This International Standard gives a number of optimized test plans, the corresponding border lines and characteristics. In addition the algorithms for designing test plans using a spreadsheet program are also given, together with guidance on how to choose test plans.
This standard specifies procedures to test whether an observed value of
- failure rate,
- failure intensity,
- mean operating time to failure (MTTF),
- mean operating time between failures (MTBF),
conforms to a given requirement.
It is assumed, except where otherwise stated, that during the accumulated test time, the times to failure or the operating times between failures are independent and identically exponentially distributed. This assumption implies that the failure rate or failure intensity is assumed to be constant.
Four types of test plans are described as follows:
- truncated sequential probability ratio test (SPRT);
- fixed time/failure terminated test (FTFT);
- fixed calendar time terminated test without replacement;
- combined test.
This standard does not cover guidance on how to plan, perform, analyse and report a test. This information can be found in IEC 60300-3-5.
This standard does not describe test conditions. This information can be found in IEC 60605-2 and in IEC 60300-3-5.

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  • Draft
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IEC 61123:2019 is intended to define a procedure to verify if a reliability of an item/system complies with the stated requirements. The requirement is assumed to be specified as the percentage of success (success ratio) or the percentage of failures (failure ratio). This document can be used where a number of items are tested (number of trials performed) and classified as passed or failed. It can also be used where one or a number of items are tested repeatedly. The procedures are based on the assumption that the probability of success or failure is the same from trial to trial (statistically independent events). Plans for fixed trial/failure terminated tests as well as truncated sequential probability ratio tests (SPRTs) are included. This document contains extensive tables with ready-to-use SPRT plans and their characteristics for equal and non-equal risks for supplier and customer. In the case of the reliability compliance tests for constant failure rate/intensity, IEC 61124 applies. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1991. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) [1, 2][1] has been significantly developed in recent years [3, 4, 5]. This edition contains shorter and accurate tests, a wide range of test plans, and significant additional characteristic data, as follows: the tests are significantly truncated (the maximum trial numbers are low) without substantially increasing the expected number of trials to decision (ENT); the true producer’s and consumer’s risks (α', β') are given and very close to the nominal (α, β); the range of the test parameters is wide (failure ratio, risks and discrimination ratio); the test plans include various risk ratios (not restricted to equal risks only); the values of ENT are accurate and given in the relevant region (for practical use); guidelines for extension of the test sets (interpolation and extrapolation) are included. In Annex C, the use of the cumulative binomial distribution function of Excel that simplifies the procedure of designing has been added (Clause C.3). Keywords: verify if a reliability of an item/system complies with the stated requirements

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This part of IEC 60300 gives guidance on specifying dependability requirements and collating
these requirements in a specification, together with a list of the means of assuring the
achievement of the dependability requirements.
The guidance provided includes:
• specifying quantitative and qualitative reliability, maintainability, supportability and
availability requirements;
• advising acquirers on how to ensure that the requirements can be fulfilled by suppliers;
• advising suppliers to help them meet the acquirer's requirements.
Other obligations, such as legislation and governmental regulations, can also place
requirements on items, in addition to any requirements derived in accordance with this
document.
Whilst mainly addressing system and equipment level dependability, many of the techniques
described in the various dependability related IEC standards can also be applied to products or
at the component level. The term "item" is used throughout this document.
This guidance is given in a basic project context where an acquirer obtains an item from a
supplier. It can be modified and adapted to other situations as needed.
NOTE 1 This document does not directly consider safety and environment specifications although much of the
guidance in this document could also be applied to them.
NOTE 2 This document does not cover items with special multi-stakeholder long-term arrangements (e.g. services
provided through Public-Private Partnership procurements) and how dependability is specified in such arrangements.
NOTE 3 The guidance in this document can be applied to some aspects of the specification of requirements relating
to software but specific guidance can be found in IEC 62628 [5] and the different parts of the IEC 61508 series [6].

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IEC 60300-3-4:2022 gives guidance on specifying dependability requirements and collating these requirements in a specification, together with a list of the means of assuring the achievement of the dependability requirements. The guidance provided includes: • specifying quantitative and qualitative reliability, maintainability, supportability and availability requirements; • advising acquirers on how to ensure that the requirements can be fulfilled by suppliers; • advising suppliers to help them meet the acquirer's requirements. Other obligations, such as legislation and governmental regulations, can also place requirements on items, in addition to any requirements derived in accordance with this document.

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IEC 60300-3-4:2022 gives guidance on specifying dependability requirements and collating these requirements in a specification, together with a list of the means of assuring the achievement of the dependability requirements.
The guidance provided includes:
• specifying quantitative and qualitative reliability, maintainability, supportability and availability requirements;
• advising acquirers on how to ensure that the requirements can be fulfilled by suppliers;
• advising suppliers to help them meet the acquirer's requirements.
Other obligations, such as legislation and governmental regulations, can also place requirements on items, in addition to any requirements derived in accordance with this document.

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IEC 60812:2018 explains how failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), including the failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) variant, is planned, performed, documented and maintained. The purpose of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is to establish how items or processes might fail to perform their function so that any required treatments could be identified. An FMEA provides a systematic method for identifying modes of failure together with their effects on the item or process, both locally and globally. It may also include identifying the causes of failure modes. Failure modes can be prioritized to support decisions about treatment. Where the ranking of criticality involves at least the severity of consequences, and often other measures of importance, the analysis is known as failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA). This document is applicable to hardware, software, processes including human action, and their interfaces, in any combination. An FMEA can be used in a safety analysis, for regulatory and other purposes, but this being a generic standard, does not give specific guidance for safety applications. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006. This edition constitutes a technical revision.This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) the normative text is generic and covers all applications; b) examples of applications for safety, automotive, software and (service) processes have been added as informative annexes; c) tailoring the FMEA for different applications is described; d) different reporting formats are described, including a database information system; e) alternative means of calculating risk priority numbers (RPN) have been added; f) a criticality matrix based method has been added; g) the relationship to other dependability analysis methods have been described. Keywords: failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMECA)

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IEC 62853:2018 provides guidance in relation to a set of requirements placed upon system life cycles in order for an open system to achieve open systems dependability. This document elaborates on IEC 60300-1 by providing details of the changes needed to accommodate the characteristics of open systems. It defines process views based on ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, which identifies the set of system life cycle processes. This document is applicable to life cycles of products, systems, processes or services involving hardware, software and human aspects or any integrated combinations of these elements. For open systems, security is especially important since the systems are particularly exposed to attack. This document can be used to improve the dependability of open systems and to provide assurance that the process views specific to open systems achieve their expected outcomes. It helps an organization define the activities and tasks that need to be undertaken to achieve dependability objectives in an open system, including dependability related communication, dependability assessment and evaluation of dependability throughout system life cycles. Keywords: dependability of open systems

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IEC 61163-2 provides guidance on RSS techniques and procedures for electrical,electronic, and mechanical components. This document is procedural in nature and is not, andcannot be, exhaustive with respect to component technologies due to the rapid rate ofdevelopments in the component industry.This document is:a) intended for component manufacturers as a guideline;b) intended for component users as a guideline to negotiate with component manufacturers onRSS requirements;c) intended to allow the planning of an RSS process in house to meet reliability requirementsor to allow the re-qualification of components for specific, upgraded, environments;d) intended as a guideline to sub-contractors who provide RSS as a service.This document is not intended to provide test plans for specific components or for delivery ofcertificates of conformance for batches of components.The use of bi-modal Weibull analysis to select and optimize an RSS process without having toestimate the reliability and life time of all items is described.

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IEC 62960:2020 provides guidance on a review methodology for dependability from a technical perspective that is applicable at all stages of a system life cycle. Its application can improve the dependability of a system throughout its life cycle by triggering appropriate actions at appropriate times to address potential dependability problems. It provides guidance for developers, manufacturers, users and third-party independent reviewers such as consulting organizations. This document describes a dependability review methodology focusing on: - coherence of review activities across life cycle stages and their impact on dependability; - stakeholder identification and how this affects dependability review activities; - the relationships between different types of reviews; - procedures for effective dependability reviews; - examples of dependability review activities.

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IEC 61163-2:2020 provides guidance on RSS techniques and procedures for electrical, electronic, and mechanical components. This document is procedural in nature and is not, and cannot be, exhaustive with respect to component technologies due to the rapid rate of developments in the component industry. This document is: a) intended for component manufacturers as a guideline; b) intended for component users as a guideline to negotiate with component manufacturers on RSS requirements; c) intended to allow the planning of an RSS process in house to meet reliability requirements or to allow the re-qualification of components for specific, upgraded, environments; d) intended as a guideline to sub-contractors who provide RSS as a service. This document is not intended to provide test plans for specific components or for delivery of certificates of conformance for batches of components. The use of bi-modal Weibull analysis to select and optimize an RSS process without having to estimate the reliability and life time of all items is described. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1998. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) this version of the document is a complete rewrite and restructure from the previous version.

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IEC 62960:2020 provides guidance on a review methodology for dependability from a technical perspective that is applicable at all stages of a system life cycle. Its application can improve the dependability of a system throughout its life cycle by triggering appropriate actions at appropriate times to address potential dependability problems.
It provides guidance for developers, manufacturers, users and third-party independent reviewers such as consulting organizations.
This document describes a dependability review methodology focusing on:
- coherence of review activities across life cycle stages and their impact on dependability;
- stakeholder identification and how this affects dependability review activities;
- the relationships between different types of reviews;
- procedures for effective dependability reviews;
- examples of dependability review activities.

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IEC 61163-2:2020 provides guidance on RSS techniques and procedures for electrical, electronic, and mechanical components. This document is procedural in nature and is not, and cannot be, exhaustive with respect to component technologies due to the rapid rate of developments in the component industry. This document is:
a) intended for component manufacturers as a guideline;
b) intended for component users as a guideline to negotiate with component manufacturers on RSS requirements;
c) intended to allow the planning of an RSS process in house to meet reliability requirements or to allow the re-qualification of components for specific, upgraded, environments;
d) intended as a guideline to sub-contractors who provide RSS as a service.
This document is not intended to provide test plans for specific components or for delivery of certificates of conformance for batches of components. The use of bi-modal Weibull analysis to select and optimize an RSS process without having to estimate the reliability and life time of all items is described. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1998. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) this version of the document is a complete rewrite and restructure from the previous version.

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EN-IEC 61123 is intended to define a procedure to verify if a reliability of an item/system complies with the stated requirements. The requirement is assumed to be specified as the percentage of success (success ratio) or the percentage of failures (failure ratio). This document can be used where a number of items are tested (number of trials performed) and classified as passed or failed. It can also be used where one or a number of items are tested repeatedly. The procedures are based on the assumption that the probability of success or failure is the same from trial to trial (statistically independent events). Plans for fixed trial/failure terminated tests as well as truncated sequential probability ratio tests (SPRTs) are included. This document contains extensive tables with ready-to-use SPRT plans and their characteristics for equal and non-equal risks for supplier and customer. In the case of the reliability compliance tests for constant failure rate/intensity, IEC 61124 applies.

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IEC 62550:2017 describes requirements for spare parts provisioning as a part of supportability activities that affect dependability performance so that continuity of operation of products, equipment and systems for their intended application can be sustained. This document is intended for use by a wide range of suppliers, maintenance support organizations and users and can be applied to all items.
Keywords: necessary spare parts

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IEC 61123:2019 is intended to define a procedure to verify if a reliability of an item/system complies with the stated requirements. The requirement is assumed to be specified as the percentage of success (success ratio) or the percentage of failures (failure ratio). This document can be used where a number of items are tested (number of trials performed) and classified as passed or failed. It can also be used where one or a number of items are tested repeatedly. The procedures are based on the assumption that the probability of success or failure is the same from trial to trial (statistically independent events). Plans for fixed trial/failure terminated tests as well as truncated sequential probability ratio tests (SPRTs) are included. This document contains extensive tables with ready-to-use SPRT plans and their characteristics for equal and non-equal risks for supplier and customer. In the case of the reliability compliance tests for constant failure rate/intensity, IEC 61124 applies. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1991. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) [1, 2][1] has been significantly developed in recent years [3, 4, 5]. This edition contains shorter and accurate tests, a wide range of test plans, and significant additional characteristic data, as follows:
the tests are significantly truncated (the maximum trial numbers are low) without substantially increasing the expected number of trials to decision (ENT);
the true producer’s and consumer’s risks (α', β') are given and very close to the nominal (α, β);
the range of the test parameters is wide (failure ratio, risks and discrimination ratio);
the test plans include various risk ratios (not restricted to equal risks only);
the values of ENT are accurate and given in the relevant region (for practical use);
guidelines for extension of the test sets (interpolation and extrapolation) are included.
In Annex C, the use of the cumulative binomial distribution function of Excel that simplifies the procedure of designing has been added (Clause C.3).
Keywords: verify if a reliability of an item/system complies with the stated requirements

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IEC 61078:2016 this International Standard describes: - the requirements to apply when reliability block diagrams (RBDs) are used in dependability analysis; - the procedures for modelling the dependability of a system with reliability block diagrams; - how to use RBDs for qualitative and quantitative analysis; - the procedures for using the RBD model to calculate availability, failure frequency and reliability measures for different types of systems with constant (or time dependent) probabilities of blocks success/failure, and for non-repaired blocks or repaired blocks; - some theoretical aspects and limitations in performing calculations for availability, failure frequency and reliability measures; - the relationships with fault tree analysis (see IEC 61025) and Markov techniques (see IEC 61165). This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - the structure of the document has been entirely reconsidered, the title modified and the content extended and improved to provide more information about availability, reliability and failure frequency calculations; - Clause 3 has been extended and clauses have been introduced to describe the electrical analogy, the "non-coherent" RBDs and the "dynamic" RBDs; - Annex B about Boolean algebra methods has been extended; - Annex C (Calculations of time dependent probabilities), Annex D (Importance factors), Annex E (RBD driven Petri net models) and Annex F (Numerical examples and curves) have been introduced. Keywords: reliability block diagram (RBD)

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IEC 61882:2016 is available as IEC 61882:2016 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition. IEC 61882:2016 provides a guide for HAZOP studies of systems using guide words. It gives guidance on application of the technique and on the HAZOP study procedure, including definition, preparation, examination sessions and resulting documentation and follow-up. Documentation examples, as well as a broad set of examples encompassing various applications, illustrating HAZOP studies are also provided. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2001. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - clarification of terminology as well as alignment with terms and definitions within ISO 31000:2009 and ISO Guide 73:2009; - addition of an improved case study of a procedural HAZOP. Keywords: HAZOP, risks and operability problems

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IEC 62629-12-2:2019 specifies the measuring methods of motion artifacts for stereoscopic displays using glasses. This document is applicable to stereoscopic displays using glasses, which consist of transmissive type active matrix liquid crystal display modules (without a post image processing).

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This document specifies requirements that enable an organization to design, develop and provide products, goods or services so that they can be accessed, understood and used by the widest range of users.
This document specifies requirements and recommendations that enables  an organization to extend their range of users by identifying diverse needs, characteristics, capabilities,  and preferences, by directly or indirectly involving users, and by using knowledge about accessibility in its procedures and processes.
This document specifies requirements that can enable an organization to meet applicable statutory and regulatory requirements as related to accessibility of its products, goods or services.
The requirements set out in this document are generic and are intended to be applicable to all relevant parts of all organizations, regardless of type, size or products, goods or services provided.
This document promotes accessibility following a Design for All approach in mainstream products, goods and services and interoperability of these with assistive technologies.
This document does not provide technical design specifications and does not imply uniformity in design or functionality of products, goods and services.

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This standard establishes requirements for performing and documenting APQP and PPAP. APQP begins
with conceptual product needs and extends through product definition, production planning, product
and process validation (i.e. PPAP), product use, and post-delivery service. This standard integrates and
collaborates with the requirements of the EN 9100, EN 9102, EN 9103 and EN 9110 standards.
The requirements specified in this standard are complementary (not alternative) to contractual and
applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Should there be a conflict between the requirements
of this standard and applicable statutory or regulatory requirements, the latter shall take precedence.

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This document explains how failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), including the failure
modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) variant, is planned, performed, documented
and maintained.
The purpose of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is to establish how items or
processes might fail to perform their function so that any required treatments could be
identified. An FMEA provides a systematic method for identifying modes of failure together
with their effects on the item or process, both locally and globally. It may also include
identifying the causes of failure modes. Failure modes can be prioritized to support decisions
about treatment. Where the ranking of criticality involves at least the severity of
consequences, and often other measures of importance, the analysis is known as failure
modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA).
This document is applicable to hardware, software, processes including human action, and
their interfaces, in any combination.
An FMEA can be used in a safety analysis, for regulatory and other purposes, but this being a
generic standard, does not give specific guidance for safety applications.

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This document provides guidance in relation to a set of requirements placed upon system life
cycles in order for an open system to achieve open systems dependability.
This document elaborates on IEC 60300-1 by providing details of the changes needed to
accommodate the characteristics of open systems. It defines process views based on
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, which identifies the set of system life cycle processes.
This document is applicable to life cycles of products, systems, processes or services involving
hardware, software and human aspects or any integrated combinations of these elements.
For open systems, security is especially important since the systems are particularly exposed to
attack.
This document can be used to improve the dependability of open systems and to provide
assurance that the process views specific to open systems achieve their expected outcomes. It
helps an organization define the activities and tasks that need to be undertaken to achieve
dependability objectives in an open system, including dependability related communication,
dependability assessment and evaluation of dependability throughout system life cycles.

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ISO/IEC 80079-34:2018 specifies particular requirements and information for establishing and maintaining a quality management system to manufacture Ex Products in accordance with the certificates. While it does not preclude the use of other quality management systems that are compatible with the objectives of ISO 9001:2015 and which provide equivalent results, the minimum requirements are given in this document. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2011, and constitutes a full technical revision. The significant changes with respect to the previous edition should be considered as minor technical revisions. However, the clause numbering in regard to the previous edition has changed in order to be in line with ISO 9001:2015. The normal “Table of Significant Changes” has not been included for this reason.
This publication is published as a double logo standard. This standard should be read in conjunction with ISO 9001:2015

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IEC 60812:2018 explains how failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), including the failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) variant, is planned, performed, documented and maintained. The purpose of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is to establish how items or processes might fail to perform their function so that any required treatments could be identified. An FMEA provides a systematic method for identifying modes of failure together with their effects on the item or process, both locally and globally. It may also include identifying the causes of failure modes. Failure modes can be prioritized to support decisions about treatment. Where the ranking of criticality involves at least the severity of consequences, and often other measures of importance, the analysis is known as failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA). This document is applicable to hardware, software, processes including human action, and their interfaces, in any combination. An FMEA can be used in a safety analysis, for regulatory and other purposes, but this being a generic standard, does not give specific guidance for safety applications. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006. This edition constitutes a technical revision.This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) the normative text is generic and covers all applications;
b) examples of applications for safety, automotive, software and (service) processes have been added as informative annexes;
c) tailoring the FMEA for different applications is described;
d) different reporting formats are described, including a database information system;
e) alternative means of calculating risk priority numbers (RPN) have been added;
f) a criticality matrix based method has been added;
g) the relationship to other dependability analysis methods have been described.
Keywords: failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMECA)

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IEC 62853:2018 provides guidance in relation to a set of requirements placed upon system life cycles in order for an open system to achieve open systems dependability. This document elaborates on IEC 60300-1 by providing details of the changes needed to accommodate the characteristics of open systems. It defines process views based on ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, which identifies the set of system life cycle processes. This document is applicable to life cycles of products, systems, processes or services involving hardware, software and human aspects or any integrated combinations of these elements. For open systems, security is especially important since the systems are particularly exposed to attack. This document can be used to improve the dependability of open systems and to provide assurance that the process views specific to open systems achieve their expected outcomes. It helps an organization define the activities and tasks that need to be undertaken to achieve dependability objectives in an open system, including dependability related communication, dependability assessment and evaluation of dependability throughout system life cycles.
Keywords: dependability of open systems

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The objective of any organization, as part of continual improvement, is to reduce the number of issues
(i.e. undesirable conditions, defects, failures) and to minimize their impact on quality, delivery
performance, and cost.
This includes having processes in place to detect and eradicate significant and recurrent issues, which
implies having well identified problems, a common understanding of their impact and associated root
causes, and having defined and implemented adequate actions so that these problems, including similar
issues will not happen again.
Propose a methodology to improve the way escapes and issues are managed, including communication
between all parties [e.g. engineering, Materials Review Board (MRB), manufacturing, manufacturing
engineering, supplier, customer] to reduce their impact, contain them as far upstream as possible, and
prevent recurrence (i.e. ensure the right measures are taken at the right location and at the right time).

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This Standard defines the dependability assurance programme and the dependability requirements for space systems.
Dependability assurance is a continuous and iterative process throughout the project life cycle.
The ECSS dependability policy for space projects is applied by implementing a dependability assurance programme, which comprises:
•   identification of all technical risks with respect to functional needs which can lead to non-compliance with dependability requirements,
•   application of analysis and design methods to ensure that dependability targets are met,
•   optimization of the overall cost and schedule by making sure that:
   design rules, dependability analyses and risk reducing actions are tailored with respect to an appropriate severity categorisation,
   risks reducing actions are implemented continuously since the early phase of a project and especially during the design phase.
•   inputs to serial production activities.
The dependability requirements for functions implemented in software, and the interaction between hardware and software, are identified in this Standard.
NOTE 1   The requirements for the product assurance of software are defined in ECSS-Q-ST-80.
NOTE 2   The dependability assurance programme supports the project risk management process as described in ECSS-M-ST-80
This Standard applies to all European space projects. The provisions of this document apply to all project phases.
This standard may be tailored for the specific characteristic and constrains of a space project in conformance with ECSS-S-ST-00.

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IEC 62741:2015 gives guidance on the content and application of a dependability case and establishes general principles for the preparation of a dependability case. This standard is written in a basic project context where a customer orders a system that meets dependability requirements from a supplier and then manages the system until its retirement. The methods provided in this standard may be modified and adapted to other situations as needed. The dependability case is normally produced by the customer and supplier but can also be used and updated by other organizations. For example, certification bodies and regulators may examine the submitted case to support their decisions and users of the system may update/expand the case, particularly where they use the system for a different purpose. Keywords: dependability, reliability, availability, maintainability, supportability, usability, testability, durability.

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IEC 62740:2015 describes the basic principles of root cause analysis (RCA) and specifies the steps that a process for RCA should include. This standard identifies a number of attributes for RCA techniques which assist with the selection of an appropriate technique. It describes each RCA technique and its relative strengths and weaknesses. RCA is used to analyse the root causes of focus events with both positive and negative outcomes, but it is most commonly used for the analysis of failures and incidents. Causes for such events can be varied in nature, including design processes and techniques, organizational characteristics, human aspects and external events. RCA can be used for investigating the causes of non-conformances in quality (and other) management systems as well as for failure analysis, for example in maintenance or equipment testing. RCA is used to analyse focus events that have occurred, therefore this standard only covers a posteriori analyses. It is recognized that some of the RCA techniques with adaptation can be used proactively in the design and development of items and for causal analysis during risk assessment; however, this standard focuses on the analysis of events which have occurred. The intent of this standard is to describe a process for performing RCA and to explain the techniques for identifying root causes. These techniques are not designed to assign responsibility or liability, which is outside the scope of this standard. Keywords: root cause analysis (RCA), RCA techniques

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Part 2 of EN 50126
* considers the safety-related generic aspects of the RAMS life-cycle. The guidance in this part is still applicable in the application of specific standards;
* defines methods and tools which are independent of the actual technology of the systems and subsystems;
* provides:
- the user of the standard with the understanding of the system approach to safety which is a key concept of EN 50126;
- methods to derive the safety requirements and their safety integrity requirements for the system and to apportion them to the subsystems;
- methods to derive the safety integrity levels (SIL) for the safety related electronic functions. Note that this standard does not allow the allocation of safety integrity levels to non-electronic functions.
* provides guidance and methods for the following areas:
- system life-cycles;
- systems safety assurance;
- risk assessment process;
- risk management process;
- application of risk acceptance principles and criteria;
- safety integrity concept.
* provides the user with the methods to assure safety with respect to the system under consideration and its interactions;
* provides guidance about the definition of the system under consideration, including identification of the interfaces and the interactions of this system with its subsystems or other systems, in order to conduct the risk analysis;
* addresses railway specifics;
* does not define:
- RAMS targets targets, quantities, requirements or solutions for specific railway applications;
- rules or processes pertaining to the certification of railway products against the requirements of this standard;
- an approval process by the safety authority.
* does not specify requirements for ensuring system security.
This part 2 of EN 50126 is applicable
* to all systems under consideration - as regards safety - within the entire railway system and the stakeholders involved;
* to the specification and demonstration of safety for all railway applications and at all levels of such an application, as appropriate, from complete railway systems to major systems and to individual and combined sub-systems and components within these major systems, including those containing software; in particular:
- to new systems;
- to new systems integrated into existing systems accepted prior to the creation of this standard, but only to the extent and insofar as the new system with the new functionality is being integrated. It is otherwise not applicable to any unmodified aspects of the existing system;
- as far as reasonably practicable, to modifications and extensions of existing systems accepted prior to the creation of this standard, but only to the extent and insofar as existing systems are being modified. it is otherwise not applicable to any unmodified aspect of the existing system;
- at all relevant phases of the life-cycle of an application;
- for use by railway duty holders and the railway suppliers.
It is not required to apply this standard to existing systems including those systems already compliant with any version of former EN 50126, which remain unmodified. Railway applications mean Command, Control & Signalling, Rolling Stock and Fixed Installations.

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The part 1 of EN 50126
* considers RAMS, understood as reliability, availability, maintainability and safety and their interaction;
* considers the generic aspects of the RAMS life-cycle. The guidance in this part is still applicable in the application of specific standards;
* defines
- a process, based on the system life-cycle and tasks within it, for managing RAMS;
- a systematic process, tailorable to the type and size of system under consideration, for specifying requirements for RAMS and demonstrating that these requirements are achieved;
* addresses railway specifics;
* enables conflicts between RAMS elements to be controlled and managed effectively;
* does not define
- RAMS targets, quantities, requirements or solutions for specific railway applications;
- rules or processes pertaining to the certification of railway products against the requirements of this standard;
- an approval process by the safety authority;
* does not specify requirements for ensuring system security.
The part 1 of EN 50126 is applicable
* to the specification and demonstration of RAMS for all railway applications and at all levels of such an application, as appropriate, from complete railway systems to major systems and to individual and combined sub-systems and  components within these major systems, including those containing software; in particular:
- to new systems;
- to new systems integrated into existing systems accepted prior to the creation of this standard, but only to the extent and insofar as the new system with the new functionality is being integrated. It is otherwise not applicable to any unmodified aspects of the existing system;
- as far as reasonably practicable, to modifications and extensions of existing systems accepted prior to the creation of this standard, but only to the extent and insofar as existing systems are being modified. it is otherwise not applicable to any unmodified aspect of the existing system;
* at all relevant phases of the life-cycle of an application;
* for use by railway duty holders and the railway suppliers.
It is not required to apply this standard to existing systems including those systems already compliant with any version of former EN 50126, which remain unmodified. Railway applications mean Command, Control & Signalling, Rolling Stock and Fixed Installations.
Processes for the specification and demonstration of RAMS requirements are cornerstones of this standard. This European Standard promotes a common understanding and approach to the management of RAMS.
The process defined by this European Standard assumes that railway duty holders and railway suppliers have business-level policies addressing Quality, Performance and Safety. The approach defined in this standard is consistent with the application of quality management requirements contained within the ISO 9001.

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ISO/IEC 25064:2013 describes the Common Industry Format (CIF) for user needs reports, and provides specifications for their contents and format, including the content elements to be provided. User needs reports include both the collection and documentation of information from various sources relevant to user needs, and the analysis and integration of this information into consolidated user needs.
User needs reports are applicable to software and hardware systems, products or services (excluding generic products, such as a display screen or keyboard). The content elements are intended to be used as part of system-level documentation resulting from development processes such as those in ISO 9241-210 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 process standards. User needs are a major input into the establishment of user requirements.
User needs reports are intended to be used as part of system-level documentation resulting from development processes such as those in ISO 9241-210 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 process standards.

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IEC 60300-1:2014 establishes a framework for dependability management. It provides guidance on dependability management of products, systems, processes or services involving hardware, software and human aspects or any integrated combinations of these elements. It presents guidance on planning and implementation of dependability activities and technical processes throughout the life cycle taking into account other requirements such as those relating to safety and the environment. This standard gives guidelines for management and their technical personnel to assist them to optimize dependability. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2003 and constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - an updating of definitions to reflect IEC 60050-191:2014; - an enhanced description of dependability and its attributes; - a more generic approach to dependability management; - revised guidelines for application of dependability management; - a more generic approach to the life cycle; - a framework for dependability standards. Keywords: dependability management

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Provides a general introduction to the concept of life cycle costing, covers all applications and particularly highlights the costs associated with dependability of the product. Explains the purpose and value of life cycle costing and outlines the general approaches involved. Identifies typical life cycle cost elements to facilitate project and programme planning. General guidance is provided for conducting a life cycle cost analysis, including life cycle cost model development. Illustrative examples are provided to explain the concepts.

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This document describes requirements for spare parts provisioning as a part of supportability
activities that affect dependability performance so that continuity of operation of products,
equipment and systems for their intended application can be sustained.
This document is intended for use by a wide range of suppliers, maintenance support
organizations and users and can be applied to all items.

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IEC 62550:2017 describes requirements for spare parts provisioning as a part of supportability activities that affect dependability performance so that continuity of operation of products, equipment and systems for their intended application can be sustained. This document is intended for use by a wide range of suppliers, maintenance support organizations and users and can be applied to all items.

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IEC 61400-25-6:2016 specifies the information models related to condition monitoring for wind power plants and the information exchange of data values related to these models. This standard is to be used with other standards of the IEC 61400-25 series. This new edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- major restructuring of the data model to accommodate flexibility; removal of UFF58 format;
- access to data using the standard reporting and logging functions;
- recommendations for creating data names to accommodate flexibility

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This International Standard describes:
• the requirements to apply when reliability block diagrams (RBDs) are used in
dependability analysis;
• the procedures for modelling the dependability of a system with reliability block diagrams;
• how to use RBDs for qualitative and quantitative analysis;
• the procedures for using the RBD model to calculate availability, failure frequency and
reliability measures for different types of systems with constant (or time dependent)
probabilities of blocks success/failure, and for non-repaired blocks or repaired blocks;
• some theoretical aspects and limitations in performing calculations for availability, failure
frequency and reliability measures;
• the relationships with fault tree analysis (see IEC 61025 [1]) and Markov techniques (see
IEC 61165 [2]).

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IEC 61078:2016 this International Standard describes:
- the requirements to apply when reliability block diagrams (RBDs) are used in dependability analysis;
- the procedures for modelling the dependability of a system with reliability block diagrams;
- how to use RBDs for qualitative and quantitative analysis;
- the procedures for using the RBD model to calculate availability, failure frequency and reliability measures for different types of systems with constant (or time dependent) probabilities of blocks success/failure, and for non-repaired blocks or repaired blocks;
- some theoretical aspects and limitations in performing calculations for availability, failure frequency and reliability measures;
- the relationships with fault tree analysis (see IEC 61025) and Markov techniques (see IEC 61165). This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- the structure of the document has been entirely reconsidered, the title modified and the content extended and improved to provide more information about availability, reliability and failure frequency calculations;
- Clause 3 has been extended and clauses have been introduced to describe the electrical analogy, the "non-coherent" RBDs and the "dynamic" RBDs;
- Annex B about Boolean algebra methods has been extended;
- Annex C (Calculations of time dependent probabilities), Annex D (Importance factors), Annex E (RBD driven Petri net models) and Annex F (Numerical examples and curves) have been introduced. Keywords: reliability block diagram (RBD)

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IEC 62673:2013 describes a generic methodology for dependability assessment and assurance of communication networks from a network life cycle perspective. It presents the network dependability assessment strategies and methodology for analysis of network topology, evaluation of dependability of service paths, and optimization of network configurations in order to achieve network dependability performance and dependability of service. It also addresses the network dependability assurance strategies and methodology for application of network health check, network outage control and test case management to enhance and sustain dependability performance in network service operation. This standard is applicable to network service providers, network designers and developers, and network maintainers and operators for assurance of network dependability performance and assessment of dependability of service. Keywords: methodology for dependability assessment and assurance of communication networks

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IEC TR 63039:2016(E) provides guidance on probabilistic risk analysis (hereafter referred to as risk analysis) for the systems composed of electrotechnical items and is applicable (but not limited) to all electrotechnical industries where risk analyses are performed. This document deals with the following topics from the perspective of risk analysis:
- defining the essential terms and concepts;
- specifying the types of events;
- classifying the occurrences of events;
- describing the usage of modified symbols and methods of graphical representation for ETA, FTA and Markov techniques for applying those modified techniques complementarily to the complex systems;
- suggesting ways to handle the event frequency/rate of complex systems;
- suggesting ways to estimate the event frequency/rate based on risk monitoring;
- providing illustrative and practical examples. Please refer to the Introduction and Scope of the document for addition information regarding the events covered by and associated risks. This document defines the basic properties of events from the perspective of probabilistic risk analysis and use of dependability-related techniques for the analysis of occurrence of the final event that results in a final state in which the final consequences of a risk may appear. Keywords: probabilistic risk analysis, effects of uncertainty, events and associated risks

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IEC 61710:2013 specifies procedures to estimate the parameters of the power law model, to provide confidence intervals for the failure intensity, to provide prediction intervals for the times to future failures, and to test the goodness-of-fit of the power law model to data from repairable items. It is assumed that the time to failure data have been collected from an item, or some identical items operating under the same conditions (e.g. environment and load). This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2000, and constitutes a technical revision. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are listed below: the inclusion of an additional Annex C on Bayesian estimation for the power law model. Keywords: power law model, Bayesian estimation, reliability of repairable items

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IEC 62506:2013 provides guidance on the application of various accelerated test techniques for measurement or improvement of product reliability. Identification of potential failure modes that could be experienced in the use of a product/item and their mitigation is instrumental to ensure dependability of an item. The object of the methods is to either identify potential design weakness or provide information on item dependability, or to achieve necessary reliability/availability improvement, all within a compressed or accelerated period of time. This standard addresses accelerated testing of non-repairable and repairable systems. It can be used for probability ratio sequential tests, fixed duration tests and reliability improvement/growth tests, where the measure of reliability may differ from the standard probability of failure occurrence. This standard also extends to present accelerated testing or production screening methods that would identify weakness introduced into the product by manufacturing error, which could compromise product dependability. Keywords: test techniques for measurement or improvement of product reliability

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IEC TS 62775:2016(E) which is a Technical Specification, shows how the IEC dependability suite of standards, systems engineering and the IFRS and IAS standards can support the requirements of asset management, as described by the ISO 5500x suite of standards. This Technical Specification therefore provides:
- a brief introduction to asset management and the requirements for an AMS,
- a description of the benefits from the use of an established and common set of AMS processes and procedures, tools and techniques to manage assets, and
- a description of the relationships between the AMS and the tools and techniques, processes and procedures of:
- ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, Systems and software engineering - System lifecycle processes,
- IEC dependability standards in particular IEC 60300-3-15, and
- relevant IFRS and supporting IAS standards.
This Technical Specification is intended for:
- asset managers who wish to identify and implement technical and financial processes within an AMS, using dependability techniques and IFRS and IAS standards respectively, and
- systems and dependability engineers who need to apply their technical processes and techniques within an AMS. Keywords: asset management, decision-making processes, ISO 5500x

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IEC 61882:2016 is available as IEC 61882:2016 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 61882:2016 provides a guide for HAZOP studies of systems using guide words. It gives guidance on application of the technique and on the HAZOP study procedure, including definition, preparation, examination sessions and resulting documentation and follow-up. Documentation examples, as well as a broad set of examples encompassing various applications, illustrating HAZOP studies are also provided. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2001. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- clarification of terminology as well as alignment with terms and definitions within ISO 31000:2009 and ISO Guide 73:2009;
- addition of an improved case study of a procedural HAZOP. Keywords: HAZOP, risks and operability problems

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IEC 62628:2012 addresses the issues concerning software aspects of dependability and gives guidance on achievement of dependability in software performance influenced by management disciplines, design processes and application environments. It establishes a generic framework on software dependability requirements, provides a software dependability process for system life cycle applications, presents assurance criteria and methodology for software dependability design and implementation and provides practical approaches for performance evaluation and measurement of dependability characteristics in software systems. Keywords: software, performance, dependability

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This International Standard gives guidance on the content and application of a dependability
case and establishes general principles for the preparation of a dependability case.
This standard is written in a basic project context where a customer orders a system that
meets dependability requirements from a supplier and then manages the system until its
retirement. The methods provided in this standard may be modified and adapted to other
situations as needed.
The dependability case is normally produced by the customer and supplier but can also be
used and updated by other organizations. For example, certification bodies and regulators
may examine the submitted case to support their decisions and users of the system may
update/expand the case, particularly where they use the system for a different purpose.

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This International Standard describes the basic principles of root cause analysis (RCA) and
specifies the steps that a process for RCA should include.
This standard identifies a number of attributes for RCA techniques which assist with the
selection of an appropriate technique. It describes each RCA technique and its relative
strengths and weaknesses.
RCA is used to analyse the root causes of focus events with both positive and negative
outcomes, but it is most commonly used for the analysis of failures and incidents. Causes for
such events can be varied in nature, including design processes and techniques,
organizational characteristics, human aspects and external events. RCA can be used for
investigating the causes of non-conformances in quality (and other) management systems as
well as for failure analysis, for example in maintenance or equipment testing.
RCA is used to analyse focus events that have occurred, therefore this standard only covers a
posteriori analyses. It is recognized that some of the RCA techniques with adaptation can be
used proactively in the design and development of items and for causal analysis during risk
assessment; however, this standard focuses on the analysis of events which have occurred.
The intent of this standard is to describe a process for performing RCA and to explain the
techniques for identifying root causes. These techniques are not designed to assign
responsibility or liability, which is outside the scope of this standard.

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ISO/IEC 14543-5-7:2015(E) specifies the architecture and framework for the remote access of IGRS devices and services in the home electronic system. The remote access communications protocol and application profiles are specified in other parts of this series. The relationship among these parts is specified in this standard. It is applicable to the remote access of an IGRS sub-network (called an IGRS subnet) for resource sharing and service collaboration among home and/or remote computers, consumer electronics and communication devices.

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IEC 62741:2015 gives guidance on the content and application of a dependability case and establishes general principles for the preparation of a dependability case. This standard is written in a basic project context where a customer orders a system that meets dependability requirements from a supplier and then manages the system until its retirement. The methods provided in this standard may be modified and adapted to other situations as needed. The dependability case is normally produced by the customer and supplier but can also be used and updated by other organizations. For example, certification bodies and regulators may examine the submitted case to support their decisions and users of the system may update/expand the case, particularly where they use the system for a different purpose. Keywords: dependability, reliability, availability, maintainability, supportability, usability, testability, durability.

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