IEC 60728-101:2016

Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services - Part 101: System performance of forward paths loaded with digital channels only

IEC 60728-101:2016 is applicable to any cable network (including individual receiving systems) distributing only digital channels having in the forward path a coaxial cable output and primarily intended for television and sound signals operating between about 30 MHz and 3 000 MHz. This standard specifies the basic methods of measurement of the operational characteristics of a cable network having coaxial cable outputs in order to assess the performance of these systems and their performance limits.

Réseaux de distribution par câbles pour signaux de télévision, signaux de radiodiffusion sonore et services intéractifs - Partie 101: Performances des systèmes de voie directe soumis à une charge de porteuses exclusivement numériques

L'IEC 60728-101:2016 s'applique aux réseaux de distribution par câbles (y compris les systèmes individuels de réception) distribuant uniquement des canaux numériques, comportant dans le sens descendant une sortie à câble coaxial et essentiellement destinés aux signaux de télévision et aux signaux de radiodiffusion sonore, fonctionnant approximativement entre 30 MHz et 3 000 MHz. La présente norme spécifie les méthodes fondamentales pour la mesure des caractéristiques opérationnelles d'un réseau de distribution par câbles comportant des sorties à câbles coaxiaux dans le but d'évaluer la performance de ces systèmes ainsi que leurs limites de performances.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 26-Apr-2016
• ICS: 33.040.20 - Transmission systems
• ICS: 33.160.01 - Audio, video and audiovisual systems in general
• Technical Committee: TC 100 - Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment
• Drafting Committee: MT 60728-1 - TC 100/MT 60728-1
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 27-Apr-2016
• Completion Date: 15-May-2016

Overview

IEC 60728-101:2016 is an international standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) addressing cable networks that distribute exclusively digital television and sound channels. Specifically, it focuses on the system performance of forward paths within cable networks, which use coaxial cable outputs operating between approximately 30 MHz and 3000 MHz. The document defines the essential methods for measuring operational characteristics to assess system performance and determine limits.

This standard primarily applies to cable networks including individual receiving systems, ensuring that digital channel delivery via coaxial cable adheres to defined performance criteria. It serves as a foundational guideline for network designers, installers, and maintenance technicians aiming to maintain and optimize digital cable broadcasting infrastructure.

Key Topics

• Scope and Application: Coverage of cable networks loaded solely with digital channels for both television and sound signals.
• Measurement Methods: Detailed processes for measuring system performance parameters at the coaxial cable system outlet.
• Performance Parameters:
  • Signal level measurements
  • RF signal-to-intermodulation plus noise ratio (S/IN)
  • Bit error ratio (BER) and BER versus signal-to-noise (S/N)
  • Modulation error ratio (MER)
  • Phase jitter and phase noise of RF carriers
  • Mutual isolation between system outlets
  • Amplitude response within individual channels
  • Non-linear distortion effects such as intermodulation and composite crossmodulation
• Performance Requirements:
  • Signal levels: Minimum, maximum, and difference allowances at system outlets
  • Impedance standards to ensure compatibility at terminal inputs
  • Frequency response and group delay limits to maintain signal fidelity
  • Long-term frequency stability and random noise control in distribution
  • Interference control, including single-frequency and intermodulation noises
  • Specific requirements for DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) and DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) technologies including PER (Packet Error Rate) and noise margins

Applications

IEC 60728-101:2016 plays a critical role in the deployment, maintenance, and troubleshooting of cable networks dedicated to digital television and sound distribution through coaxial cables. Its practical applications include:

• Network Design: Guiding engineers on acceptable signal levels, noise margins, and distortion tolerances to ensure robust service delivery.
• System Testing and Commissioning: Outlining the exact test methods and parameters to evaluate system readiness and operational quality.
• Routine Maintenance: Providing benchmarks for ongoing performance checks and diagnostics to prevent service degradation.
• Quality Assurance: Enabling service providers to meet stringent quality metrics for digital channel transmission.
• Interoperability: Ensuring that various equipment and terminals connected to the network meet universal standards for signal quality and compatibility.

This standard is especially relevant for cable operators, manufacturers of coaxial network equipment, and quality auditors in broadcasting infrastructure.

Related Standards

IEC 60728-101:2016 complements several IEC and international standards related to television and sound signal distribution over cable networks, including:

• IEC 60728-1: General requirements for cable distribution systems.
• IEC 60728-2 (Parts 2-x): Focuses on return path performance and measurement.
• DVB Standards (ETSI EN 300 468, EN 300 744): Standards for digital broadcasting modulation and transmission including QAM, PSK, and OFDM techniques referenced in IEC 60728-101 performance tests.
• IEC 60728-11: Specifications on signal distribution equipment for cable networks.
• Related radio frequency (RF) testing standards within IEC that complement noise margin and signal distortion considerations.

Adhering to IEC 60728-101:2016 ensures that digital cable networks are designed and maintained to meet internationally recognized performance metrics, enhancing reliability and user experience in television and sound signal delivery.

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Keywords: IEC 60728-101, cable networks standard, digital channels, coaxial cable, system performance, forward path, television signal distribution, sound signal distribution, digital broadcasting cable network, signal measurement IEC, digital TV cable standard, signal-to-noise ratio, bit error ratio, modulation error ratio, DVB cable performance, cable network testing, IEC cable standard.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC 60728-101 ®
Edition 1.0 2016-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Cable networks for television signals,sound signals and interactive services –
Part 101: System performance of forward paths loaded with digital channels only

Réseaux de distribution par câbles pour signaux de télévision, signaux de
radiodiffusion sonore et services intéractifs –
Partie 101: Performances des systèmes de voie directe soumis à une charge de
porteuses exclusivement numériques

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IEC 60728-101 ®
Edition 1.0 2016-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Cable networks for television signals,sound signals and interactive services –

Part 101: System performance of forward paths loaded with digital channels only

Réseaux de distribution par câbles pour signaux de télévision, signaux de

radiodiffusion sonore et services intéractifs –

Partie 101: Performances des systèmes de voie directe soumis à une charge de

porteuses exclusivement numériques

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.040.20; 33.160.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-3288-0

– 2 – IEC 60728-101:2016 © IEC 2016
CONTENTS
FOREWORD. 8
INTRODUCTION . 10
1 Scope . 15
2 Normative references . 15
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 17
3.1 Terms and definitions . 17
3.2 Symbols . 29
3.3 Abbreviations . 31
4 Methods of measurement at system outlet . 33
4.1 General . 33
4.2 Basic assumptions and measurement interfaces . 34
4.3 Signal level . 37
4.3.1 General . 37
4.3.2 Equipment required . 38
4.3.3 Connection of the equipment . 38
4.3.4 Measurement procedure . 38
4.3.5 Presentation of the results . 39
4.4 RF signal-to-intermodulation and noise ratio S/IN . 39
4.4.1 General . 39
4.4.2 Equipment required . 39
4.4.3 Connection of the equipment . 40
4.4.4 Measurement procedure . 40
4.4.5 Presentation of the results . 40
4.5 Bit error ratio (BER) . 40
4.5.1 General . 40
4.5.2 Equipment required . 41
4.5.3 Connection of the equipment . 41
4.5.4 Measurement procedure . 41
4.5.5 Presentation of the results . 42
4.6 BER versus S/N . 42
4.6.1 General . 42
4.6.2 Equipment required . 42
4.6.3 Connection of the equipment . 43
4.6.4 Measurement procedure . 43
4.6.5 Presentation of the results . 44
4.7 System operating levels and margins . 45
4.7.1 General . 45
4.7.2 White noise signal margin (SM ) . 47
WN
4.7.3 Intermodulation noise signal margin (SM ) . 48
IN
4.8 Modulation error ratio (MER) . 50
4.8.1 General . 50
4.8.2 Equipment required . 50
4.8.3 Connection of the equipment . 50
4.8.4 Measurement procedure . 51
4.8.5 Presentation of the results . 52
4.9 Phase jitter . 52

4.9.1 General . 52
4.9.2 Equipment required . 52
4.9.3 Connection of the equipment . 53
4.9.4 Measurement procedures . 53
4.9.5 Presentation of the results . 55
4.10 Phase noise of an RF carrier . 55
4.10.1 General . 55
4.10.2 Equipment required . 55
4.10.3 Connection of the equipment . 56
4.10.4 Measurement procedure . 56
4.10.5 Presentation of the results . 57
4.11 Mutual isolation between system outlets . 58
4.11.1 General . 58
4.11.2 Equipment required . 58
4.11.3 Connection of the equipment . 58
4.11.4 Measurement procedure . 58
4.11.5 Presentation of the results . 59
4.12 Amplitude response within a channel . 59
4.12.1 General . 59
4.12.2 Equipment required . 59
4.12.3 Connection of the equipment . 60
4.12.4 Measurement procedure . 60
4.12.5 Presentation of the results . 62
4.13 Non-linear distortion . 62
4.13.1 General . 62
4.13.2 Intermodulation . 62
4.13.3 Composite crossmodulation . 62
5 Performance requirements at system outlet . 62
5.1 General requirements . 62
5.2 Overview . 62
5.3 Impedance . 62
5.4 Requirements at the terminal input . 63
5.4.1 General . 63
5.4.2 Signal level . 63
5.4.3 Other parameters . 63
5.5 RF signal levels at system outlets . 63
5.5.1 Minimum and maximum RF signal levels. 63
5.5.2 RF signal level differences . 65
5.6 Mutual isolation between system outlets . 66
5.6.1 Isolation between two subscribers . 66
5.6.2 Isolation between individual outlets in one household . 66
5.6.3 Isolation between forward and return paths . 66
5.7 Frequency response within a television channel at any system outlet . 67
5.7.1 Amplitude response . 67
5.7.2 Group delay . 67
5.8 Long-term frequency stability of distributed signals at any system outlet . 68
5.9 Random noise . 69
5.10 Interference to television channels . 71
5.10.1 Single-frequency interference . 71

– 4 – IEC 60728-101:2016 © IEC 2016
5.10.2 Intermodulation noise . 71
5.11 DVB (PSK, QAM, OFDM) additional performance requirements . 71
5.11.1 BER . 71
5.11.2 PER . 71
5.11.3 White noise signal margin (SM ) . 71
WN
5.11.4 Intermodulation noise signal margin (SM ) . 72
IN
5.11.5 MER . 72
5.11.6 Phase noise of a DVB signal . 72
5.12 DAB performance . 73
6 Performance requirements at receiving antennas . 74
6.1 General . 74
6.2 Method of measurement of field strength . 74
6.2.1 General . 74
6.2.2 Equipment required . 74
6.2.3 Connection of the equipment . 74
6.2.4 Measurement procedure . 75
6.2.5 Presentation of the results . 75
6.3 Requirements . 75
6.3.1 General . 75
6.3.2 Field strength requirements . 76
6.3.3 Quality of received signals . 77
6.3.4 Safety . 80
6.3.5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) . 80
6.4 Interference reduction . 80
6.4.1 General . 80
6.4.2 Active antennas . 80
7 Performance requirements at home network interfaces of cable networks . 80
7.1 General . 80
7.2 Requirements at HNI1 for passive coaxial home networks . 81
7.2.1 General . 81
7.2.2 Signal levels at the HNI1 . 82
7.2.3 Mutual isolation between two HNI1 . 84
7.2.4 Frequency response within any television channel at the HNI1 . 84
7.2.5 Long-term frequency stability of distributed RF signals at HNI1 . 85
7.2.6 Random noise at the HNI1 . 85
7.2.7 Interference to television channels at the HNI1 . 85
7.2.8 Return path requirements at the HNI1. 86
7.3 Requirements at HNI2 for active coaxial home networks . 86
7.3.1 General . 86
7.3.2 RF signal levels at the HNI2 . 86
7.3.3 Mutual isolation between two HNI2 . 89
7.3.4 Frequency response within any television channel at the HNI2 . 89
7.3.5 Long-term frequency stability of distributed RF signals at HNI2 . 90
7.3.6 Random noise at HNI2 . 90
7.3.7 Interference to television channels at the HNI2 . 92
7.3.8 Return path requirements at the HNI2. 93
7.4 Requirements at HNI3 and at system outlet or terminal input when the home
network is mainly of balanced type . 93

7.4.1 General . 93
7.4.2 Requirements at HNI3 . 93
7.4.3 Requirements at system output . 93
7.4.4 Additional requirements at HNI3 for upstream transmission . 94
7.5 Requirements at HNI3 (case C) . 94
7.6 Requirements at HNI3 (case D) . 94
Annex A (normative) Correction factors for noise . 96
A.1 Signal level measurement . 96
A.2 Noise level measurement . 96
Annex B (normative) Null packet and PRBS definitions . 98
B.1 Null packet definition . 98
B.2 PRBS definition . 99
Annex C (normative) Digital signal level and bandwidth . 100
C.1 RF/IF power ("carrier") . 100
C.2 Bandwidth of a digital signal . 100
C.2.1 Occupied bandwidth . 100
C.2.2 Noise bandwidth . 101
C.2.3 Equivalent signal bandwidth . 101
C.3 Examples . 102
Annex D (normative) Correction factor for a spectrum analyser . 103
Annex E (informative) Differences in some countries . 104
E.1 Subclause 3.1.48, Norway . 104
E.2 Subclause 5.5.1, Japan . 104
E.3 Subclause 5.5.2, Japan . 104
E.4 Subclause 5.6.1, Japan . 105
E.5 Subclause 5.7.1, Japan . 105
E.6 Subclause 5.7.2 Japan . 105
E.7 Subclause 5.8, Japan . 105
E.8 Subclause 5.9, Japan . 105
E.9 Subclause 5.10.1, Japan . 105
E.10 Subclause 5.11.6, Japan . 106
E.11 Subclause 6.3.3, Japan . 107
E.12 Clause 7, Japan . 107
Bibliography . 108

Figure 1 – Example of a master antenna television system (MATV) for terrestrial
reception . 11
Figure 2 – Example of the headend of a master antenna television system for satellite
(SMATV) reception . 12
Figure 3 – Example of a master antenna television system for terrestrial and satellite
(SMATV) reception . 12
Figure 4 – Example of a cabled distribution system for television and sound signals . 13
Figure 5 – System model for downstream direction of a cable network for television
and sound signals (CATV) . 14
Figure 6 – PSK modulation (QPSK, BPSK or TC8PSK) . 34
Figure 7 – DVB-S2 modulation (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) . 34
Figure 8 – DVB-C QAM modulation . 34
Figure 9 – DVB-C2 QAM modulation . 35

– 6 – IEC 60728-101:2016 © IEC 2016
Figure 10 – DVB-T OFDM modulation . 35
Figure 11 – DVB-T2 OFDM modulation . 35
Figure 12 – Reference receiver for PSK demodulation (QPSK, BPSK or TC8PSK) . 36
Figure 13 – Reference receiver for DVB-S2 demodulation (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK,
32APSK) . 36
Figure 14 – Reference receiver for DVB-C QAM demodulation . 36
Figure 15 – Reference receiver for DVB-C2 demodulation . 36
Figure 16 – Reference receiver for DVB-T OFDM demodulation . 37
Figure 17 – Reference receiver (buffer model) for DVB-T2 OFDM demodulation . 37
Figure 18 – Test set-up for BER measurement . 41
Figure 19 – Test set-up for BER measurement versus S/N . 43
Figure 20 – Example of BER measurement versus S/N . 45
Figure 21 – Example of S/IN and BER versus signal level S for a cable network without

optical link . 46
Figure 22 – Optical and coaxial subsystems of an HFC network . 46
Figure 23 – Test set-up for SM and SM measurement . 48
WN IN
Figure 24 – Test set-up for modulation error ratio (MER) measurement and phase jitter
measurement . 51
Figure 25 – Example of constellation diagram for a 64 QAM modulation format . 52
Figure 26 – Example of constellation diagram for a 64 QAM modulation format with
arcs due to phase jitter . 54
Figure 27 – Test set-up for phase noise measurement . 56
Figure 28 – Example of mask for phase noise measurements: PSK, APSK and QAM

formats . 57
Figure 29 – Example of mask for phase noise measurements: OFDM format . 57
Figure 30 – Arrangement of test equipment for measurement of mutual isolation
between system outlets . 58
Figure 31 – Arrangement of test equipment for measurement of frequency response
within a channel . 60
Figure 32 – Interpretation of displays for measurement of frequency response within a
channel . 61
Figure 33 – Home network types used to define the requirements at several HNI types
(coaxial) . 81
Figure A.1 – Noise correction factor CF versus measured level difference D . 97
Figure E.1 – Single-frequency interference (64 QAM digital) (Japan) . 106
Figure E.2 – Single-frequency interference (256 QAM digital) (Japan) . 106

Table 1 – Application of the methods of measurement . 33
Table 2 – Frequency distance f . 57
m
Table 3 – Digital signal levels at any system outlet . 64
Table 4 – Maximum level differences at any system outlet between distributed
television channels . 66
Table 5 – Residual carrier level at television or FM radio output within the same outlet
or between two different outlets . 67
Table 6 – Amplitude response variation . 67
Table 7 – Group delay variation . 68

Table 8 – Maximum deviation of conversion frequency for digitally modulated DVB
signals . 68
Table 9 – RF signal-to noise ratio at system outlet . 69
Table 10 – Modulation error ratio MER of DVB signals . 72
Table 11 – Phase noise of a DVB signal (PSK, APSK and QAM) . 73
Table 12 – Phase noise of a DVB-T or DVB-C2 signal (COFDM) . 73
Table 13 – Minimum field strength levels recommended by CEPT [3] . 76
Table 14 – Minimum signal level at the headend input for the reception of DAB signals . 77
Table 15 – Minimum signal level and RF signal-to-noise ratio at the headend input for
stationary reception of DVB-T signals . 77
Table 16 – Minimum signal-to-noise ratio S/N at the headend input for DVB-T2 signals . 78
Table 17 – Minimum RF signal-to-noise ratio at the headend input for the reception of
DVB-S or DVB-S2 satellite signals . 79
Table 18 – Signal level at HNI1 . 82
Table 19 – Maximum level differences at HNI1 . 84
Table 20 – Amplitude response variation at HNI1 . 85
Table 21 – Group delay variation at HNI1 . 85
Table 22 – Signal level at HNI2 . 87
Table 23 – Maximum level differences at HNI2 . 89
Table 24 – Amplitude response variation at HNI2 . 90
Table 25 – Group delay variation at HNI2 . 90
Table 26 – Minimum RF signal-to-noise ratios at HNI2 . 91
Table 27 – Minimum signal level at coaxial terminal input (case A) or at coaxial
system outlet (case B) . 94
Table A.1 – Noise correction factor . 96
Table B.1 – Null transport stream packet definition . 98
Table C.1 – Examples of bandwidths for digital modulation techniques . 102

– 8 – IEC 60728-101:2016 © IEC 2016
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
CABLE NETWORKS FOR TELEVISION SIGNALS,
SOUND SIGNALS AND INTERACTIVE SERVICES –

Part 101: System performance of forward paths
loaded with digital channels only

FOREWORD
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International Standard IEC 60728-101 has been prepared by technical area 5: Cable networks
for television signals, sound signals and interactive services, of IEC technical committee 100:
Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
100/2641/FDIS 100/2668/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The list of all the parts of the IEC 60728 series, under the general title Cable networks for
television signals, sound signals and interactive services, can be found on the IEC website.
For the differences in some countries, see Annex E.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 10 – IEC 60728-101:2016 © IEC 2016
INTRODUCTION
Standards and deliverables of the IEC 60728 series deal with cable networks including
equipment and associated methods of measurement for headend reception, processing and
distribution of television and sound signals and for processing, interfacing and transmitting all
kinds of data signals for interactive services using all applicable transmission media. These
signals are typically transmitted in networks by frequency-multiplexing techniques.
This includes for instance
• regional and local broadband cable networks,
• extended satellite and terrestrial television distribution systems,
• individual satellite and terrestrial television receiving systems,
and all kinds of equipment, systems and installations used in such cable networks, distribution
and receiving systems.
The extent of this standardization work is from the antennas and/or special signal source
inputs to the headend or other interface points to the network up to the terminal input of the
customer premises equipment.
The standardization work will consider coexistence with users of the RF spectrum in wired
and wireless transmission systems.
The standardization of any user terminals (i.e. tuners, receivers, decoders, multimedia
terminals, etc.) as well as of any coaxial, balanced and optical cables and accessories thereof
is excluded.
The reception of television signals inside a building requires an outdoor antenna and a
distribution network to convey the signal to the TV receivers.
The installation of an outdoor antenna for each TV receiver should be avoided for technical,
economical and practical reasons.
In a building divided into apartment blocks, the installation of a master antenna television
system for terrestrial (MATV) and/or satellite (SMATV) reception, as shown in Figure 1,
Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5, describing as an example the various parts of the
system is usual. Most of the terms used in the IEC 60728 series can be referred to these
figures.
When signals to be conveyed to the TV receivers are picked up far away, for geographical
reasons, and the number of users (subscribers) is very high, the installation of a cable
network using coaxial cables and/or fibre optic cables is used, as indicated in Figure 4,
d
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