CWA 45547:2004

Manual for Determination of Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

CHP can make significant fuel and emissions savings over conventional, separate forms of power generation and heat-only boilers. The generation of electricity from power stations is generally at efficiencies in the range 30-55%, based on the Net Calorific Value (NCV) or Lower Heating Value (LHV) of the fuel. Further losses occur in the transmission and distribution of electricity to customers. This means that 45-70% of the energy content of the fuel is not usefully employed. This unutilised energy content is rejected as heat directly to the atmosphere or into seas or rivers. The generation of electricity and the recovery of heat in CHP plants typically achieve overall efficiencies of 70-90% and above, corresponding to efficiencies of heat only boilers. The higher the overall efficiency and the power to heat ratio, the more effective the CHP process. Unlike conventional methods of electricity generation, in order to achieve such high overall efficiencies, some of the heat cogenerated in a CHP Scheme is usefully employed in industrial processes or for heating and hot water in buildings. The heat used in this way displaces heat that would otherwise have to be supplied by burning additional fuel in boilers or other direct-fired equipment and so also leads directly to a reduction in CO2-emissions. The development of CHP plays a crucial role in the European energy policy for reducing CO2- emissions. The determination of CHP products (heat and power outputs) is important not only for the CHP Directive [1] but also for the European Emissions Trading Scheme [2], State Aid guidelines for environmental improvement and the energy taxation Directive [3].

Priročnik za sočasno generacijo toplote in energije (CHP) (IEC 61472:2004)

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2004
• ICS: 27.100 - Power stations in general
• Technical Committee: CEN/CLC/WS 014 - Manual for calculating Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
• Current Stage: 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
• Completion Date: 16-Jun-2016
• Ref Project: SIST-TP CWA 45547:2007 - Manual for Determination of Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CWA 45547:2007
01-januar-2007
3ULURþQLN]DVRþDVQRJHQHUDFLMRWRSORWHLQHQHUJLMH&+3,(&
Manual for Determination of Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CWA 45547:2004
ICS:
27.010
SIST-TP CWA 45547:2007 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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CEN/CENELEC
CWA 45547

WORKSHOP
September 2004


AGREEMENT

ICS 27.100
English version


Manual for Determination of Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
This CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement has been drafted and approved by a Workshop of representatives of interested parties, the
constitution of which is indicated in the foreword of this Workshop Agreement.

The formal process followed by the Workshop in the development of this Workshop Agreement has been endorsed by the National
Members of CEN and CENELEC but neither the National Members of CEN or CENELEC nor the CEN Management Centre or the
CENELEC Central Secretariat can be held accountable for the technical content of this CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement or possible
conflicts with standards or legislation.

This CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement can in no way be held as being an official standard developed by CEN or CENELEC and their
Members.

This CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement is publicly available as a reference document from the CEN members national standard bodies
or the CENELEC members national electrotechnical committees.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees, respectively, of Austria,
Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.










Management Centre: CENELEC Central Secretariat:
rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels rue de Stassart, 35  B-1050 Brussels
© 2004 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide
for CEN national Members and for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No.:CWA 45547:2004 E

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CWA 45547:2004 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.4
Symbols and Indices .5
1 Objective and Scope .6
1.1 Relation to Annex II of CHP Directive 2004/8/EC 11 February 2004 .6
2 Reading Instructions (Route Map) .8
2.1 Instructions .8
2.2 Annexes .8
3 Definitions .9
3.1 Energies.9
3.2 Dimensionless Figures of Energies.10
4 Description of CHP and Non-CHP Processes.10
4.1 CHP Plant.11
4.2 CHP Process .11
4.2.1 Electrical/Mechanical Energy-to-Heat Energy Ratio .12
4.2.2 CHP Overall Efficiency .13
4.3 Non-Combined Heat Energy Generation.13
4.4 Non-Combined Electrical/Mechanical Energy Generation .14
4.4.1 Electrical/Mechanical Energy Loss.
...