ISO 19694-3:2023
(Main)Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 3: Cement industry
Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 3: Cement industry
This document specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by different basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international group basis. It addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included: — Direct GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, a)] from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization, such as emissions that result from the following processes: — calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials; — combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to either clinker production or drying of raw materials and fuels, or both; — combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating and cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana); — combustion of fuels for on-site power generation; — combustion of carbon contained in wastewater; — Indirect GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, b)] from the generation of purchased electricity consumed in the organization’s owned or controlled equipment; — Other indirect GHG emissions [(ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f)] from purchased clinker. Excluded from this document are all other ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f) emissions from the cement industry.
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives — Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19694-3
First edition
2023-03
Stationary source emissions —
Determination of greenhouse gas
emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Part 3:
Cement industry
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à
effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives —
Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
Reference number
© ISO 2023
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms.5
5 Determination of GHGs . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Major GHG in cement . 6
5.3 Determination by stack emission measurements . 7
5.4 Determination based on mass balance . 7
5.5 Gross and net emissions . 7
5.5.1 General . 7
5.5.2 Gross emissions . 9
5.5.3 Other indirect GHG emission reductions — Utilization of waste heat . 10
6 GHG inventory boundaries .12
6.1 General .12
6.2 Reporting boundaries .12
6.3 Organizational boundaries .13
6.3.1 General .13
6.3.2 Installations that are covered . 13
6.3.3 Operational control and ownership criteria. 14
6.3.4 Internal clinker, cement and MIC transfers . 14
7 Direct GHG emissions and their determination .16
7.1 General . 16
7.2 CO from raw material calcinations . 18
7.2.1 General . 18
7.2.2 Input methods A1 and A2 . 20
7.2.3 Output methods B1 and B2 . 24
7.3 Reporting of CO emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker
[4]
output: Summary of IPCC and CSI recommendations, and default emission
factor for clinker .28
7.4 Determination of the FD calcination rate .29
7.5 Direct determination of the CO emission factor of FD from analysis of CO content .30
2 2
7.6 Cement specific issues for fuels . 30
7.6.1 Conventional fossil fuels .30
7.6.2 Alternative fuels . 31
7.7 GHG from fuels for kilns . 32
7.8 GHG from non-kiln fuels . 32
7.9 GHG from the combustion of wastewater . 33
7.10 Non-CO GHG emissions from the cement industry . 33
8 Indirect GHG emissions and their determination .34
8.1 General .34
8.2 CO from external electricity production .34
8.3 CO from purchased clinker.34
9 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments .35
10 Reporting .35
10.1 General . 35
10.2 Corporate environmental reporting . 36
10.3 Reporting periods . 37
iii
10.4 Performance indicators . 37
10.4.1 General . 37
10.4.2 Denominators . . 37
11 Uncertainty of GHG inventories .43
11.1 General to uncertainty assessment . 43
11.1.1 Basic considerations . 43
11.1.2 Materiality thresholds . 45
11.2 Uncertainty of activity data . 45
11.2.1 Measuring instruments for the determination of fuel and material
quantities . 45
11.2.2 Aggregated uncertainties in case of mass balances .46
11.3 Uncertainties of fuel and material parameters .46
11.3.1 Laboratory analyses for the determination of fuel and material parameters .46
11.3.2 Uncertainties of total heat consumption and CO emissions of fuels.46
11.4 Uncertainties of continuous stack emission measurements . 47
11.5 E valuation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory . 47
11.6 Application of default values instead of analysing results . 47
Annex A (informative) Findings from the field tests (analytical interferences) .49
Annex B (informative) Emission factors .52
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of activity data .54
Annex D (informative) Overview on terms in a cement plant .60
Annex E (informative) Considerations for the application of this document — Verification
procedure .64
Bibliography .66
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
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on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
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www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
Introduction
0.1 Overview of cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) preparing of raw materials and fuels;
b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials;
c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cement.
There are two main sources of direct CO emissions in the production process: calcination of raw
materials in the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described
in more detail below. Other CO sources include direct GHG emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g. dryers
for cement constituents products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation),
and indirect GHG emissions from, for example, external power production and transports. Non-CO
greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol, apart from carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH ) and
nitrous oxide (N O), are not relevant in the cement context in the sense that direct GHG emissions of
these gases are negligible.
NOTE The non-CO greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol are: methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O),
2 4 2
sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), partly halogenated fluorohydrogencarbons (HFC) and perfluorated hydrocarbons
(PFC).
SOURCE Reference [8], based on Reference [16]. Reproduced with the permission of the authors.
Figure 1 — Process steps in cement manufacture
Table 1 gives an overview of places where materials enter the cement production process.
vi
Table 1 — Overview of input places of materials
Raw meal Input place
Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill
Alternative raw materials Raw mill
Raw material flows for clinker production Input place
Raw meal Kiln feed
Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer
Additional raw materials not part of the kiln feed Kiln inlet
Fuels flows for clinker and cement production Input place
Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Cement kiln dust Output place
Dust return Preheater
Filter dust Precipitator / filter
By pass dust Bypass filter
Cement constituents-based products Output place
Clinker Kiln (cooler)
Cement Cement mill
Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station
Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station
Gypsum Cement mill or grinding station
Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the clinker
Cooler dust
silo
Cement kiln dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter
Limestone Cement mill or grinding station
Burnt shale Cement mill or grinding station
Pozzolana Cement mill or grinding station
Silica fume Cement mill or grinding station
0.2 CO from calcination of raw materials
In the clinker production process, CO is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,
magnesium and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime:
CaCO + heat → CaO + CO
3 2
MgCO + heat → MgO + CO
3 2
This process is called “calcining” or “calcination”. It results in direct CO emissions through the kiln
stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components can be distinguished:
— CO from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials are fully calcined
in the clinker production process;
vii
— CO from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as
normally fully calcined bypass dust.
CO from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, which in turn
varies little in time or between different cement plants.
NOTE A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used.
As a result, the CO emission factor per tonne of clinker is fairly stable with a default value in this
document of 525 kg CO /t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg CO /t clinker, CSI default: 525 kg CO /t
2 2 2
[19]
clinker ).
The amount of kiln dust leaving the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality
standards, ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The
associated emissions are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations.
CO emissions from calcination of raw materials can be calculated by two methods which are in
principle equivalent: either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker
plus dust leaving the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition
of the raw materials entering the kiln (input methods A1 and A2). See 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 for details.
0.3 CO from organic carbon in raw materials
The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon,
which can be expressed as TOC content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted to CO during
pyro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO emissions of a cement plant is
typically very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials can, however, vary
substantially between locations and between the types of materials used. For example, the resulting
emissions can be relevant if a cement company organization consumes large quantities of certain types
of fly ash or shale as raw materials entering the kiln.
0.4 CO from fuels for kiln operation
The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate cement kilns, including coal,
petroleum coke, fuel oil and natural gas. Fuels derived from waste materials have become important
substitutes for conventional fossil fuels. These AFs include fossil fuel-derived fractions such as, for
example, waste oil and plastics, as well as biomass-derived fractions such as waste wood and dewatered
sludge from wastewater treatment. Furthermore, fuels which contain both fossil and biogenic carbon
(mixed fuels), like, for example, (pre-treated) municipal and (pre-treated) industrial wastes (containing
plastics, textiles, paper etc.) or waste tyres (containing natural and synthetic rubber), are increasingly
used.
Both traditional fossil and alternative fuels result in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack.
However, biomass and bioliquids are considered “climate neutral“ in accordance with IPCC definitions.
The use of alternative (biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels can, in addition, lead to important emission
reductions elsewhere, for instance from waste incineration plants or landfills.
Mineral components are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties. Examples
of MIC include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag and fly ash. In addition, gypsum is within this
document labelled as MIC. MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some instances,
pure MICs are directly added to the concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. Use of MICs
leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO emissions associated with clinker production, both from
calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are waste materials from other production processes
such as, for example, steel and coal-fired power production. Related GHG emissions are monitored
and reported by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for clinker or cement
substitution does not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. Consequently, these
indirect GHG emissions are not included in the cement production inventory.
The basic mass balance methods used in this document are compatible with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[4] [9]
(IPCC) , and with the revised WRI / WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol . Default emission factors
viii
suggested in these documents are used, except where more recent, industry-specific data has become
available.
[4]
The 2006 IPCC Guidelines introduced a Tier 3 method for reporting CO emissions from the cement
[4]
production based on the raw material inputs (see Vol. III, Chapter 2.2.1.1, Formula (2).3 ). However, a
large number of raw material inputs and the need to continuously monitor their chemical composition
make this approach impractical in many cement plants. The different raw materials are normally
homogenized before and during the grinding process in the raw mill. The WRI / WBCSD therefore
recommended alternative methods for input-based reporting of CO emissions from raw material
calcination in cement plants. They rely on determining the amount of raw meal consumed in the kiln
system. In many cement plants, the homogenized mass flow of raw meal is routinely monitored including
its chemical analysis for the purpose of process and product quality control. The input methods based
on the raw meal consumed are already successfully applied in cement plants in different countries
and seem to be more practical than Tier 3 of Reference [4]. They were included in the Cement CO
[1]
and Energy Protocol Version 3 (simple input method A1 and detailed input method A2, 7.2.1). This
document provides guidance on how to compare the GHG performance of other companies or plants
within a sector level which is different from a methodology of the IPCC National Inventory Guideline.
This document for the cement industry has been based on Reference [1].
ix
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of
greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries —
Part 3:
Cement industry
1 Scope
This document specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by
different basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international
group basis. It addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included:
— Direct GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, a)] from sources that are owned or controlled by the
organization, such as emissions that result from the following processes:
— calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials;
— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to either clinker production or drying of raw
materials and fuels, or both;
— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating
and cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— combustion of carbon contained in wastewater;
— Indirect GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, b)] from the generation of purchased electricity
consumed in the organization’s owned or controlled equipment;
— Other indirect GHG emissions [(ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f)] from purchased clinker. Excluded
from this document are all other ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f) emissions from the cement industry.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12039, Stationary source emissions —Determination of the mass concentration of carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue gas — Performance characteristics of automated measuring systems
ISO 14064-1:2018, Greenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for
quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals
ISO 16911-1, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume
flow rate in ducts — Part 1: Manual reference method
ISO 16911-2, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume
flow rate in ducts — Part 2: Automated measuring systems
ISO 19694-1, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive
industries — Part 1: General aspects
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19694-1 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
additional raw material
ADRM
raw material (3.30) which is fed directly to the calciner or the kiln inlet (3.26)
Note 1 to entry: Additional raw materials are not part of the kiln feed.
3.2
alternative fuel
AF
fuel derived from waste materials
Note 1 to entry: AF can be further divided into biogenic, fossil (3.18) and mixed alternative fuels.
3.3
automated measuring system
AMS
measuring system permanently installed on site for continuous monitoring of emissions
Note 1 to entry: An AMS is a method which is traceable to a reference method.
Note 2 to entry: Apart from the analyser, an AMS includes facilities for taking samples (e.g. sample probe, sample
gas lines, filters, flow meters, regulators, delivery pumps, blowers) and for sample conditioning (e.g. dust filter,
water vapour removal devices, converters, diluters). This definition also includes testing and adjusting devices
that are required for regular functional checks.
Note 3 to entry: In ISO 14064-1:2018, AMS are called “continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS)".
3.4
alternative fossil fuel
fossil fuel derived from waste materials without biogenic content and not listed by IPCC
3.5
alternative raw material
ARM
raw material (3.30) for clinker (3.13) production derived from artificial resources
3.6
bioliquid
liquid fuel for energy purposes other than for transport, including electricity and heating and cooling,
produced from biomass
3.7
bypass dust
BPD
discarded dust from the bypass system dedusting unit of suspension preheater, precalciner and grate
preheater kilns, normally consisting of kiln feed (3.23) material which is fully calcined or at least
calcined to a high degree
3.8
cement
building material made by grinding clinker (3.13) together with various mineral components (3.26) such
as gypsum, limestone, blast furnace slag, coal fly ash and natural volcanic material
Note 1 to entry: This term includes special cements such as the ones based on calcium aluminates
3.9
cement (equivalent)
calculated cement production value which is determined from clinker (3.13) produced on-site in an
integrated cement plant (3.21) applying the plant-specific clinker/cement-factor
3.10
cement constituent
main and minor additional materials used in cement (3.9) plus calcium sulphates and additives in
cement
3.11
cement kiln dust
CKD
discarded dust from dry and wet kiln system (3.22) dedusting units, consisting of partly calcined kiln
feed (3.23) material which includes bypass dust (3.7) or any other dust flows coming from the clinker
(3.13) production
3.12
cement constituents-based product
clinker (3.13) produced for cement (3.8) making or direct clinker sale, plus mineral components (3.26)
consumed or processed for sale excluding pre-processed mineral components imported from another
cement plant
3.13
clinker
intermediate product in cement (3.8) manufacturing and the main substance in cement
Note 1 to entry: clinker is the result of calcination of limestone in the kiln and subsequent reactions caused
[12]
through burning (see EN 197-1 ).
3.14
concrete addition
finely divided inorganic material with pozzolanic or latent hydraulic properties or nearly inert, used in
concrete in order to improve certain properties or to achieve special properties
3.15
fossil direct GHG emission
total direct emission (3.34) of GHGs within the reporting boundaries excluding GHG emissions from
biomass fuels or biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels
3.16
dust return
dust arising during clinker (3.13) manufacture that is ultimately returned to the raw mill or kiln system
(3.22)
Note 1 to entry: This term does not include bypass dust (3.7).
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 6 for an example of mass flows in the clinker production process.
3.17
filter dust leaving the kiln system
cement kiln dust (3.11) leaving the kiln system (3.22) excluding bypass dust (3.7)
3.18
fossil fuel
fuels from fossilized materials listed by IPCC
Note 1 to entry: Examples of fossilized material are coal, oil, and natural gas and peat.
3.19
grinding station
plant for cement (3.8) production where cement constituents are ground without having onsite clinker
(3.13) production
3.20
gross emission
fossil direct GHG emissions (3.15) excluding GHG emissions from on-site power production
3.21
integrated cement plant
plant where clinker (3.13) is produced and partly or fully ground to cement (3.8)
3.22
kiln system
tubular heating apparatus used in the production of clinker (3.13), including preheater and/or pre-
calciner
3.23
kiln feed
raw materials (3.30), often processed as raw meal (3.31) [including recirculated dust (3.33)], which are
fed to a preheater or directly into the kiln system (3.22)
3.24
kiln fuel
fuel fed to the kiln system (3.22) plus fuels that are used for drying or processing of raw materials (3.30)
for the production of clinker (3.13) and their preparation
3.25
kiln inlet
kiln hood or entrance to the tubular heating apparatus for materials
3.26
mineral component
cement constituent (3.10) other than clinker (3.13) plus concrete additions (3.14) processed in view of
changing their properties
3.27
net emission
gross emissions (3.20) excluding fossil GHG emissions from alternative fuels (3.2) and comparable
benchmark emissions from external heat or energy transfer
3.28
non-kiln fuel
fuels which are not included in the definition of kiln fuels (3.24)
3.29
petcoke
petroleum coke
carbon-based solid fuel derived from oil refineries
3.30
raw material
materials used for raw meal (3.31) preparation for clinker (3.13) production
3.31
raw meal
ground raw materials (3.30) for clinker (3.13) production
3.32
raw meal consumed
part of the raw meal (3.31), which is consumed for clinker (3.13) production and the formation of
calcined bypass dust (3.7)
3.33
recirculated dust
dust flow that is reused as kiln feed (3.23)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 6 for an example of mass flows in the clinker (3.13) production process.
3.34
total direct GHG emission
all direct emissions of GHGs within the reporting boundaries including GHG emissions from raw
materials (3.30) processing, fossil fuels (3.18), biomass and biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels, and
CO from waste water combustion
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
ADRM Additional raw material
AF Alternative fuel
AFR Alternative fuel and alternative raw material
ARM Alternative raw material
AMS Automated measuring system
BioC Biogenic carbon content
BPD Bypass dust
cem cement (equivalent)
eq
cem cement constituents-based product
products
CKD Cement kiln dust
cli clinker
CSI Cement sustainablity initiative of the WBCSD
EF Emission factor
FD Filter dust
GCV Gross calorific value (synonym for higher heat value, HHV)
GHG Greenhouse gas
GWP Global warming potential
HHV Higher heat value (synonym for gross calorific value, GCV)
IPCC Intergovernmental panel on climate change
IR Infrared
KF Kiln feed
KPI Key performace indicator
LHV Lower heat value (synonym for net calorific value, NCV)
LOI Loss on ignition
MIC Mineral component
Normal cubic meters (at 1 013 hPa and 0 °C)
m
N
NCV Net calorific value (synonym for lower heat value, LHV)
QXRD Quantitative X-ray diffractometry
RM Raw meal
SRM Standard reference method
TC Total carbon (the sum of TOC and TIC)
TIC Total inorganic carbon
TOC Total organic carbon
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development
WRI World Resources Institute
5 Determination of GHGs
5.1 General
The volume of GHG emissions can be determined by the mass balance method (see 5.4) or by (continuous)
stack emission measurements (see 5.3). Further clarification of the different mass flows in the cement
production process is given in Annex D.
5.2 Major GHG in cement
For the mass balance, the emissions have been related to carbon assuming that all carbon is converted
into CO , with exclusion of all other GHG components assuming that these are negligible.
5.3 Determination by stack emission measurements
The GHG emissions of an installation can also be determined by measurement. Emissions from an
emission source are determined based on continuous measurement of the concentration of the relevant
greenhouse gas in the flue gas and of the flue gas flow. The measurements should include measurements
of CH and N O as these are assumed to be the only important non-CO GHG emissions. Measurement
4 2 2
standards that shall be applied on stack emission measurements are ISO 12039 for measurement of CO,
CO and O and ISO 16911-1 and ISO 16911-2 for velocity and volume flow measurement rates. For more
2 2
details, refer to ISO 16964-1.
5.4 Determination based on mass balance
The GHG emissions of an installation can be determined based on mass balance. Emissions from source
streams are calculated from input or production data, obtained by means of measurement systems, and
additional parameters from laboratory analyses including calorific factor, carbon content and biomass
content. Standard factors can also be used; see Annex B for hints regarding emission factors.
5.5 Gross and net emissions
5.5.1 General
For the purpose of comparison of GHG emissions of plants or installations from different sectors within
the energy-intensive industries, it is essential that the boundaries for monitoring and reporting of these
emissions are identical on plant level, even when being different in detail for each sector. Within this
view the GHG emissions from pure biomass and from the biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels are
being recognized as climate change neutral and therefore treated as zero direct GHG emissions.
Figure 2 — Site, facility, plant or installation
For a plant this leads to the so-called “fossil direct GHG emissions”, to the value of which can be
compared with comparable volumes from sites within different sectors. It is an absolute volume of
reported GHGs by a plant, site or organization, see Figure 2 and definitions.
But this volume of “fossil direct GHG emissions” cannot be used for comparison of the performances of
installations within the cement industry sector. A site that is producing its own electricity (power) will
have higher fossil direct GHG emissions than a nearly identical site which gets the electricity from the
external grid as emissions of external electricity production are reported as indirect GHG emissions
from imported energy. For comparison reasons, the emissions from on-site power generation have to
be excluded from the fossil direct GHG emissions leading to the so-called “gross emissions”.
This concept of gross emissions enables a comparison of GHG emissions on plant, site or organization
level.
Table 2 — Direct emissions
Calculation result Calculation contribution Description
E = Fossil direct GHG emissions
fossil,dir
E Total direct GHG emissions
total,dir
Emissions from pure biomass and from the biogenic
− E
bio
carbon content of mixed fuels
E = Gross emissions
gross
E Fossil direct GHG emissions
f,dir
− E Emissions from on-site power generation
ospg
The concept of gross emissions enables comparison of direct GHG emissions on plant level within
the cement industry. This concept does not enable fair comparison of performance of plants and
installations for their effect on global climate change, because some GHG emissions are excluded – see
Tables 2 and 3.
This document offers the incentive of taking advantage of indirect GHG savings from the use of AFR by
reporting gross (including alternative fossil fuels) and net (excluding alternative fossil fuels) emissions.
Some waste materials can substitute conventional fossil fuels and minerals in cement production. The
recovered wastes are called AFR. As a result, direct CO emissions from conventional fossil fuels are
reduced but direct CO emissions from wastes (“waste-to-energy conversion”) occur. The direct CO
2 2
emissions from waste combustion can be higher or lower than the displaced emission, depending on
the emission factors of the fuels involved. Moreover, wastes can be of fossil or biomass origin.
In addition to those direct effects, utilization of AFR results in indirect GHG savings at landfills and
incineration plants where these wastes can otherwise be disposed. These savings can partly, fully or
more than fully offset the direct CO emissions from waste combustion at the cement plant, depending
on local conditions (type of waste, reference disposal path).
Gross emissions are the total direct GHG emissions (excluding on-site power generation) from a cement
plant or organization, including GHG from fossil wastes (but excluding CO from biomass wastes, which
is treated as a memo item). Advantages from indirect GHG savings reflect the GHG emission reductions
achieved at waste disposal sites as a result of AFR utilization. The actual reductions will usually be
difficult to determine with precision; hence the countable savings will to some degree have to be agreed
upon by convention, rather than based on “precise” GHG impact assessments.
Table 3 — Gross and net emissions
Calculation result Calculation contribution Description
E = Net emissions
net
E Gross emissions
gross
− E Emissions from alternative fossil fuels and non-biogenic content of mixed fuels
AF
− E Comparable benchmark emissions for external heat transfer
BM,heat
Net emissions are the gross emissions minus the advantages for indirect GHG savings. As far as
practicable, reported AFR advantages should take into account local circumstances (e.g. national
agreements, life cycle analyses of local AFR use). When reporting to third parties, supporting
evidence for the savings should be provided and verified as appropriate. As a default, this document
assumes indirect savings to be equal to the direct GHG emission from fossil AFR use. This approach
is a simplification of the AFR issue. It is however, in the medium-term, the least onerous and most
practicable approach, where transparency is achieved through disclosure of gross and net emissions.
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