31.040.01 - Resistors in general
ICS 31.040.01 Details
Resistors in general
Widerstande im allgemeinen
Resistances electriques en general
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IEC 62812:2019 specifies methods of measurement and associated test conditions that eliminate or reduce the influence of adverse phenomena in order to improve the attainable accuracy of low-resistance measurements. The methods described in this document are applicable for the individual measurements of the resistance of individual resistors, and also for resistance measurements as part of a test sequence. They are applied if prescribed by a relevant component specification, or if agreed between a customer and a manufacturer.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60477-1:2022 applies to resistors intended for use as laboratory DC resistors (hereinafter referred to as "resistors") comprising standard resistors, single or multiple resistors of accuracy Classes 0,000 05 to 10 and single or multi-dial resistors of accuracy Classes 0,000 5 to 10. This document does not apply to: 1) resistors which are intended for use solely as permanently mounted circuit components, 2) resistors used on alternating current or on pulsed current, 3) active resistors, 4) series resistors and shunts which are considered as accessories of electrical measuring instruments in the relevant IEC document (examples of these are as follows). IEC 60477-1:2022 cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC 60477 published in 1974, and its Amendment 1:1997. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) extended the resistor accuracy classes; b) deleted the resistor accuracy class expression in parts per million (ppm); c) excluded the active resistor from the scope of this document; d) updated the terms and definitions according to new IEC 60050 series; e) changed the term "resistance decade" to "resistance dial" to cover the multi-dial resistors with other resistance step values; f) updated the intrinsic error to intrinsic uncertainty according to IEC 60359; g) added the limits of relative stability for resistors of classes 0,000 05 to 0,01; h) added the requirements of high voltage resistors; i) updated the safety symbols and requirements according to the new IEC 61010 series; j) updated the insulation resistance requirements of resistors; k) added the requirements of temperature coefficient; l) updated the temperature requirements for transport and storage of resistors.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 60477 applies to resistors intended as laboratory AC resistors for use over a range of frequencies from DC up to a stated frequency which is not in excess of 1 MHz. Such resistors are hereinafter referred to as "AC resistors". In addition to satisfying the requirements of IEC 60477, resistors satisfying the requirements of this standard are designed to have a small variation of resistance and a small phase displacement over the stated frequency range. Because of the uncertainties in AC properties which can result from stray inductances, stray capacitances, eddy currents, dielectric absorption effects and skin effect, the AC resistors to which this standard applies are classified according to their construction (see Annex D), as follows: a) Two-terminal resistor which each of one terminal both for current and potential; b) Three-terminal resistor which has one more shield terminal (also could be called as guard terminal) connected to the electric screen than the two-terminal resistor to reduce the stray capacitances effect; c) Four-terminal resistor which has independent current terminals and potential terminals to reduce the stray inductances and contact resistances; d) Five-terminal resistor which has one more shield terminal than the four-terminal resistor; e) Four-terminal coaxial resistor which has two terminal-pairs with the outer shield conductors working as the low terminal of current or potential; f) Two-terminal-pair resistor which has two terminal-pairs with the outer shield conductors working as the return path for the signal current (not grounded); g) Four-terminal-pair resistor which has four terminal-pairs with the outer shield conductors working as the return path for the signal current (not grounded) to eliminate the effect of mutual coupling between the current and potential leads.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60477-2:2022 applies to resistors intended as laboratory AC resistors for use over a range of frequencies from DC up to a stated frequency which is not in excess of 1 MHz. Such resistors are hereinafter referred to as "AC resistors".
In addition to satisfying the requirements of IEC 60477-1, resistors satisfying the requirements of this document are designed to have a small variation of resistance and a small phase displacement over the stated frequency range.
IEC 60477-2:2022 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1979, and Amendment 1:1997. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) extended the AC resistor frequency range to 1 MHz;
b) updated the terms and definitions according to IEC 60050 series;
c) added the definition of AC/DC difference of an AC resistor;
d) added the resistor classification according to the AC resistance or AC/DC difference index;
e) updated the classification according to the AC resistor construction;
f) updated the safety symbols and requirements according to IEC 60477-1;
g) added the three-element equivalent circuits of an AC resistor in Annex C;
h) added the annex on constructions of AC resistors.
- Standard54 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 60477-1:2022 applies to resistors intended for use as laboratory DC resistors (hereinafter referred to as "resistors") comprising standard resistors, single or multiple resistors of accuracy Classes 0,000 05 to 10 and single or multi-dial resistors of accuracy Classes 0,000 5 to 10.
This document does not apply to:
1) resistors which are intended for use solely as permanently mounted circuit components,
2) resistors used on alternating current or on pulsed current,
3) active resistors,
4) series resistors and shunts which are considered as accessories of electrical measuring instruments in the relevant IEC document (examples of these are as follows).
IEC 60477-1:2022 cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC 60477 published in 1974, and its Amendment 1:1997. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) extended the resistor accuracy classes;
b) deleted the resistor accuracy class expression in parts per million (ppm);
c) excluded the active resistor from the scope of this document;
d) updated the terms and definitions according to new IEC 60050 series;
e) changed the term "resistance decade" to "resistance dial" to cover the multi-dial resistors with other resistance step values;
f) updated the intrinsic error to intrinsic uncertainty according to IEC 60359;
g) added the limits of relative stability for resistors of classes 0,000 05 to 0,01;
h) added the requirements of high voltage resistors;
i) updated the safety symbols and requirements according to the new IEC 61010 series;
j) updated the insulation resistance requirements of resistors;
k) added the requirements of temperature coefficient;
l) updated the temperature requirements for transport and storage of resistors.
- Standard55 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
TAN - // IEC Corrigendum
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
TAN - // IEC Corrigendum
- Corrigendum3 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard2 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
Specifies marking codes for resistors and capacitors and indexes for the dielectric material and the electrodes of plastic film and paper capacitors
- Amendment7 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Resistance measurements are typically compromised by a variety of phenomena, for example
serial resistance in the measurement path, self-heating or non-ohmic properties. Whether the
effect of such phenomena on a resistance measurement is acceptable or not depends on the
magnitude of each effect in comparison to the resistance and to the required accuracy. Hence,
the risk of erroneous resistance measurements increases with decreasing resistance and with
a tightening of the permissible tolerance.
This document specifies methods of measurement and associated test conditions that
eliminate or reduce the influence of adverse phenomena in order to improve the attainable
accuracy of low-resistance measurements.
The methods described in this document are applicable for the individual measurements of
the resistance of individual resistors, and also for resistance measurements as part of a test
sequence. They are applied if prescribed by a relevant component specification, or if agreed
between a customer and a manufacturer.
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 62812:2019 specifies methods of measurement and associated test conditions that eliminate or reduce the influence of adverse phenomena in order to improve the attainable accuracy of low-resistance measurements. The methods described in this document are applicable for the individual measurements of the resistance of individual resistors, and also for resistance measurements as part of a test sequence. They are applied if prescribed by a relevant component specification, or if agreed between a customer and a manufacturer.
The contents of the corrigendum of March 2020 have been included in this copy.
- Standard92 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC corrigendum
- Corrigendum5 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Specifies marking codes for resistors and capacitors and indexes for the dielectric material and the electrodes of plastic film and paper capacitors
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60063:2015 provides series of preferred values for the resistance of resistors and for the capacitance of capacitors. The definition of such series with a defined numeric resolution is a basic prerequisite for the marking and coding of capacitors and resistors with their respective capacitance or resistance values as described in IEC 60062. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- revision of the information on a relationship between an E Series and the tolerance of a resistance or capacitance value of a respective component;
- introduction of advice on a possible deduction from the marking of a component to an associated E Series and also to an associated tolerance;
- complete editorial revision.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This International Standard gives a series of preferred diameters of the finished wire terminations of capacitors and resistors for use in electronic equipment.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Non-linearity testing is a method to evaluate the integrity of a resistive element. It may be applied as an effective inline screening method suitable to detect and eliminate potential infant mortality failures in passive components. The method is fairly rapid, convenient, and the associated equipment is relatively inexpensive. Typical effects causing non-linearity on resistors are e.g. inhomogeneous spots within a resistive film, traces of film left in the spiraling grooves, or contact instability between a connecting lead or termination and the resistive element. This International Standard specifies a method of measurement and associated test conditions to assess the magnitude of non-linear distortion generated in a resistor. This method is applied if prescribed by a relevant component specification, or if agreed between a customer and a manufacturer.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Standardizes a method of measurement and associated test conditions for determining the magnitude of non-linear distortion generated in a resistor. Has the status of a technical report. The contents of the corrigendum of September 1974 have been included in this copy.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This International Standard applies to capacitors and resistors with unidirectional wire terminations intended for use in electronic equipment. This standard provides a method for determination of the space required by capacitors and resistors with unidirectional wire terminations.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60301:2012 gives a series of preferred diameters of the finished wire terminations of capacitors and resistors for use in electronic equipment. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition, published in 1971, and its Amendment 1, published in 1972, and constitutes a technical revision. The main technical changes with respect to the second edition are the following:
- employment of SI units only in the normative part of this standard, causing transfer of all imperial dimensions from Table 1 to the informative Annex A,
- addition of two smaller diameters of wire terminations in Table 1, and
- tightening of the tolerance ranges defined by minimum and maximum diameters in Table 1.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 60440:2012 specifies a method of measurement and associated test conditions to assess the magnitude of non-linear distortion generated in a resistor. This method is applied if prescribed by a relevant component specification, or if agreed between a customer and a manufacturer. This International Standard cancels and replaces the Technical Report IEC/TR 60440, published in 1973. The major changes with regard to the Technical Report are:
- change of the principle parameter's term from "third harmonic attenuation" to "third harmonic ratio";
- addition of advice on the prescription of requirements in a relevant component specification;
- addition of a set of recommended measuring conditions for a specimen with a rated dissipation of less than 100 mW;
- a complete editorial revision.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 60717:2012 applies to capacitors and resistors with unidirectional wire terminations intended for use in electronic equipment. This standard provides a method for determination of the space required by capacitors and resistors with unidirectional wire terminations. NOTE: Instead of measuring the actual space, it may be sufficient to ensure that a component fits into the maximum space for which it is designed. This may be achieved by means of fixed gauges. The main technical changes with respect to the first edition are the following:
- employment of the millimetre-based grid, the preferred grid system given in IEC 60097,
- employment of SI units only, causing deletion of the imperial dimensions from Table 1,
- reduction of the tolerance on the chamfer depth in Figure 1, and
- introduction of requirements on information to be given in a relevant specification.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC 60915:2006 contains preferred dimensions for shaft ends and bushes and for the mounting of single-hole, bush-mounted, shaft-operated variable capacitors, variable resistors and potentiometers. If other dimensions not listed in this standard have to be used, it is recommended to select them also from IEC 60390 and IEC 60620. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1987 and constitutes a minor revision, related to tables, figures and references. This bilingual version, published in 2008-07, corresponds to the English version. The contents of the corrigendum of December 2008 have been included in this copy.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard31 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
specifies marking codes for resistors and capacitors and indexes for the dielectric material and the electrodes of plastic film and paper capacitors
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60062:2004 specifies marking codes for resistors and capacitors and indexes for the dielectric material and the electrodes of plastic film and paper capacitors. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) completion of the existing code systems for
- resistors with a three-character code system and a four-character code system;
- temperature coefficient of resistance with a letter code system;
- data code system for capacitors and resistors with the 10-year cycle code (two-character code), the 20-year cycle code (four-digit code), the 10-year cycle code (four-digit code), and a one-character code - four-year cycle.
b) extension with a code letter system for the dielectric material of plastic film and paper capacitors.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard30 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
States the characteristics of the resistors; the service conditions with which the power resistors have to comply; the tests intended for confirming that these conditions have been met and the methods to be adopted for these tests; the information to be marked on, or given with, the resistors. The object of this standard is to adapt the general rules given in IEC 60077-1 to power resistors for rolling stock in order to obtain uniformity of requirements and tests throughout the corresponding range of components and to avoid the need for testing to two different standards.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Gives preferred values for fixed resistors and capacitors for ordinary and close tolerances of resistors and capacitors used in electronic equipment.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
Presents preferred diameters in tabular form in the metric and inch-pound unit sizes.
- Standardization document6 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Superseded by EN 60062:2005
- Amendment4 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Specifies a colour code of 12 colours for values and tolerances of fixed resistors and a letter and digit code for resistance and capacitance values and tolerances.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Superseded by EN 60062:2005
- Amendment4 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Are intended to define the conditions which resistors should satisfy, the tests to check that the conditions are in fact satisfied, and the descriptive marking to be applied on the rated plate of the resistors.
- Standardization document13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
Standardizes a method of measurement and associated test conditions for determining the magnitude of non-linear distortion generated in a resistor. Has the status of a technical report. The contents of the corrigendum of September 1974 have been included in this copy.
- Technical report1 pageEnglish and French languagesale 15% off