ISO/TR 15655:2020
(Main)Fire resistance — Tests for thermo-physical and mechanical properties of structural materials at elevated temperatures for fire engineering design
Fire resistance — Tests for thermo-physical and mechanical properties of structural materials at elevated temperatures for fire engineering design
This document identifies test methods already in existence and provides guidance on those that need to be developed to characterize the thermo-physical and mechanical properties of structural materials at elevated temperatures for use in fire safety engineering calculations. It is applicable to materials used in load-bearing construction in which structural and thermal calculations might be required to assess the performance of elements or systems exposed to either standard fire tests, real or design fire heating conditions.
Résistance au feu — Essais des propriétés thermophysiques et mécaniques des matériaux aux températures élevées pour la conception de l'ingénierie contre l'incendie
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 15655
Second edition
2020-02
Fire resistance — Tests for thermo-
physical and mechanical properties
of structural materials at elevated
temperatures for fire engineering
design
Résistance au feu — Essais des propriétés thermophysiques et
mécaniques des matériaux aux températures élevées pour la
conception de l'ingénierie contre l'incendie
Reference number
ISO/TR 15655:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
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ISO/TR 15655:2020(E)
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ISO/TR 15655:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Tests for thermal properties at elevated temperatures . 1
4.1 Metals . 1
4.1.1 General. 1
4.1.2 Specific heat . 1
4.1.3 Thermal conductivity . . 2
4.1.4 Thermal diffusivity . . . 2
4.1.5 Thermal strain (expansion and contraction) . 3
4.1.6 Emissivity . 3
4.2 Concrete . 4
4.2.1 General. 4
4.2.2 Specific heat . 4
4.2.3 Thermal conductivity . . 4
4.2.4 Thermal diffusivity . . . 5
4.2.5 Thermal strain (expansion and contraction) . 5
4.2.6 Density . 6
4.2.7 Emissivity . 6
4.2.8 Spalling . 7
4.2.9 Expansion/shrinkage . . . 7
4.2.10 Moisture . 7
4.3 Masonry . 7
4.3.1 Specific heat . 7
4.3.2 Thermal conductivity . . 8
4.3.3 Thermal diffusivity . . . 9
4.3.4 Thermal strain (expansion and contraction) . 9
4.3.5 Density .10
4.3.6 Emissivity .10
4.3.7 Spalling .10
4.3.8 Expansion/shrinkage . . .11
4.3.9 Moisture content .11
4.4 Wood .11
4.4.1 General.11
4.4.2 Specific heat .11
4.4.3 Thermal conductivity . .12
4.4.4 Thermal diffusivity . . .12
4.4.5 Density .13
4.4.6 Charring rate .13
4.4.7 Emissivity .14
4.4.8 Moisture .14
4.5 Plastics, fibre reinforcement, organic and inorganic materials .14
4.5.1 General.14
4.5.2 Specific heat .15
4.5.3 Thermal conductivity . .15
4.5.4 Thermal diffusivity . . .16
4.5.5 Thermal strain (expansion and contraction) .16
4.5.6 Density .16
4.5.7 Emissivity .17
4.6 Adhesives .17
4.6.1 General.17
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ISO/TR 15655:2020(E)
4.6.2 Specific heat .17
4.6.3 Thermal conductivity . .18
4.6.4 Thermal diffusivity . . .18
4.6.5 Thermal strain (expansion and contraction) .18
4.6.6 Density .18
4.6.7 Emissivity .19
5 Tests for mechanical properties at elevated temperatures .19
5.1 Metals .19
5.1.1 General.19
5.1.2 Elastic modulus .19
5.1.3 Creep .20
5.1.4 Stress relaxation .20
5.1.5 Bauschinger effect .21
5.1.6 Stress–strain (steady state) .21
5.1.7 Stress–strain (transient state) .21
5.1.8 Ultimate strength (tension) .22
5.1.9 Ultimate strength (compression) .22
5.1.10 Joints — Bolts (ultimate capacity: shear, slip and tension under steady
state and transient heating) .23
5.1.11 Joints — Bolts (stress–strain under transient heating) .23
5.1.12 Joints — Welds (ultimate capacity: steady state and transient heating) .24
5.1.13 Joints — Welds (stress–strain under transient heating).24
5.2 Concrete .25
5.2.1 General.25
5.2.2 Elastic modulus (compression) .25
5.2.3 Transient creep (under compression) .25
5.2.4 Stress relaxation .26
5.2.5 Stress–strain (steady state) .26
5.2.6 Stress–strain (transient) .26
5.2.7 Ultimate strength (compression) .26
5.2.8 Ultimate strength (tension) .27
5.3 Masonry .27
5.3.1 General.27
5.3.2 Elastic modulus .27
5.3.3 Shear modulus .28
5.3.4 Modulus of rupture .28
5.3.5 Creep (in compression) . .28
5.3.6 Stress–strain (steady state) .29
5.3.7 Stress–strain (transient state) .29
5.3.8 Ultimate strength in compression .30
5.3.9 Ultimate strength in shear .30
5.3.10 Bond/frictional strength .30
5.3.11 Bending/flexure strength .30
5.4 Wood .31
5.4.1 General.31
5.4.2 Elastic modulus .31
5.4.3 Creep .31
5.4.4 Ultimate strength in compression .31
5.4.5 Ultimate strength in shear .32
5.4.6 Ultimate strength in tension .32
5.4.7 Adhesive strength (tensile shear) .32
5.4.8 Adhesive strength (delamination) .33
5.4.9 Bending strength .33
5.4.10 Joints (mechanical fixings) .33
5.5 Plastics, fibre reinforcement, organic and inorganic materials .34
5.5.1 General.34
5.5.2 Elastic modulus .34
5.5.3 Shear modulus .34
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ISO/TR 15655:2020(E)
5.5.4 Poisson's ratio .34
5.5.5 Flexural creep .35
5.5.6 Tensile creep .35
5.5.7 Stress–strain (steady state heating) .35
5.5.8 Stress–strain (transient heating) .35
5.5.9 Ultimate strength (compression) .36
5.5.10 Ultimate strength (shear) . .36
5.5.11 Ultimate tension .36
5.6 Adhesives .36
5.6.1 General.36
5.6.2 Elastic modulus in compression .37
5.6.3 Modulus of elasticity.37
5.6.4 Creep (tension and compression) .37
5.6.5 Ultimate strength (compression) .37
5.6.6 Ultimate strength (shear) . .37
5.6.7 Ultimate strength (tension) .38
5.6.8 Bond strength (slant shear) .38
5.6.9 Bond strength (tensile lap-shear) .38
5.6.10 Bond strength (shear) .38
5.6.11 Bond strength (direct tension) .39
5.6.12 Bending strength .39
5.6.13 Flexural strength .39
Bibliography .40
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ISO/TR 15655:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
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iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 2, Fire
containment.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 15655:2003), which has been
technically revised.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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ISO/TR 15655:2020(E)
Introduction
Fire engineering has developed to the stage whereby detailed calculation procedures are now being
carried out to establish the behaviour of structural elements and frames under the action of fire.
[1]
These cover standard fire resistance furnace tests such as ISO 834 (all parts) as well as natural/real
fires, in which performance based criteria covering stability, integrity and insulation may need to be
determined.
As fire engineering is advanced through the development of design codes and standards, there is
an increasing need to provide as inputs to the numerical calculations, the thermal and mechanical
properties of construction materials at elevated temperatures. In addition, as part of the process in
applying rules for the interpolation and extension of fire resistance test results, specific data on
material properties is often required to conduct assessments on variations in construction other than
those tested.
It is recognized that the elevated temperature properties of materials can be determined under a variety
of conditions. Since fire is a relatively short transient process lasting from a few minutes to several
hours, ideally, the properties determined should reflect the transient thermal and loading conditions
as well as the duration of heating that may be experienced in practice. However, it is also recognized
that some properties are relatively insensitive to the transient conditions and therefore, alternative
steady state test methods may be appropriate. Some properties are sensitive to orientation effects, for
example timber, and these should be considered with respect to how the tests are conducted.
In cases where materials undergo either a chemical or a physical reaction during the heating process,
it might be impossible to determine an individual property. This document gives guidance in selecting
a test method to determine an effec
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