fails to demonstrate compliance.
The devices covered by this document normally have non-uniform field patterns. Often these devices have a
very rapid reduction of field strength with distance and operate under near-field conditions where the
relationship between electric and magnetic fields is not constant. This, together with typical exposure
conditions for different device types, is detailed in annex A.
Measurements and methods are derived with reference to:
1. Work carried out within CENELEC
2. Notes and explanatory text from the EC Recommendation and the ICNIRP Guidelines
2)
3. Similar techniques proposed or adopted by IEC , especially in the case of desktop equipment [5].
4. Other, specifically referenced techniques.
1)
International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection
2)
International Electrotechnical Committee
– 5 – EN 50357:2001
1 Scope
This European Standard applies to devices used in Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS), Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) and similar applications. The objective of the Standard is to specify, for such equipment,
the methods for demonstration of compliance with basic restrictions or reference levels related to human
exposure to electromagnetic fields.
The Council Directive 1999/5/EC [4], Article 3.1(a), defines essential requirements for equipment that is
either radio equipment or telecommunications equipment or both; with regard to the protection of the health
and safety of the user and any other person. This document may be used for demonstration of compliance
to the Council Directive with reference to human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF’s). There are
additional requirements covered by Article 3.1(a), which are not included in this document.
The Council Directive 73/23/EEC [3], Article 2, stipulates that the Member States take all appropriate
measures to ensure that electrical equipment may be placed on the market only if, having been constructed
in accordance with good engineering practice in safety matters in force in the Community, it does not
endanger the safety of persons, domestic animals or property when properly installed and maintained and
used in applications for which it was made. The principal elements of those safety objectives are listed in
annex I clause 2b. This document may be used for demonstration of compliance to the Council Directive
only with reference to human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF’s). There are additional requirements
covered by Article 2 and annex I clause 2b, which are not included in this document.
The Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC [2] provides Basic Restrictions and derived Reference Levels
for exposure of the general public in the areas where they spend significant time. This document may be
used for demonstration of equipment compliance to the Council Recommendation
...
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