ISO 18933:2006
(Main)Imaging materials — Magnetic tape — Care and handling practices for extended usage
Imaging materials — Magnetic tape — Care and handling practices for extended usage
ISO 18933:2006 concerns the care and handling of magnetic recording tape during use. It addresses the issues of physical integrity of the medium necessary to preserve access to the data (information) recorded on the tape. ISO 18933:2006 recommends handling procedures to maximize the effective life of magnetic tape. While some of the recommendations in ISO 18933:2006, such as staff training, apply specifically to large-scale or archival usage, the basics of all recommendations in this International Standard can and should be applied in all circumstances where the desired result is long-term usage of the medium whether archival, commercial or personal. ISO 18933:2006 addresses the following subjects: handling techniques, including common hazards and methods to mitigate those hazards; handling environments, including pollutants, temperature and humidity, lighting, magnetic fields and robotics; use of tape, including inspection, playback, mounting/loading and removing, winding speed, tension and robotic systems; cleaning and maintenance techniques, including contaminants, cleaning methods and frequency; transportation, both in-house and shipping outside the storage facility; disasters, including water, fire, construction and post-disaster procedures; staff training, including schedule for training and contents of the training programme; archival issues.
Matériaux pour l'image — Bande magnétique — Précautions et pratiques de manutention pour usage prolongé
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18933
First edition
2006-07-15
Imaging materials — Magnetic tape —
Care and handling practices for extended
usage
Matériaux pour l'image — Bande magnétique — Précautions et
pratiques de manutention pour usage prolongé
Reference number
ISO 18933:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Tape pack integrity . 6
5 Contamination. 9
6 Handling techniques. 11
7 Environment . 14
8 Inspection . 17
9 Cleaning and maintenance . 18
10 Transportation. 20
11 Disasters. 22
12 Staff training. 24
13 Minimum handling requirements checklist. 25
Annex A (informative) Numbering system for related International Standards. 27
Bibliography . 29
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 18933 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
Introduction
This International Standard is one of a series of International Standards dealing with the physical properties
and stability of imaging materials. To facilitate identification of these International Standards, they are
assigned a number within the block from 18900 to 18999 (see Annex A).
Magnetic recording tape has served as a major means of processing, distributing and preserving information,
including video, audio, computer and other data since the 1930s. Unlike earlier data-recording media such as
paper and photographic material, the information recorded on magnetic tape is not directly human-readable
and requires a machine interface and interpretation. In addition, the machine/medium interface must occur
within precise conditions in order for the machine interpretation to be accurate. Therefore, the physical
integrity of magnetic tape necessary to provide a proper interface with the interpreting machinery is critical.
Correct care and handling is essential to preserve the needed physical integrity of magnetic tape both for
short-term usage and long-term archiving.
Magnetic tape has proven itself an easy-to-use and versatile medium. Yet despite the substantial resources
put into creating recordings and the historical, intellectual and financial assets they represent, tapes often are
not treated as valuable objects. Many important and unique recordings are lost due to inadequate care and
handling of the tape. This poses problems for users who wish to preserve the content. Among these problems
are the following.
a) Improper handling can damage magnetic tapes and compromise the future ability to retrieve content.
b) Due to the enormous volume of existing tapes, the impracticality and cost of making copies of each and
every one frequently results in large numbers of unique records being subjected to excessive use and
wear without any back-up or protection. Repeated use of magnetic tape can cause wear or physical
damage that shortens its effective life.
c) Some magnetic tapes are known to have a finite shelf life and will eventually decay. Recorded documents
on these tapes must be copied to new media before decay precludes access.
d) The ability to play back a tape in the future depends on the existence of functional playback equipment.
As new tape formats become popular, equipment manufacturers discontinue the production and support
of older, superseded equipment. Eventually, usable equipment to play older, obsolete magnetic tape
formats becomes impossible to find. Before this occurs, a migration plan should be in place.
Like all media, magnetic tape is subject to both damage and decay. Consequently, its effective life can
increase or decrease significantly depending on the conditions under which it is stored and handled. This
International Standard contains recommendations for the care and handling of magnetic tape.
Recommendations for the preservation and storage of polyester-base magnetic tape appear in ISO 18923.
Following these recommendations promotes the physical integrity of the media and increases the effective life
of magnetic tape.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18933:2006(E)
Imaging materials — Magnetic tape — Care and handling
practices for extended usage
1 Scope
This International Standard concerns the care and handling of magnetic recording tape during use. It
addresses the issues of physical integrity of the medium necessary to preserve access to the data
(information) recorded on the tape. This International Standard recommends handling procedures to maximize
the effective life of magnetic tape. Faulty handling, packing and transporting techniques and methods often
cause damage to magnetic tape and the content recorded thereon. Extending the longevity of magnetic tape
requires the identification of appropriate handling methods and well-developed training programmes.
While some of the recommendations in this International Standard, such as staff training, apply specifically to
large-scale or archival usage, the basics of all recommendations in this document can and should be applied
in all circumstances where the desired result is long-term usage of the medium whether archival, commercial
or personal.
This International Standard addresses the following subjects:
⎯ handling techniques, including common hazards and methods to mitigate those hazards;
⎯ handling environments, including pollutants, temperature and humidity, lighting, magnetic fields and
robotics;
⎯ use of tape, including inspection, playback, mounting/loading and removing, winding speed, tension and
robotic systems;
⎯ cleaning and maintenance techniques, including contaminants, cleaning methods and frequency;
⎯ transportation, both in-house and shipping outside the storage facility;
⎯ disasters, including water, fire, construction and post-disaster procedures;
⎯ staff training, including schedule for training and contents of the training programme;
⎯ archival issues.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14644-1:1999, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments — Part 1: Classification of air
cleanliness
ISO 14644-2:2000, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments — Part 2: Specifications for testing
and monitoring to prove continued compliance with ISO 14644-1
ISO 18923:2000, Imaging materials — Polyester-base magnetic tape — Storage practices
AES22:1997, AES recommended practice for audio preservation and restoration — Storage and handling —
Storage of polyester-base magnetic tape
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
acclimatization
process of conditioning material from one set of temperature/moisture conditions to another
NOTE Sometimes called “staging”.
3.2
backcoat
〈magnetic tape〉 rough surface layer added to the back of the basefilm to increase friction and minimize
slippage between tape strands
3.3
basefilm
plastic (polymer) substrate to which the magnetic layers are attached
NOTE Sometimes called “the base”.
3.4
binder
〈magnetic tape〉 plastic (polymer) in which the magnetic particles are bound in order to create the recording
layers of the tape and which binds the recording layers to the basefilm
3.5
carrier
medium upon which the information is recorded
3.6
carton box
outer container that can hold one or more individual units and may be a fabrication of paper, card stock or
plastic
3.7
cartridge
housing for a roll of recording material, such as photographic film or magnetic tape, wound on a single hub or
reel
SEE cassette (3.8)
3.8
cassette
housing for a roll of recording material, such as photographic film or magnetic tape, whose ends are attached
to two hubs or reels
3.9
cinching
tape folding back upon itself within the tape pack
3.10
class 100 000 cleanroom
controlled environment in which the levels of airborne contaminants meets the requirements of ISO 14644-1
NOTE The number of particles larger than one micrometre (one micron) in one cubic foot (0,028 3 cubic meters) of
air shall not exceed 100 000. Class 100 000 is like a dust-free office. Class 10 000 requires cleanroom clothing.)
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
3.11
conditioning
exposure of a specimen to air at a given relative humidity and temperature until equilibrium is reached
3.12
container
box, can or carton used for storage and shipping of recording materials
NOTE Reels, cassettes, cartridges, or shells are not containers; the box into which a reel, cassette, cartridge or shell
is placed is defined as a container.
3.13
copy
reproduction of the information from a master
3.14
domain
cluster of the embedded magnetic particles which all align in the same north-south direction
NOTE Sometimes referred to as a “magnetic domain”.
3.15
extended-term storage conditions
storage conditions suitable for the preservation of recorded information having permanent value
3.16
flange
fixed or removable circular disc that is connected to the hub to make a reel for the purpose of protecting the
roll of recording materials
SEE reel (3.34)
3.17
flange pack
condition where the whole tape pack rests against one flange
3.18
format
dimensions of the magnetic recording and its assembly as well as the physical and magnetic specifications of
the recording on the tape
3.19
heads out
configuration of magnetic tape stored on its reel or in its cassette such that the tape is positioned to play from
the beginning of the recorded information
3.20
hub
cylindrical object around which the recording material is wound
3.21
hydrolysis
decomposition involving a reaction with water that results in the splitting of chemical bonds
3.22
leader
flexible plastic or paper strip which can be spliced to either end of a roll of recording material
NOTE This practice is not recommended for extended-term storage.
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
3.23
leafing
multiple popped strands in a magnetic-tape wind
SEE popped strand (3.32) and stepped pack (3.41)
3.24
library wind
low-speed rewind at controlled tension to achieve a smooth tape pack (typically 1 m/s to 3 m/s)
3.25
loose pack
undesirable pack condition in a roll of recording material, such that the outer portion of the roll can be moved
and tightened by pulling on the end
3.26
magnetic field intensity
magnitude of the magnetic field, in amperes per meter, at a point in space
3.27
master
the original or primary recording of the data or any version of the data (e.g. camera master, edited master,
foreign language master)
3.28
medium
media, pl
material on which information is recorded
SEE carrier (3.5)
3.29
medium-term storage conditions
storage conditions suitable for the preservation of recorded information for a minimum of 10 y
3.30
migration
transferring information from one format to another
3.31
oligomer
low molecular-weight polymer which can be produced by degradation of the magnetic tape binder
3.32
popped strand
lateral displacement of a single strand or wrap of magnetic tape extending beyond the plane of the tape pack
SEE leafing (3.23) and stepped pack (3.41)
3.33
print-through
unintentional magnetic transfer of the recording on one layer of magnetic tape to the adjacent layers during
storage on a reel/hub
3.34
reel
metal or plastic hub or core with flanges (protective sides) onto which recording material is wound
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
3.35
shell
outer housing of a cassette or cartridge
3.36
slot
space or slit in the winding surface of a reel or hub
3.37
splice
union of two pieces of recording or leader material to form a single piece
3.38
splicing tape
paper or plastic strip coated with a thermal or pressure-sensitive adhesive, used in splicing
3.39
spoking
deformations in a roll pack that appear radially outward and disrupt the circular nature of the wind
3.40
staging acclimatization
process of conditioning material from one set of temperature/moisture conditions to another
3.41
stepped pack
multiple adjacent strands of magnetic tape extending beyond the level of a tape pack
SEE leafing (3.23) and popped strand (3.32)
3.42
storage environment
conditions for storing materials, i.e., temperature, relative humidity, cleanliness of facilities and atmospheric
pollutants
3.43
tails out
configuration of magnetic tape stored on its reel, or in its cassette, such that the tape must be fully rewound in
order to correctly play from the beginning of the recorded information
3.44
tape pack
length of magnetic tape wound on a reel or hub
3.45
wind
physical appearance and tension of the magnetic tape pack
or
process of transferring a roll of recording material from one spool or reel to another
3.46
windows
openings in the flanges of a tape reel, sometimes called “windage holes”
or
physical spacings in the tape pack
or
clear viewing port of a cassette
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
4 Tape pack integrity
4.1 General
The physical integrity of the tape pack shall be maintained to avoid damage to the tape and allow for proper
retrieval of the recorded content. Tape pack integrity is dependent on several variables and loss of pack
integrity can have a variety of negative effects.
4.2 Common pack problems
4.2.1 Pack deformation
Edge damage and tape deformation will alter the quality of the tape pack, resulting in spoking or a
lipped-edged pack (see Figure 1).
4.2.2 Flange pack
If the tape pack is against one flange, then there is a misalignment between the tape reel and the tape edge
guide nearest the tape reel.
4.2.3 Pack slippage
Vibration or impact will often result in slippage of the pack causing edge damage if the winding tension is too
low. The pack is most susceptible to slippage while a tape is held horizontally.
4.2.4 Pack penetration or abrasion
Any portion of the tape pack that is exposed is especially vulnerable to damage. Fingers shall not be inserted
through the window of a flange except in an empty reel when threading an open reel tape.
4.2.5 Edge compression
Mounting and unmounting large reels of tape requires special care. Tape reels shall be handled by the hub
and the flanges shall not be squeezed. Compressing the flanges can crack the magnetic coating on tape
edges and deform the basefilm resulting in poor head-to-tape contact. Tape with laterally misaligned strands
is extremely susceptible to edge compression damage [see popped strand (3.32)].
4.3 Pack tension
4.3.1 General
If a tape is not wound at the proper tension, the tape pack is likely to become distorted during storage. When a
distorted pack is unwound, tape surface deformation will be noticed at spacings equal to the circumference of
the tape pack at that point. Tape surface deformation is likely to cause poor head-to-tape contact.
NOTE Most tape deformation can be returned to normal by a knowledgeable tape restoration professional – except
where a tape layer has been folded.
4.3.2 Tension control
The tape tension is controlled by the design and maintenance of the tape machine. Tape tension can be
measured by a technician with a special tape tension gauge.
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
4.3.3 Winding tension
Tape shall be wound on a hub, not touching a flange, within a range of tensions that allows the tape to
maintain a uniform pack without imposing unnecessary longitudinal stress.
a) Good pack b) Popped strands c) Slipped pack d) Flange pack with lipped edge
Key
1 reel flange
2 tape pack
3 hub
Figure 1 — Examples of tape packs
4.4 Tape winding speed
4.4.1 General
The speed of the tape while it is being packed on to the reel can affect the tape pack. When tape is wound at
high speed, air is trapped between the tape strands and can cause pack irregularities. At play or record
speeds, air is not trapped between layers and the tape will develop a smooth-edged pack, unless the tape
edges have been damaged.
4.4.2 Library wind
Library wind mode shall be used, when available, before storage. This mode is a special option on some tape
machines that wind the tape at low speed.
4.4.3 Winding loose packs
If a tape pack is loose, it shall not be run at fast forward or fast rewind speeds. The tape shall be run in play
mode to the end and then rewound. Very loose tape packs shall be hand wound or wound on a machine with
reduced tension to avoid cinching and other damage. For cassette tapes, this may require special handling or
machinery and expert assistance to avoid tape damage.
4.5 Tape, hub and reel design
4.5.1 General
Design elements of the tape, hub and reel can affect the tape pack.
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
4.5.2 Backcoat surface of the tape
Backcoated tape has a rough surface that increases friction, thus minimizing slippage between tape strands
and loss of tape pack integrity.
4.5.3 Splices
Tapes shall not be spliced except as required for repair prior to playback or when the splice is part of the
manufacturing process (i.e. attaching tape ends to leader). The problems created by splices include
deformation, delamination, adhesive bleed, alignment problems and tape head damage.
4.5.4 Hub diameter
Pack slippage is less likely to occur on reels where the ratio of the outer pack to hub diameter is less than 2,5.
4.5.5 Flangeless hubs
Sometimes magnetic tape is stored on flangeless hubs. When this practice is used, the following
recommendations shall be observed.
a) Only backcoated tape designed for storage on a flangeless hub shall be stored in this manner.
Non-backcoated tape will not wind properly and is at high risk of falling off the tape pack.
b) Tape tension is especially critical; too loose a wind will result in immediate disintegration of the tape pack.
c) The loose end of the tape shall be fixed down with non-residue-producing adhesive tape. Tapes shall be
held only between the hub and the outside wind, without touching the surface of the tape pack.
d) Extreme caution shall be used when handling tapes without flanges. Loose tapes shall be rewound on a
correctly adjusted tape machine.
4.5.6 Reel flanges with openings (windows)
When tape is wound at high speed (fast forward or rewind), air is trapped between the tape strands but can
escape if the flange is designed with openings. This ensures good contact between the surfaces of adjacent
strands.
4.5.7 Cassettes and cartridges
Tape cassettes and cartridges shall be wound entirely to one end at play speed or to a special parking area
designated by the machine manufacturer to avoid deformation of recorded sections of the tape from prolonged
contact with internal guide posts.
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
5 Contamination
5.1 General
Magnetic tapes are highly susceptible to contamination.
Figure 2 shows the relative size of debris commonly found on magnetic recording tapes and in tape machines,
relative to the head-to-tape spacing. It is clear from this diagram that even the smallest airborne particles can
result in errors if the debris gets between the head and the tape.
Key
1 video head
2 cotton fibre
3 finger print
4 gap
5 dust
6 human hair
7 magnetic tape surface
Figure 2 — Debris on the surface of the tape
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
Figure 3 is a photograph of a small section of tape that has been covered with very fine iron particles to show
ten recorded video tracks. The “mountain” in the middle of the photograph is a small piece of debris. It is
surrounded by empty space caused when the video head skipped over the debris and did not record part of
two video tracks.
a
One track.
Figure 3 — Loss of data due to a clump of debris on the surface of the tape
5.2 Particulate contaminants
Particulate contaminants will block access to material recorded on a tape and can cause physical damage to
both tape and machinery. Dust, smoke and debris-generating objects or materials (e.g. carpets, draperies,
unsealed insulation, packaging blankets and other padding materials, fibrous wall coverings and furnishings)
shall not be present in any area where extended-life tapes are being handled or used. In areas where sound
levels shall be minimized, special non-debris generating material shall be used.
5.3 Gaseous contaminants
Gaseous pollutants, such as exhaust fumes and fumes from ammonia- and chloride-based cleansers, cause
chemical reactions that are harmful to magnetic recording tapes. Positive air pressure shall be maintained in
tape usage areas to reduce ingress of gaseous contaminants (see 7.3.2). Ammonia- and chloride-based
cleansers shall not be used in tape handling or usage areas.
5.4 Organic contaminants
5.4.1 General
Organic contaminants damage tape in two ways: by directly damaging the tape and by attracting and holding
other contaminants in contact with the tape.
5.4.2 Human-transferred contaminants
Personnel shall wash their hands before handling magnetic tapes or protective cases since human skin is
constantly being shed. Epidermal oils and artificial substances such as lotions are easily transferred to
magnetic recording tape. Such oils can be destructive to the tape and may carry other damaging
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ISO 18933:2006(E)
contaminants and debris. Consequently, small flakes of skin and oily fingerprints are among the most common
contaminants found on tape.
5.4.3 Consumables
Magnetic tape use and handling areas shall be kept free of food, beverages and smoke. Food and drink pose
a threat to magnetic recording tape both because they contain destructive agents and because they can
attract and hold other pollutants. Many foods, especially those that contain sugars, have adhesive
characteristics that will cause tape to stick to itself and other objects. Decaying food also can result in fungal
growth or the attraction of destructive vermin.
5.4.4 Biological contaminants
The most common biological contaminant of tape is fungus. Fungus shall be considered toxic and treated with
great care. Unprotected personnel shall not handle tapes containing fungus.
5.5 Protective cases
Protective cases shall not be opened, and magnetic recording tapes shall not be removed from their cases, in
environments where a large amount of particulate matter is present or is likely to be generated such as in
shipping rooms or machine shops.
5.6 Field usage
For field applications, tapes shall be transported in their protective cases and left in the recorder only during
use. In the field, tapes and tape cases shall be shielded at all times from exposure to moisture, temperature
extremes, dust and sunlight.
6 Handling techniques
6.1 General
Magnetic tape is easily damaged by improper handling. Proper techniques shall be used when handling
magnetic tapes to avoid damaging the medium in ways that will shorten the usable life of the tape or interfere
with the future ability to retrieve information from the tape.
6.2 Vertical/horizontal tape orientation
6.2.1 Tape position
The position of the tape during handling and the user’s grip will affect the tape’s susceptibility to damage.
6.2.2 Reel-to-reel tapes
Reels of magnetic recording tape shall be held vertically, by the centre hub or supported by the edges of the
flanges, without putting pressure on the flat surfaces of the flanges.
6.2.3 Cassettes and cartridges
Cassettes and cartridges shall be positioned vertically except when it is necessary to change their orientation
in order to insert or remove them from equipment. Cassettes and cartridges shall be held touching only the
rigid outer casing or shell and not the movable lid or the hub.
© ISO 2006 –
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