IEC 60469-2
(Main)Corrigendum 1 - Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 5-52: Selection and erection of electrical equipment - Wiring systems
Corrigendum 1 - Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 5-52: Selection and erection of electrical equipment - Wiring systems
Gives the definitions and descriptions of the techniques and procedures for time domain pulse measurements. The definitions and descriptions are independent of specific devices, apparatus, instruments or computing devices which may be used in pulse measurements.
Corrigendum 1 - Installations électriques à basse tension - Partie 5-52: Choix et mise en oeuvre des matériels électriques - Canalisations
Définit et décrit les techniques et procédures pour les mesures des impulsions dans le temps. Les définitions et descriptions données sont indépendantes des dispositifs, appareils, instruments spécifiques ou dispositifs de calcul qui peuvent être utilisés pour les mesures des impulsions.
Impulzna tehnika in naprave – 2. del: Merjenje in analiza impulzov, splošna določila
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI SIST IEC 60469-2:2005
STANDARD
junij 2005
Impulzna tehnika in naprave – 2. del: Merjenje in analiza impulzov, splošna
določila
Pulse techniques and apparatus – Part 2: Pulse measurement and analysis,
general considerations
ICS 17.080 Referenčna številka
SIST IEC 60469-2:2005(en)
© Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno
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NORME
CEI
INTERNATIONALE IEC
60469-2
INTERNATIONAL
Deuxième édition
STANDARD
Second edition
1987-12
Techniques des impulsions et appareils
Deuxième partie:
Mesure et analyse des impulsions,
considérations générales
Pulse techniques and apparatus
Part 2:
Pulse measurement and analysis,
general considerations
© IEC 1987 Droits de reproduction réservés — Copyright - all rights reserved
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469-2 © I EC 1987 – 3 –
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD 5
PREFACE 5
Clause
1. General 7
1.1 Scope 7
1.2 Object 7
2. Definitions 7
2.1 Pulse measurement terms 7
2.2 Statistical terms 9
2.3 Waveform formats 9
11
2.4 Waveform epoch expansion and contraction
13
2.5 Reference pulse waveforms
3. Measurement of pulse characteristics 13
13
3.1 The distinction between waves and waveforms
15
3.2 Description of the pulse measurement process
15 3.3 Pulse to pulse waveform conversion
17
4. Pulse waveform analysis
17
4.1 Generality of pulse waveform analysis
19
4.2 Waveform epoch determination
19
4.3 Analysis of the single-pulse waveform
5. Analysis of transition waveforms 25
25
6. Analysis of complex waveforms
25 6.1 Analysis of combinations of pulses and transitions
25
6.2 Analysis of waveforms produced by magnitude superposition
27 6.3 Analysis of waveforms produced by pulse trains
27
6.4 Analysis of waveforms produced by pulse bursts
27
7. Analysis of time relationships between different waveforms
27
8. Analysis of pulse waveform distortion
27 9. Analysis of jitter and fluctuation
27
9.1 Analysis of jitter
29
9.2 Analysis of fluctuation
30
FIGURES
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469-2 © I E C 1987 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
PULSE TECHNIQUES AND APPARATUS
Part 2: Pulse measurement and analysis, general considerations
FOREWORD
1) The formal decisions or agreements of the I E C on technical matters, prepared by Technical Committees on which all the
National Committees having a special interest therein are represented, express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the subjects dealt with.
2) ational use and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
They have the form of recommendations for inte rn
3) In order to promote international unification, the I E C expresses the wish that all National Committees should adopt the text
of the I E C recommendation for their national rules in so far as national conditions will permit. Any divergence between the
I E C recommendation and the corresponding national rules should, as far as possible, be clearly indicated in the latter.
PREFACE
This standard has been prepared by Sub-Committee 66A: Generators, of IEC Technical Committee
No. 66 : Measuring Equipment for Electronic Techniques.
The text of this standard is based upon the following documents :
Six Months' Rule Report on Voting
66A(CO)39
66A(CO)37
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the Voting Report
indicated in the above table.
The following IEC publication is quoted in this standard:
Publication No. 469-1 (1987): Pulse Techniques and Apparatus, Part 1: Pulse Terms and Definitions.
Other publication quoted:
ISO Standard 3534 (1977): Statistics – Vocabulary and Symbols.
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469-2 © I E C 1987 – 7 -
PULSE TECHNIQUES AND APPARATUS
Part 2: Pulse measurement and analysis, general considerations
1. General
1.1 Scope
This standard provides definitions and descriptions of the techniques and procedures for time
domain pulse measurements. The definitions and descriptions provided are independent of
specific devices, apparatus, instruments or computing devices which may be used in pulse
measurements and are necessary for :
– efficient communication of the results of pulse measurements,
– standards for pulse apparatus, and
– standards for apparatus which employs pulse techniques.
1.2 Object
Within its scope, the object of this standard is the definition of terms and the description of
techniques and procedures which are applicable :
– to the determination of the characteristics of practical and hypothetical pulses,
regardless of the applicable limits of error, and
–
– to a wide range of technologies and disciplines.
2. Definitions
For the definitions of general pulse terms used in this standard reference should be made to
I E C Publication 469-1.
EC Publication 469-1 are given in this standard.
When necessary, the references to clauses of I
2.1 Pulse measurement terms
The pulse measurement terms defined in this sub-clause are applicable to measurement in
general and are not defined in order to draw a distinction between pulse measurement and
measurement in general.
For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply :
2.1.1 Pulse measurement
The assignment of a number and a unit of measurement to a characteristic, property or attribute
of a pulse wherein the number and unit assigned indicate the magnitude of the characteristic which
y comparison of a
is associated with the pulse. Typically, this assignment is accomplished b
transform of the pulse (its pulse waveform) with a scale or reference which is calibrated in the unit
of measurement.
2.1.2
Method of pulse measurement
pulse measurement * comprises:
A method of making a
– the complete specification of the functional characteristics of the devices, apparatus, instru-
ments and auxiliary equipment to be used ;
Terms in italic type are defined in this standard.
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469-2 © I EC 1987 — 9 —
—
the essential adjustments required;
—the procedures to be used in making essential adjustments ;
—the operations to be performed and their sequence ;
—the corrections that will ordinarily need to be made ;
—the procedures for making such corrections ;
—the conditions under which all operations are to be carried out.
2.1.3 Pulse measurement process
A realization of a method of pulse measurement in terms of specific devices, apparatus,
instruments, auxiliary equipment, conditions, operators and observers.
2.1.4 State of statistical control
In a pulse measurement process, that state wherein a degree of consistency among repeated
measurements of a characteristic, property or attribute is attained.
2.1.5 Error
The difference between the result of the application of a pulse measurement process and the true
value of the characteristic, property or attribute being measured.
2.1.6 Dispersion
The degree of mutual disagreement among the results of independent measurements of a pulse
pulse measurement
characteristic, property or attribute yielded by repeated applications of a
process.
2.1.7
Resolution
The smallest change in the pulse characteristic, property or attribute being measured which can
pulse measurement process.
unambiguously be discerned or detected in a
2.2 Statistical terms
Statistical terms are given in ISO Standard 3534.
2.3 Waveform formats
Waveforms may exist, be recorded or be stored in a variety of formats. Throughout this
standard, it is assumed that :
—waveform formats are in terms of Cartesian co-ordinates or some transform thereof,
—conversion from one waveform format to any other is possible, and
and resolution *
—such waveform format conversions can be made with limits of error, dispersion
pulse measurement process.
which are consistent with the limits of error desired in the
* Throughout the remainder of this standard, the term "limits of error" will be used in place of the phrase "limits of
error, dispersion and resolution".
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469-2 © I E C 1987 – 11 –
2.3.1 Pictorial format
A graph, plot or display in which a waveform is presented for observation and/or analysis. Any
of the waveform formats defined in the following sub-clauses may be presented in the pictorial
format.
2.3.2 Equational format
One or more algebraic equations which specify a waveform wherein, typically, a first equation
a second equation specifies the waveform from t i to t2, etc.
specifies the waveform from to to t1 ,
The equational format is typically used to specify hypothetical, ideal or reference waveforms.
2.3.3 Sampled format
A waveform which is a series of sample magnitudes taken sequentially or non-sequentially as a
function of time. It is assumed that non-sequential samples may be rearranged in time sequence to
yield the following sampled formats :
2.3.3.1 Periodically sampled real time format
A finite sequence of magnitudes mo, m l , m2, ., m„ each of which represents the magnitude
respectively, wherein the data may exist
of the wave at times to, to + At, to + 2At, ., to + nAt,
in a pictorial format or as a list of numbers.
2.3.3.2 Periodically sampled equivalent time format
periodically sampled real time format, except that the time co-
A format which is identical to the
ordinate is equivalent to and convertible to real time. Typically, each datum point is derived from
a different measurement on a different wave in a sequence of waves.
2.3.3.3 Aperiodically sampled real time format
periodically sampled real time format, except that the
A format which is identical to the
sampling in real time is not periodic and wherein the data exist as co-ordinate point pairs, t 1 , m l ;
t2,m2;.;t,,,m,,.
2.3.3.4 Aperiodically sampled equivalent time format
A format which is identical to the aperiodically sampled real time format, except that the time
co-ordinate is equivalent to and convertible to real time. Typically, each datum point is derived
from a different measurement on a different wave in a sequence of waves.
2.4 Waveform epoch expansion and contraction
2.4.1 Waveform epoch expansion
A technique for the determination of the characteristics of a transition waveform (or pulse
waveform) wherein the transition waveform epoch (or pulse waveform epoch) is expanded in time
to a pulse waveform epoch (or waveform epoch) for the determination of magnitude and/or time
reference lines. The reference lines determined by analysis of the pulse waveform (or waveform)
are transferred to the transition waveform (or pulse waveform) for the determination of
characteristics (see Figure 1, page 30).
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469-2 © I E C 1987 – 13 –
In any waveform epoch expansion procedure, two or more sets of reference lines may exist, and
pulse measurement process shall be specified.
the set of reference lines being used in any
2.4.2
Waveform epoch contraction
A technique for the determination of the characteristics of individual pulse waveforms (or pulse
waveform features) wherein the waveform epoch (or pulse waveform epoch) is contracted in time
to a pulse waveform epoch (or transition waveform epoch) for the determination of time and/or
magnitude characteristics (see Figure 1).
In any waveform epoch contraction procedure, two or more sets of time and/or magnitude
pulse measurement
reference lines may exist and the set of reference lines being used in any
process shall be specified.
2.5
Reference pulse waveforms
A reference pulse waveform (see I E C Publication 469-1, Sub-clauses 2.4.1.3 and 2.8.1) may
be specified by any of the waveform formats defined in Sub-clause 2.3. The characteristics of the
devices, apparatus techniques, or algorithms used in producing or deriving a reference pulse
waveform shall be specified.
2.5.1 Defined reference pulse waveform
A reference pulse waveform which is defined without reference to any practical or derived pulse
waveform. Typically, a defined reference pulse waveform is an ideal pulse waveform.
2.5.2 Derived reference pulse waveform
A reference pulse waveform which is derived by a specified procedure or algorithm from the
pulse measurement process (see Figure 2, page 31 for
pulse waveform which is being analysed in a
an example of a derived reference pulse waveform and its algorithm).
2.5.3
Practical reference pulse waveform
A reference pulse waveform which is derived from a pulse which is produced by a device or
apparatus.
3. Measurement of pulse characteristics
3.1
The distinction between waves and waveforms
The distinction between waves, pulses and transitions and their respective waveforms is clearly
drawn : the former are modifications of the physical state of a medium, or phenomena, while the
latter are manifestations, respresentations, or visualizations of these phenomena (see I E C
Publication 469-1, Sub-clauses 2.2 and 2.3.1).
Note. —
Throughout the remainder of this standard, the terms "pulse" and "pulse waveform" are used in the following
inclusive sense:
a) "pulse" and "pulse waveform" include "transition" and "transition waveform", respectively, and
b) in so far as is applicable, "pulse" and "pulse waveform" include "wave" and "waveform", respectively.
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469-2 © I E C 1987 – 15 –
3.2 Description of the pulse measurement process
The object of any pulse measurement process is the determination, within some limits of error,
either expressed or implied, of the magnitude of a characteristic, property or attribute of a pulse.
Figure 3, page 31, shows the constituent steps of any pulse measurement process where, as
indicated, the process involves two distinct sequential sub-processes :
a)
pulse to pulse waveform conversion, and
b)
pulse waveform analysis.
Thus, the pulse measurement process involves:
– the conversion of a pulse into its transform, its pulse waveform,
– analysis of the pulse waveform to determine the magnitude of a pulse waveform characteristic,
– the assertion or assumption, that the magnitude of the pulse waveform characteristic thus
determined is, within some limits of error, identical to the magnitude of the pulse characteristic.
The validity of the final assertion or assumption is dependent on the combined validity of the
first two steps.
The vast array of devices, apparatus, instruments and techniques which may be configured in
virtually limitless combinations to provide pulse to pulse waveform conversion renders the
discussion of specific implementations beyond the scope of this standard. Such discussion is
deferred to other standards, recommendations, documents or specifications which describe or
define the characteristics or methods concerned with specific devices, apparatus, instruments or
techniques.
A state of statistical control shall be achieved before a pulse measurement process can be
considered to be a realization of a method of pulse measurement.
3.3 Pulse to pulse waveform conversion
Item a) of Figure 3 shows the five basic operations – transduction, transmission, conversion,
correction and storage – which, in some sense, are always present in pulse to pulse waveform
conversion. The order in which these basic operations occur is not necessarily that shown in the
figure and, frequently, an operation occurs more than once.
Three of the basic operations, transduction, transmission and conversion, involve apparatus or
devices whose transfer functions must be known to limits of error consistent with the overall limits
of error desired in the The determination of transfer functions is
pulse measurement process.
indicated in item a) of Figure 3 by the broken lines leading to auxiliary operations. In these
auxiliary operations, which may be other pulse measurement processes, the transfer functions of
the apparatus are :
a) adjusted to predetermined values, that is, the apparatus is calibrated, or
b) determined and retained for subsequent use in the correction operation.
Item a) of figure 3 also shows that the determination or adjustment of transfer functions entails
comparison, either directly or indirectly, with basic or derived time and magnitude standards.
The following sub-clauses describe each of the five operations which are present in pulse to
pulse waveform conversion.
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469-2 © I EC 1987 – 17 –
3.3.1 Transduction
Pulses propagate in numerous modes in gases, liquids, solids, in vacuum and in networks made
up of such media. In transduction, a device or apparatus abstracts energy from the medium in
which the pulse propagates and converts the energy to a form suitable for transmission.
3.3.2
Transmission
Transmission may occur over signal paths which utilize radiative, electrical, hydraulic,
pneumatic or mechanical phenomena or analogue to digital or digital to analogue conversion
techniques.
3.3.3 Conversion
Typically, the conversion operation involves an instrument which relates its input signal to real
or equivalent time.
Such an instrument may provide a display of the relationship of the input signal to time. Such
displays frequently function as the storage operation (see Sub-clause 3.3.5). Display is not
necessarily an attribute of the conversion operation.
3.3.4
Correction
The correction operation combines the results of the conversion operation with the transfer
function information to yield a pulse waveform which is a more accurate transform of the pulse.
Correction may be effected by a) a mental process by an operator, b) a computational process or
c) a compensating device or apparatus. Correction shall be performed with limits of error which
pulse measurement process.
are consistent with the overall limits of error desired in the
3.3.5 Storage
Storage is a transitional operation between pulse to pulse waveform conversion and pulse
waveform analysis. Storage may be effected in numerous ways and display is not required, but the
stored data must be available or retrievable for pulse waveform analysis. Typically, storage is
effected in one of the waveform formats defined in Sub-clause 2.3.
4. Pulse waveform analysis
4.1 Generality of pulse waveform analysis
Pulse waveform analysis has broad utility since, when it is combined with waveform epoch
expansion and contraction or applied to waveforms which are produced by operations on pulse
waveforms (see Publication 469-1, Sub-clause 5.5.1), its principles and techniques apply to:
a) transition waveform analysis,
b) analysis of complex waveforms,
c) analysis of the constituent pulse waveforms of a pulse train or pulse burst, and
d) analysis of the top and b
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