ISO 8608:2016
(Main)Mechanical vibration — Road surface profiles — Reporting of measured data
Mechanical vibration — Road surface profiles — Reporting of measured data
ISO 8608:2016 specifies a uniform method of reporting measured vertical road profile data for either one-track or multiple-track measurements. It applies to the reporting of measured vertical profile data taken on roads, streets and highways, and on off-road terrain. It does not apply to rail-track data. Measurement and processing equipment and methods are not included.
Vibrations mécaniques — Profils de routes — Méthode de présentation des résultats de mesures
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8608
Second edition
2016-11-01
Mechanical vibration — Road surface
profiles — Reporting of measured data
Vibrations mécaniques — Profils de routes — Méthode de
présentation des résultats de mesures
Reference number
ISO 8608:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 2
5 Uniform method of reporting. 3
5.1 One-track data . 3
5.1.1 Description of the road profile. 3
5.1.2 Presentation of the smoothed power spectral density . 4
5.2 Multiple-track data . 7
5.3 Report . 7
5.3.1 General. 7
5.3.2 One-track data curve sheet . 7
5.3.3 Multiple-track data curve sheet . 8
5.3.4 Parameters of analysis . 8
5.3.5 Test conditions. 9
Annex A (informative) Example of a report .11
Annex B (informative) Road profile characterization and PSD fitting .17
Annex C (informative) General guidance for use of the statistical road profile description.20
Annex D (informative) Considerations for PSD processing and precision .30
Bibliography .36
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition
monitoring, Subcommittee SC 2, Measurement and evaluation of mechanical vibration and shock as applied
to machines, vehicles and structures.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8608:1995), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The following changes have been made:
— normative references have been updated;
— subclause numbering has been adjusted;
— figures have been made language independent;
— bibliography has been updated;
— editorially revised.
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
Introduction
The purpose of this document is to facilitate the compilation and comparison of measured vertical road
profile data from various sources. It therefore specifies a uniform method of reporting data from one-
track and multiple-track measurements.
It specifies how measurements are to be reported, but not how the measurements are to be made. The
measuring equipment can influence the results of the measurement; therefore certain characteristics
of the measuring system have also to be reported.
Annex A is an example of a report which meets the minimum requirements of this document.
Annex B gives means of approximately characterizing specific road profiles in order to facilitate the
division of road profiles into general classifications. A general classification is also given. A curve fitting
method is presented for characterizing spectral data.
Annex C provides general guidance for the use of road profile statistical data for simulation studies and
for related studies such as evaluation of comfort, suspensions and road profiles.
Annex D discusses the processing of the power spectral density (PSD) with the fast Fourier transform
(FFT) technique. A discussion on the statistical precision is also given.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8608:2016(E)
Mechanical vibration — Road surface profiles — Reporting
of measured data
1 Scope
This document specifies a uniform method of reporting measured vertical road profile data for either
one-track or multiple-track measurements.
It applies to the reporting of measured vertical profile data taken on roads, streets and highways, and
on off-road terrain. It does not apply to rail-track data. Measurement and processing equipment and
methods are not included.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 61260-1, Electroacoustics — Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters — Part 1: Specifications
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2041 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
spatial frequency
reciprocal of the wavelength
Note 1 to entry: The spatial frequency is expressed in cycles per metre (cycles/m).
3.2
power spectral density
PSD
limiting mean-square value of a signal per unit frequency bandwidth
Note 1 to entry: For a one-sided spectrum, the area located between the graphic plot and the horizontal axis in a
2
linear plot should be equal to the variance σ of the original signal for the evaluated frequency range. This leads
to a doubling of the spectral amplitude when the calculation process is only estimating the spectrum for positive
frequencies.
3.3
displacement PSD
power spectral density of the vertical road profile displacement
3.4
velocity PSD
power spectral density of the rate of change of the vertical road profile displacement per unit distance
travelled (slope of the vertical road profile)
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
3.5
acceleration PSD
power spectral density of the rate of change of the slope of the vertical road profile per unit distance
travelled
3.6
decolouring
procedure to eliminate the influence of the transfer function of the measuring system on the power
spectral density
Note 1 to entry: The raw power spectral density should be decoloured before any further processing by dividing
it by the square of the modulus of the measuring equipment transfer function.
3.7
smoothing
averaging process in which a data block is shifted and averaged
Note 1 to entry: In this document, “unsmoothed PSD” means the power spectral density as calculated from the
measured data, i.e. with the bandwidths used in or following from the calculations and which are different from
those indicated in Table 2. The term “smoothed PSD” is the power spectral density which is obtained after using
the averaging process described in 5.1.2.
4 Symbols
The symbols used in this document are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Description Unit
B Frequency resolution cycles/m
e
f Time frequency Hz
3
G (.) Displacement PSD m
d
G (.) Velocity PSD m
v
–1
G (.) Acceleration PSD m
a
G (.) PSD of track 1 —
1
G (.) PSD of track 2 —
2
G (.) Cross spectrum between tracks 1 and 2 —
12
l Wheelbase m
n Spatial frequency cycles/m
t Time s
v Vehicle speed m/s
2
γ Coherence function —
2
σ Variance
ω Angular frequency (= 2πf ) rad/s
Ω Angular spatial frequency (= 2πn) rad/m
NOTE The indication (.) means that the parameter of the function can be spatial
frequency (n) or angular spatial frequency (Ω).
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
5 Uniform method of reporting
5.1 One-track data
5.1.1 Description of the road profile
5.1.1.1 General
The road profile shall be described by one or both of the following methods, with preference for the
first, the displacement PSD.
The reporting of the non-smoothed data is always required.
5.1.1.2 First method — Displacement PSD: G (.)
d
The road profile shall be described by the power spectral density (PSD) of its vertical displacement.
The report shall include the displacement PSD versus (angular) spatial frequency, both on logarithmic
3
axes. The dimensions are metres cubed (m ) versus reciprocal metres (cycles/m and rad/m).
Two scales shall be given on the ordinate, one for G (n) and one for G (Ω). Both n and Ω scales shall be
d d
indicated in the abscissa. The grid, however, shall only be drawn for G (n) and n (see Figure A.2, for
d
example).
5.1.1.3 Second method — Acceleration PSD: G (.)
a
The acceleration power spectral density (PSD) is an allowed alternative method of reporting data.
In this case, the road profile shall be described as the PSD of its acceleration in terms of the rate of
change of the slope of the road surface per unit distance travelled. The dimension of the acceleration
–1
PSD is reciprocal metres (m ).
The scales shall be logarithmic on both axes. Two scales shall be given on the ordinate, one for G (n) and
a
one for G (Ω). On the abscissa, both n and Ω shall be indicated. The grid, however, shall only be drawn
a
for G (n) and n.
a
5.1.1.4 Relationship between the two reporting methods
The relationship between the two reporting methods (see 5.1.1.2 and 5.1.1.3) is given by Formulae (1)
and (2):
4
G (n) = (2πn) · G (n) (1)
a d
4
G (Ω) = Ω · G (Ω) (2)
a d
5.1.1.5 Spatial frequency range
The reported PSD shall be restricted between the limits allowed by the measuring equipment. For the
report, the user may select any spatial frequency range appropriate to his/her particular road surface,
problem and product.
The measured surface depends on the measuring equipment, which has a certain smoothing effect.
This equipment is to be reported (see Note 4 and 5.3.5.2.1).
NOTE 1 Figure C.1 gives the relationship between the vehicle speed, the spatial frequency and the time
frequency. Knowledge of the frequency and speed characteristics for a given class of vehicles makes it possible to
choose the useful limits for that class of vehicle (e.g. on-road or off-road vehicles).
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
NOTE 2 For the lower limit, the spatial frequency need not in general be measured lower than 0,01 cycles/m
for on-road vehicles and 0,05 cycles/m for off-road vehicles.
NOTE 3 The enveloping effect of the tyre acts as a low-pass filter for the road vibration input to the vehicle.
This effect depends on the size and construction of the tyre. For general on-road measurements, this results in
a recommended upper limit of 10 cycles/m. Of course for suspension vibration purposes, the interesting upper
limit depends on the maximum allowed speed on the particular road. For noise purposes, the interesting upper
limit may be much higher, and may go as high as 1 000 cycles/m.
NOTE 4 Due to the tyre width there is also an enveloping effect in the lateral direction. This means that for
vibration purposes, the mean of the footprint is usually measured. The width depends on the problem (e.g.
vibration, noise) and the product (e.g. motorcycle tyres, truck tyres). For general on-road measurements not
intended for a specific product, a track of about 100 mm wide is often used for vibration purposes. For noise
purposes, a point measurement is often used.
NOTE 5 For off-road measurements, care needs to be taken when interpreting the high frequencies. For soft
(e.g. sandy) surfaces, short undulations could be flattened by the wheel load and filtered out. For hard (e.g. stone)
surfaces, however, only the enveloping effect of the tyre acts as a filter. In this situation, the surface needs to be
described accurately in the data sheet (see 5.3.5.3.2).
NOTE 6 Annex B gives recommended methods for the characterization of the road profile and for the fitting of
the measured data.
5.1.2 Presentation of the smoothed power spectral density
When the power spectral densities are calculated with a constant bandwidth method, their
representation in a log-log diagram give an appearance or visual impression at high frequencies which
over-emphasizes the fluctuations of the PSD generated by the real power distribution and by the
statistical noise.
For this reason, the PSD shall also be represented in a smoothed form, i.e. by the mean PSD in the
following frequency bands:
— octave bands from the lowest calculated frequency (except zero) up to a centre frequency of
0,031 2 cycles/m (0,196 3 rad/m);
— one-third-octave bands from the last octave band up to a centre frequency of 0,25 cycles/m
(1,570 8 rad/m);
— for the rest of the frequency range, one-twelfth-octave bands up to the highest calculated frequency.
The centre frequencies to be used for the calculation of the smoothed PSD are given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Centre frequencies and cut-off frequencies for PSD smoothing,
expressed in spatial frequency n
Lower cut-off Upper cut-off
Centre frequency
Exponent frequency frequency
EXP
n = 2
c
EXP n n
l h
cycles/m
cycles/m cycles/m
Octave bands
–9 0,001 4 0,002 0 0,002 8
–8 0,002 8 0,003 9 0,005 5
–7 0,005 5 0,007 8 0,011 0
–6 0,011 0 0,015 6 0,022 1
–5 0,022 1 0,031 2 0,044 2
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
Table 2 (continued)
Lower cut-off Upper cut-off
Centre frequency
Exponent frequency frequency
EXP
n = 2
c
EXP n n
l h
cycles/m
cycles/m cycles/m
One-third-octave bands
–4,333 0,044 2 0,049 6 0,055 7
–4 0,055 7 0,062 5 0,070 2
–3,667 0,070 2 0,078 7 0,088 4
–3,333 0,088 4 0,099 2 0,111 4
–3 0,111 4 0,125 0 0,140 3
–2,667 0,140 3 0,157 5 0,176 8
–2,333 0,176 8 0,198 4 0,222 7
–2 0,222 7 0,250 0 0,280 6
One-twelfth-octave bands
–1,833 0,272 6 0,280 6 0,288 8
–1,750 0,288 8 0,297 3 0,306 0
–1,667 0,306 0 0,315 0 0,324 2
–1,583 0,324 2 0,333 7 0,343 5
–1,500 0,343 5 0,353 6 0,363 9
–1,417 0,363 9 0,374 6 0,385 6
–1,333 0,385 6 0,396 9 0,408 5
–1,250 0,408 5 0,420 4 0,432 8
–1,167 0,432 8 0,445 4 0,458 5
–1,083 0,458 5 0,471 9 0,485 8
–1 0,485 8 0,5 0,514 7
–0,917 0,514 7 0,529 7 0,545 3
–0,833 0,545 3 0,561 2 0,577 7
–0,750 0,577 7 0,594 6 0,612 0
–0,667 0,612 0 0,630 0 0,648 4
–0,583 0,648 4 0,667 4 0,687 0
–0,500 0,687 0 0,707 1 0,727 8
–0,417 0,727 8 0,749 2 0,771 1
–0,333 0,771 1 0,793 7 0,817 0
–0,250 0,817 0 0,840 9 0,865 5
–0,167 0,865 5 0,890 9 0,917 0
–0,083 0,917 0 0,943 9 0,971 5
0 0,971 5 1 1,029 3
0,083 1,029 3 1,059 5 1,090 5
0,167 1,090 5 1,122 5 1,155 4
0,250 1,155 4 1,189 2 1,224 1
0,333 1,224 1 1,259 9 1,296 8
0,417 1,296 8 1,334 8 1,374 0
0,500 1,374 0 1,414 2 1,455 7
0,583 1,455 7 1,498 3 1,542 2
0,667 1,542 2 1,587 4 1,633 9
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
Table 2 (continued)
Lower cut-off Upper cut-off
Centre frequency
Exponent frequency frequency
EXP
n = 2
c
EXP n n
l h
cycles/m
cycles/m cycles/m
0,750 1,633 9 1,681 8 1,731 1
0,833 1,731 1 1,781 8 1,834 0
0,917 1,834 0 1,887 7 1,943 1
1 1,943 1 2 2,058 6
1,083 2,058 6 2,118 9 2,181 0
1,167 2,181 0 2,244 9 2,310 7
1,250 2,310 7 2,378 4 2,448 1
1,333 2,448 1 2,519 8 2,593 7
1,417 2,593 7 2,669 7 2,747 9
1,500 2,747 9 2,828 4 2,911 3
1,583 2,911 3 2,996 6 3,084 4
1,667 3,084 4 3,174 8 3,267 8
1,750 3,267 8 3,363 6 3,462 1
1,833 3,462 1 3,563 6 3,668 0
1,917 3,668 0 3,775 5 3,886 1
2 3,886 1 4 4,117 2
2,083 4,117 2 4,237 9 4,362 0
2,167 4,362 0 4,489 8 4,621 4
2,250 4,621 4 4,756 8 4,896 2
2,333 4,896 2 5,039 7 5,187 4
2,417 5,187 4 5,339 4 5,495 8
2,500 5,495 8 5,656 9 5,822 6
2,583 5,822 6 5,993 2 6,168 8
2,667 6,168 8 6,349 6 6,535 7
2,750 6,535 7 6,727 2 6,924 3
2,833 6,924 3 7,127 2 7,336 0
2,917 7,336 0 7,551 0 7,772 3
3 7,772 3 8 8,234 4
NOTE A small overlap exists between the lowest one-twelfth-octave band and
the highest one-third-octave band. This overlap maintains the values 0,5; 1; 2; 4 as
centre frequencies in the one-twelfth-octave bands. This makes it convenient to
calculate the road characterization (see B.4) immediately from the one-twelfth-
octave band smoothing.
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
The mean PSD in a defined band should be calculated as given by Formula (3):
n −1
H
nB+05,(⋅−ni)(Gn + Gj ⋅+Bn iin),−−05 ⋅BG n
() () () () ()
Le lL eh He H
∑
jn=+1
L
Gi() = (3)
s
ni()−ni()
hl
where
G (i ) is the smoothed PSD in smoothing band i;
s
ni()
h
n =+INT 05, (n : see Table 2);
h
H
B
e
ni()
l
n =+INT 05,
(n : see Table 2).
l
L
B
e
The other symbols are as defined in Table 1. INT is the integer function.
The first and the third terms of the right hand side of Formula (3), respectively, calculate the parts of
the original n and n in the calculated smoothing band i.
L H
If this scheme cannot be followed, due to the calculations, the differences shall be noted in the report.
The same rules shall be followed when the smoothing is to be done in angular spatial frequency.
The same rules shall be followed for analogue computation.
A small and easy supplementary calculation following the processing of the smoothed PSD leads to the
characterization of the road profile as described in Annex B.
5.2 Multiple-track data
The multiple-track road profile data shall be described as the PSD curves of each track as described in
5.1, and their relationship curves expressed as their coherence function [see Formula (4)].
2
G (.)
2
12
γ = (4)
GG(.)(⋅ .)
12
When more than two tracks are measured, the most travelled track near the edge of the road shall be
taken as the reference track for the calculation of coherence functions.
The curve shall be smoothed as described in 5.1.2.
5.3 Report
5.3.1 General
The report shall contain one or more curve sheets and general information.
5.3.2 One-track data curve sheet
The curve sheet for one-track data shall contain the non-smoothed PSD and the smoothed PSD. When
the information is given on one sheet, the separate curves should be carefully differentiated.
The PSD curve sheet shall also include the information given in 5.3.4.1.3, 5.3.4.1.4, 5.3.4.1.5, 5.3.5.3.1
and 5.3.5.3.2.
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
It is also recommended to indicate on the data sheet the road profile characterization described in
Annex B, i.e. the general and octave-band characterization of the road and the fitted PSD (see Figures A.3
and A.5 for examples).
5.3.3 Multiple-track data curve sheet
For multiple-track data, the sheets of each PSD shall be reported as described in 5.3.2, together with
a similar curve sheet for their coherence function. This sheet shall contain the smoothed coherence
curve. The track width shall be indicated on this sheet.
When the information is given on one sheet, the separate curves should be carefully differentiated.
5.3.4 Parameters of analysis
5.3.4.1 For all forms of spatial analysis, the following information shall be reported.
5.3.4.1.1 The analysis method used, analogue or digital.
5.3.4.1.2 Pre-processing filters shall be reported in terms of cut-off spatial frequency, slope (dB/octave)
and type of filter (e.g. Butterworth). In the case of the digital analysis, this includes the anti-aliasing filter.
5.3.4.1.3 The resolution bandwidth: in the case of a relative constant bandwidth analysis, it is sufficient
to state the proportion octave bandwidth only.
5.3.4.1.4 The real distance travelled of the data, in metres, analysed and reported.
In order to quantify wavelengths of 100 m with a statistical precision of 60 % at a spatial frequency
resolution of 0,01 cycles/m, the distance travelled shall be at least 1 000 m.
In some cases, it may be impossible or perhaps of no interest to reach this limit, e.g. for short roads or for
the study of special forms of surfaces. In this case, a remark in the report is required. For a discussion of
statistical precision, see Annex D.
5.3.4.1.5 The statistical precision of spectral estimates of the data: in the case of a relative constant
bandwidth analysis, the statistical precision of the narrowest bandwidth shall be reported. The statistical
precision shall be stated as ± % value, calculated for a 95 % confidence level (i.e. the statistical precision
shall be stated as 1,96 times the normalized standard error) on the basis of random error.
5.3.4.2 For analogue spectral analyses, the following information shall be reported, in addition to that
specified in 5.3.4.1.
5.3.4.2.1 The class of bandwidth filters in accordance with IEC 61260-1.
5.3.4.2.2 The slopes (dB/octave) and type of constant bandwidth filter.
5.3.4.3 For digital spectral analyses, the following information shall be reported, in addition to that
specified in 5.3.4.1.
5.3.4.3.1 The specific method used (such as fast Fourier transform, mean lagged product, continuous
digital filter).
5.3.4.3.2 The sampling spatial frequency.
5.3.4.3.3 The sampling window function and correction factor used.
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
5.3.4.3.4 The reported resolution bandwidth, if it is different from the analysis bandwidth (e.g. when
frequency smoothing is used).
5.3.5 Test conditions
5.3.5.1 The date of the measurement shall be reported.
5.3.5.2 The instrumentation used shall be reported as follows.
5.3.5.2.1 Short description of the measuring system.
a) Mechanical design.
b) Scanning device
— in the case of a contacting device (e.g. a wheel): description of the design (e.g. a soft wheel),
mass, tyre pressure, tyre dimensions, effective diameter, nominal test load and dimensions of
the contact area under nominal test load;
— in the case of a non-contacting device (e.g. a radar system): resolution, dimensions of the
effective measured area, etc.
c) The capability of the equipment to take into account slope bias and transverse slope effects over
long distances and long wavelengths.
5.3.5.2.2 A flowchart showing transducers, telemetry, recorder, filters, etc.
5.3.5.2.3 The instrumentation and calibration chain of the measuring system should be carefully
reported. Details of the design, the guaranteed transfer function and the accuracy should be given, either
in the report or in a source reference.
5.3.5.2.4 The cut-off frequencies of any filter used in conjunction with the recording of the data.
5.3.5.3 The road or terrain description shall be reported as follows.
5.3.5.3.1 Definition of the road: country, road number, location, village, direction and, if possible,
a small map. Also, traffic density [annual average daily traffic (AADT), when possible], typical vehicle
speed and other relevant descriptive information shall be reported.
5.3.5.3.2 The road profile shall be reported with respect to at least the type of surface (concrete
pavement, compacted soil, cobblestone, etc.) and the surface condition (new pavement, rutted road,
poorly maintained, etc.), the grade (longitudinal slope), the cross-fall (lateral slope) and the curve radius
(if any). In the case of off-road measurements, the cone penetration resistance of the soil should be
reported together with a reference or a description of the measurement method used (see ISO 22476-1,
ISO 22476-3 and Reference [18]).
5.3.5.3.3 Definition of the measured track: distance from the measured track to the near side of the
road. A sketch of the road, with indication of the tracks reserved for bicycles, parking and traffic is
recommended. All unusual facts should be indicated.
5.3.5.3.4 A photograph of the road shall be included. It shall be taken from a height of 1,4 m
(approximately the height of the eyes of the driver of a passenger car). The photograph shall also show a
two-dimensional scale indication and the position of the measured tracks.
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
5.3.5.3.5 If two- or multiple-track data are given, they shall be described as in 5.3.5.3.3. The distance
between the tracks shall also be given.
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ISO 8608:2016(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Example of a report
A.1 General
This annex conta
...
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