ISO/TC 92/SC 2 - Fire containment

This document aims to simulate the mechanical loads that could be imparted to passive fire protection (PFP) materials and systems by explosions resulting from releases of flammable gas, pressurised liquefied gas or flashing liquid fuels that may precede a fire. This document can also be applicable to dust explosions. Gas explosions can give rise to pressure and drag forces. Damage to PFP materials in a gas explosion can be caused by the direct effects of pressure and drag loadings and by the deflection of the substrate supporting the PFP material. Other parts of the ISO 23693 series will deal with a range of common types of specimen that could be tested against the mechanical loads generated.

This document specifies requirements for the design, testing and classification of active fire curtains, applicable to any material, that are designed to provide fire and smoke resistance. This document gives recommendations for the application, installation and maintenance of active fire curtains. It is also intended to provide guidance and recommendations for designers, specifiers (e.g. architects, fire engineers), authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs), installers and maintainers for the following: a) creating compartmentation; b) creating protected routes for the purpose of means of escape; c) providing protection at the location of non-fire resisting elements (e.g. in front of non-fire-resisting glazing and doorsets) where required for compartmentation or protecting means of escape; d) providing fire- and smoke-resistant active fire curtains in conjunction with non-smoke rated products protecting openings to reduce leakage of smoke. This document does not apply to the following, which are intended for a different use: — barriers made of part of the building’s structure; — theatre/proscenium textile curtains; — smoke barriers according to ISO 21927-1; — door and shutter assemblies according to ISO 3008‑1. NOTE 1 Smoke barriers used solely for smoke control are covered by ISO 21927‑1. Such smoke barriers are not considered to be active fire curtains. NOTE 2 Requirements of fire doors are given in ISO 3008-1. Requirements for leakage are given in ISO 5925‑1 and further information is given in ISO/TR 5925‑2.

This document describes a method of determining the resistance to jet fires of passive fire protection materials and systems. It gives an indication of how passive fire protection materials behave in a jet fire and provides performance data under the specified conditions. It does not include an assessment of other properties of the passive fire protection material such as weathering, ageing, shock resistance, impact or explosion resistance, or smoke production. Complete I-beams and columns cannot be tested to this document due to disruption of the characteristics of the jet.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the resistance of fire dampers to heat, and for the evaluation of their ability to prevent fire and smoke from spreading from one fire compartment to another through an air distribution system. This document describes the test requirements related to intumescent fire dampers. It is intended for intumescent fire dampers that are expected to be classified as EI dampers. Without the addition of a mechanical damper, they are unable to achieve the “S” classification, which includes a leakage limit imposed at ambient temperature. This document is not intended to be used for dampers used only in smoke control systems, for testing fire protection devices which only deal with air transfer applications, or for dampers used in suspended ceilings, as the installation of the damper and duct can have an adverse effect on the performance of the suspended ceiling, requiring other methods of evaluation. NOTE "Air transfer" is a low-pressure application through a fire separation door (or wall, floor) without any connection to an air duct.

This document specifies a standard test methodology and resulting field of direct application which are applicable to linear joint fire seal materials used to seal around fire door sets which have been tested in accordance with ISO 3008‑1. The test methodology described in this document uses a smaller-scale fire resistance furnace than that prescribed in ISO 3008‑1.

This document identifies test methods already in existence and provides guidance on those that need to be developed to characterize the thermo-physical and mechanical properties of structural materials at elevated temperatures for use in fire safety engineering calculations. It is applicable to materials used in load-bearing construction in which structural and thermal calculations might be required to assess the performance of elements or systems exposed to either standard fire tests, real or design fire heating conditions.

This document establishes general principles for measuring the uniformity of furnace exposure of samples tested in accordance with the requirements of ISO 834‑1. This document specifies the type and location of instrumentation used to measure the temperature, velocity and oxygen content near the surface of simulated test samples. The surface of the simulated sample facing the furnace is gypsum board secured to cold-formed steel supports. This document does not include requirements for furnace performance. An intended use of data generated by the application of this document and the rational for the instrumentation described in this document are contained in the informative Annex A.

This document specifies a test and assessment method for determining the contribution made by fire protection systems to the fire resistance of structural steel beams, I and H sections, in the horizontal plane containing openings in the web which may affect the structural performance of the beam. It is applicable to beams subjected to three or four sided fire exposure. For any cellular beam with a single web opening or where the web openings are considered to be of small diameter in relation to the web depth the applicability of this document is intended to be determined by a structural engineer This document adopts the principle of establishing ratios of temperatures between and around openings in the web of a beam with the temperatures of a solid portion of that beam. This is with the intention that these data can be utilised within a structural model to derive the value and location of the associated limiting temperature of the beam at the fire limit state. The limiting temperature is then used in conjunction with data for the fire protection material determined from ISO 834-10 and ISO 834-11 to determine the necessary thickness of fire protection material for beams with web openings. This document applies to fire protection materials that have already been tested and assessed in accordance with ISO 834-10 and ISO 834-11 and is not intended to be used in isolation. It covers fire protection systems that include both passive and reactive materials which follow the section profile as defined in this document. This document includes the use of a multi-temperature analysis (MTA) derived from ISO 834-11 as the basis for determining the thickness of fire protection for beams with web openings. This document contains an assessment method, which prescribes how the analysis of the test data should be made and gives guidance on the procedures that could be undertaken. The assessment procedure can be used to establish: a) The thermal response of the fire protection system on cellular beams, (the thermal performance) on the basis of the temperature data derived from testing unloaded steel sections. b) The temperature ratio between the web post and the web reference temperature, which will vary depending on the web post width. c) The temperature ratio between points around the web openings and the web reference area. d) A structural model that can be used to derive limiting temperatures for cellular beams.

This document specifies a test and assessment method for determining the contribution of fire protection systems to the fire resistance of circular and rectangular solid steel bar. ISO 834-10 and ISO 834-11 cover other section shapes such as angles, channels and flats. This document is not intended to be used for twisted wire or for cold or hot rolled steel bar which is primarily used for the reinforcement of concrete. This document is applicable for the protection of solid bar up to a maximum diameter of 130 mm and in the case of rectangular bar the maximum side length shall be limited to 130 mm with a maximum aspect ratio of 2:1 against the shorter length side. Beyond these limits, the solid steel bars are covered in ISO 834-10 and ISO 834-11. This document is intended to be used with any applied fire protection system, including multi-layered systems, that have demonstrated their integrity/stickability when tested on floor beams and hollow sections under load, and assessed in accordance with ISO 834-11. This document does not incorporate results from a loaded test on a tension member. Guidance for conducting a fire test on a steel bar under a tensile load is provided in Annex C. This document contains the fire test methodology to provide data on the thermal characteristics of the fire protection system when exposed to the standard temperature/time curve specified in ISO 834-1. It also contains an assessment method for the analysis of the test data. The limits of applicability of the results of the assessment arising from the fire test are defined together with permitted direct application of the results to different steel types and sizes over the range of thicknesses of the applied fire protection system tested. The assessment procedure is used to establish: — on the basis of temperature data derived from testing steel bars, any practical constraints on the use of the fire protection system under fire test conditions, (the physical performance); — on the basis of the temperature data derived from testing steel bars, the thermal properties of the fire protection system, (the thermal performance). The limits of applicability of the results of the assessment arising from the fire test are defined together with permitted direct application of the results to different steel types and sizes of steel bar over the range of thicknesses of the applied fire protection system tested. This document describes testing in both the vertical and horizontal orientations at the discretion of the sponsor.

This document, used in conjunction with ISO 834-1, specifies a method for determining the fire resistance of door and shutter assemblies designed primarily for installation within openings incorporated in vertical separating elements, such as — hinged and pivoted doors, — horizontally sliding and vertically sliding doors, including articulated sliding doors and sectional doors, — steel single-skin folding shutters (un-insulated), — other sliding, folding doors, — tilting doors, — rolling shutter doors, — removable panels in walls, — self-closing openable windows. Requirements are included for mechanical pre-conditioning, e.g. "cycling" of door and shutter assemblies prior to the conduct of the fire-resistance test.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the resistance of fire dampers to heat, and for the evaluation of their ability to prevent fire and smoke spreading from one fire compartment to another through an air distribution system. It is applicable to mechanical fire dampers. It is not intended to be used for dampers used only in smoke control systems, for testing fire protection devices which only deal with air transfer applications, or for dampers used in suspended ceilings, as the installation of the damper and duct can have an adverse effect on the performance of the suspended ceiling, requiring other methods of evaluation. NOTE "Air transfer" is a low-pressure application through a fire separation door (or wall, floor) without any connection to an air duct.

This document specifies a test method for determining the fire resistance of pressure vessels with a fire protection system when subjected to standard fire exposure conditions. It does not address vessels cooled by water deluge or water monitor. The test data thus obtained permits subsequent classification on the basis of the duration for which the performance of the pressure vessel under these conditions satisfies specified criteria. The design of the pressure vessel is not covered in this document.

ISO 20902-1:2018 specifies a test procedure for determining the fire resistance of divisional elements with a fire protection system, when exposed to cellulosic or hydrocarbon-pool type fire conditions. It is applicable to divisional elements intended for non-marine applications but suitable for offshore fixed and mobile installations. The test data obtained, when used in conjunction with published fire test standards, permit subsequent classification of the divisional elements based on the duration of their performance against specified criteria.

ISO/TR 12470-2:2017 explains a methodology to determine the applicability of the results of fire resistance tests to actual applications. ISO/TR 12470-2:2017 is applicable to those non-loadbearing elements for which there is an ISO standard test procedure based upon the ISO 834 series for determining the fire resistance of a representative sample of the construction proposed for use in a specific building or just for general use. These elements are: - fire resisting door assemblies (excluding lift landing doorsets): - timber; - steel; - fire resisting vertical glazing ? metal framed: NOTE The rheology of glass is such that gravity has a disproportional influence on fire glass when it is heated to high temperatures and as a consequence, it is not possible to provide generic guidance on the extended application of horizontal glazed elements. - timber framed; - linear gap sealing; - service penetration sealing. Fire resistance testing furnaces have fairly restricted size limitations and as a consequence, there is little confidence that the result obtained on an element of construction tested in accordance with the standard methods will behave in a similar manner when installed in the final building. Direct and extended applications of test results are the two possible ways to ensure that an element that is not identical to the tested construction will have an acceptable probability of obtaining the same fire rating as that of the original tested specimen. In both cases, these applications generally refer only to the fire rating that the building element can expect to reach if it, or a representative sample of it, were to be tested in a furnace according to the standard fire test conditions used in the reference test. The criteria and methodology used in evaluating ductwork and dampers is significantly different from those used to evaluate conventional separating elements and for this reason, these forms of construction are not included in the scope of this document. It is planned that a subsequent part of this document may include guidance on these elements.

This document explains a methodology to determine the applicability of the results of fire resistance tests to actual applications. It is applicable to those loadbearing and simple vertical and horizontal separating elements for which there is an ISO standard test procedure based upon the ISO 834 series for determining the fire resistance of a representative sample of the construction proposed for use in a specific building or just for general use. These elements are: — loadbearing elements; — non-loadbearing elements: — partitions: — stud construction partitions; — composite panel/SIPS partitions; — ceiling membranes (horizontal partitions): — jointed ceilings; — composite panel ceilings. Direct and extended applications of test results are the two possible ways to ensure that a modified element has an acceptable probability of obtaining the same fire rating as that of the original tested specimen. In both cases, these applications generally refer only to the fire rating that the building element can expect to reach if it, or a representative sample of it, were to be tested in a furnace according to the standard fire test conditions used in the reference test. One of the most common variations is in respect of the size of the element in use. Fire resistance testing furnaces have size restrictions and as a consequence, there is little confidence that the result obtained on an element of construction tested in accordance with the standard methods will behave in a similar manner when installed in the final building. This document does not provide guidance on the application and extension of results arising from testing carried out on door and window assemblies, linear gaps or service penetration seals, which is covered in ISO/TR 12470-2. For some, but not all of the critical parameters, a summary of the possible influences is incorporated in the given examples.

ISO 3008-2:2017 specifies the method of test for determining the fire-resistance of lift landing door assemblies which can be exposed to a fire from the landing side. The procedure is applicable to all types of lift landing door assemblies used as a means of access to lifts in buildings and which are intended to provide a fire barrier to the spread of fire via the lift well. The procedure allows for the measurement of integrity and, if required, the measurement of radiation and thermal insulation. No requirements other than the verification that the specimen is operational are included for the mechanical conditioning before the test.

ISO 3008-3:2016 specifies the test method for determining the fire resistance of horizontally oriented door and shutter assemblies which may be exposed to a fire from the underside. It is applicable to all types of door and shutter assemblies installed in a horizontal orientation within floor or roof assemblies requiring fire-resistance ratings in buildings. The test method allows for the measurement of integrity and, if required, the measurement of radiation and thermal insulation. In addition, this test method includes measurement of the load-carrying ability of the test specimens subjected to a standard fire-resistance test.

ISO/TR 12468-3:2014 provides background and guidance on the use and limitations of the external fire exposure to roofs test method, the classification system, and the application of the data obtained. ISO/TR 12468-3:2014 is designed to be of assistance to code officials, fire safety engineers, designers of buildings, and other persons responsible for the safety of persons in and around buildings.

ISO 834-10:2014 specifies a method for testing fire protection systems applied to structural steel members used in buildings as beams, columns, or tension members. It is intended for use in conjunction with the assessment protocol described in ISO 834‑11. It applies to steel sections (including hollow sections) and only considers sections without openings in the web. Results from analysis of I or H sections are directly applicable to angles, channels, and T-sections for the same section factor, whether used as individual members, e.g. bracing, or part of a fabricated structural system such as a steel truss construction. ISO 834-10:2014 does not apply to solid bar, rod, or concrete-filled hollow sections. ISO 834-10:2014 describes the fire test procedures that specify the tests which should be carried out to determine the ability of the fire protection system to remain sufficiently coherent and in position for a well-defined range of deformations, furnace, and steel temperatures, such that the efficacy of the fire protection system is not significantly impaired, and to provide data on the thermal characteristics of the fire protection system when exposed to the standard temperature/time curve specified in ISO 834‑1. In special circumstances, where specified in National Building Regulations, there can be a requirement to subject reactive fire protection materials to a smouldering curve. The test and the requirements for its use are described in ISO 834-10:2014 (Annex G). ISO 834-10:2014 is applicable to both passive and reactive fire protection systems as defined in the terms and definitions, which are installed or applied in such a way that they remain in place for the intended duration of fire exposure. The fire test methodology makes provision for the collection and presentation of data which is then used as direct input into ISO 834‑11 to determine the limits of direct application to steel sections of various shapes, sizes, and fire resistance periods.

The assessment detailed in ISO 834-11:2014 is designed to cover a range of thicknesses of the fire protection material, a range of steel sections characterized by their section factors, a range of design temperatures, and a range of valid fire resistance classification periods. ISO 834-11:2014 covers fire protection systems that include both passive (boards, mats, slabs, and spray materials) and reactive materials as defined in this document. The assessment procedure is used to establish: a) on the basis of the temperature data derived from testing loaded and unloaded specimens, a correction factor and practical constraints on the use of the fire protection system (the physical performance), and b) on the basis of the temperature data derived from testing unloaded short steel specimens, the thermal properties of the fire protection material (the thermal performance). The limits of applicability of the results of the assessment are defined together with permitted direct application of the results to different steel section sizes and strength grades (but not stainless steels) and to the fire protection system tested. The results of the tests obtained according to ISO 834‑10 and the assessment in this part of ISO 834 are directly applicable to steel sections of "I" and "H" cross-sectional shape and hollow sections. Results from analysis of I or H sections are directly applicable to angles, channels, and T-sections for the same section factor, whether used as individual elements or as part of a fabricated steel truss. The results of the assessment are applicable to fabricated sections. ISO 834-11:2014 does not apply to concrete-filled hollow sections, beams, or columns containing holes or openings of any type or solid bar.

ISO 12468-1:2013 specifies a test method to determine the resistance of roofs to external exposure to fire. This method evaluates the behaviour of the roof when exposed to three types of burning brands combined with wind and with or without heat radiation, concerning the fire spread across the external surface of the roof, the fire spread within the roof, the fire penetration, and the production of flaming droplets or debris falling through the roof, from the underside of the roof, or from the exposed surface.

ISO/TR 15657:2013 provides an overview of the advances that have been made in understanding how structures respond to fire. This is reviewed in terms of heat transfer to the structural elements from primarily nominal (furnace) fires changes in the elevated temperature, physical and mechanical characteristics of structural materials, and how the information is used in the analysis of structural elements for the fire limit state. In reviewing the fire scenarios the report concentrates primarily on standardized heating curves but includes the basis of characteristic curves, which may at some time in the future be adopted in a standardized way. Reference is made to time equivalent as a recognized methodology in relating a natural or characteristic fire to an equivalent period of heating in the ISO 834 furnace test.

ISO 834-12:2012 specifies the procedures to be followed for determining the fire resistance of non-load-bearing separating elements when exposed to heating on one face when the specimen size is such that a less than full scale fire resistance furnace is justified. This condition is particularly found in the testing of separating elements in transport applications since the end-use dimensions of the barrier products are often smaller than those specified in other parts of ISO 834. Specimen sizes requiring less than full size resistance furnaces are also found when testing elements to be fitted into a separating element, such as pipe penetration systems, ducts, dampers and cable transits. The test is not appropriate for the evaluation of curtain walls (non-load-bearing external walls suspended from the ends of floor slabs) or walls containing doors or glazing. Tests of walls containing doors are covered by ISO 3008; tests of walls containing glazing are covered by ISO 3009. The application of this test to other untested forms of construction is acceptable when the construction complies with the direct field of application as given in ISO 834-12:2012 or when it is subjected to a field of extended application analysis in accordance with ISO/TR 12470.

This part of ISO 10295 provides guidance in respect of a structured method of characterizing the penetrating seal under test utilizing a series of defined parameters, each one being determined by the use of a selected series of test configurations in conjunction with simulated services. The level of characterization being sought is dependent upon the classification requirement of the system, which in turn determines the complexity of the test program. It is also intended the test method addresses the influence the supporting construction has on the performance of the seal system. The methods described apply to the determination of data relating to single component penetration seals where the penetration service does not melt out within the appropriate period of exposure to a fully developed fire. The selection of the appropriate system depends upon many factors. Of particular importance is the size of the penetration, since penetration seal systems are frequently penetration size (or size range) specific. This is a guidance document, its purpose being to determine the critical parameters relating to the performance of the seal being evaluated. Such parameters can then be used as a basis for interpolation and/or extrapolation of the seal's performance. The procedures used have been developed utilizing small square penetrations, single component penetration seals, and cylindrical conductors; however it is possible to generate a similar series of tests using rectangular cross-section conductors if this is more appropriate to end use. This part of ISO 10295 provides a structured approach designed to establish — the mode of failure; — the parameters critical to the performance of the penetration seal under test. The mode of failure and critical parameters are ascertained using test configurations appropriate to the potential performance of the product, in conjunction with clearly defined standard penetrations. The results gained from the application of this technical report are designed to assist a suitably qualified person to develop a direct and extended field of application for the penetration seal under test using in particular, the principles and methodology given in ISO/TR 12470. Using the field(s) of application so generated, it should be possible to classify the penetration seal, thus facilitating its incorporation into specifications. The test configurations recommended in this part of ISO 10295 are not appropriate for evaluating multicomponent penetration seals. This part of ISO 10295 is not appropriate for characterizing all types of penetration seals, e.g. pipe closers/collars and some gland systems, for which evaluation using ISO 10295-1 is more appropriate. This part of ISO 10295 does not address the distance required between services that can generate their own heat. When a live service is being evaluated, it is necessary to give consideration to the distance required between penetrations.

ISO/TR 834-3:2012 provides background and guidance on the use and limitations of the fire resistance test method and the application of the data obtained. It is designed to be of assistance to code officials, fire safety engineers, designers of buildings and other persons responsible for the safety of persons in and around buildings. It identifies where the procedure can be improved by reference to ISO/TR 22898.

ISO/TR 15658:2009 specifies procedures for the design, performance and reporting of fire tests which are not performed using standardized test equipment, such as furnaces or test chambers, and which are primarily duration- or time-based. It is applicable to all ‘natural' fire tests, which set out to evaluate the behaviour of structural frames, rooms (or a suite of rooms forming part of a building), with respect to fully developed fire conditions, regardless of whether or not the heat input is by means of natural sources, e.g. cribs or burners. It is not applicable to ‘reaction-to-fire' large-scale tests, which are primarily designed to evaluate materials and for which the heating rate is slower and the maximum rate of heat release is lower than that which would occur at full development.

ISO 6944-2:2009 establishes a method of test in which kitchen extract ducts are required to provide fire resistance. The requirements are intended to limit the spread of fire from the duct when a fire occurs within the duct and assesses the structural integrity of the duct when a fire occurs in the area surrounding the duct.

ISO 10295-2:2009 specifies the heating conditions, methods of test and criteria for the evaluation of the ability of a linear joint seal to maintain the fire integrity and thermal insulation of a fire-separating element at the joint being sealed. The purpose of the tests is to assess the integrity and insulation performance of the linear joint seals, including the effects of induced movement in those cases where the joint is designed to accommodate movement and has a width greater than 20 mm. It is not the intention of this part of ISO 10295-2:2009 to provide quantitative information on the rate of leakage of smoke and/or gases, or on the transmission or generation of fumes, although such phenomena can be recorded in describing the general behaviour of specimens during the test. It is not the intention of this part of ISO 10295-2:2009 to evaluate joint seals where special test procedures already exist, e.g. doors, partitions, penetrations, pipes, ducts and cables.

ISO 6944-1:2008 specifies a method for determining the fire resistance of vertical and horizontal ventilation ducts under standardized fire conditions. The test examines the behaviour of ducts exposed to fire from the outside (duct A) and fire inside the duct (duct B). It is intended that ISO 6944-1:2008 be used in conjunction with ISO 834-1. ISO 6944-1:2008 is not applicable to ducts whose fire resistance depends on the fire resistance performance of a ceiling, ducts containing fire dampers at points where they pass through fire separations, doors of inspection openings, unless included in the duct to be tested, two- or three-sided ducts, or the fixing of suspension devices to floors or walls. General guidance and background information are provided.

The test described in ISO 5925-1:2007 determines the rate of leakage of ambient (cold) and medium (warm) temperature smoke from one side of door and shutter assemblies to the other, under the specified test conditions. The test is applicable to door and shutter assemblies of different configurations intended for purposes of controlling the passage of smoke in case of fire. The acceptable leakage rates for different situations are not addressed in ISO 5925-1:2007, but rather are specified by the regulations of the controlling authorities. The principle of the test is explained briefly.

ISO 10295-1:2007 specifies the heating condition, method of test and criteria for the evaluation of the ability of a penetration sealing system to maintain the integrity and insulation of a fire separating element at the position at which it has been penetrated, for example by a service. ISO 10295-1:2007 assesses the effect of such penetrations on the integrity and insulation performance of the element concerned, the integrity and insulation performance of the penetration sealing system, the insulation performance of the penetrating service or services, and where appropriate, the integrity failure of a service. ISO 10295-1:2007 does not provide information concerning the influence of the inclusion of such penetrations and sealing systems on the load-bearing capacity of the element. It is possible that a penetration seal is a component of, or contributes to the performance of, a system to which special requirements apply. In such cases additional tests, relevant to the system and its function, can be necessary. Examples are chimneys and fire-rated ducts in air distribution systems. ISO 10295-1:2007 is not intended to provide quantitative information on the rate of leakage of smoke and/or hot gases or on the transmission or generation of fumes. Such phenomena are to be noted in describing the general behaviour of specimens during test. ISO 10295-1:2007 does not provide information on the ability of the seal to withstand stresses that can be caused by the movement or displacement of the penetration services in practice.

ISO/TR 5925-2:2006 provides a commentary that explains the general philosophy and factors on which the test specified in Part 1 of ISO 5925 has been designed, to describe the limitations of its application and to provide some general guidance for those who use the result of the test. Smoke control-door and shutter assemblies can be used as part of a smoke containment strategy for the purposes of life safety or property protection.

ISO 10294-5:2005 describes the test requirements related to intumescent fire dampers. It identifies the minor modifications needed to adapt the test method described in ISO 10294-1 (which was intended for mechanical dampers) to suit intumescent fire dampers. Additional tests are included to give an assessment of the operational reliability of intumescent fire dampers. This test is intended for intumescent fire dampers that will be classified as EI dampers in accordance with ISO 10294-2. Without the addition of a mechanical damper, they are unable to achieve the "S" classification, which includes a leakage limit imposed at ambient temperatures.

ISO/TR 12471:2004 gives a review of the advances that have been made in measuring and understanding how structural materials respond to fire in terms of changes in their elevated temperature, and physical and mechanical characteristics, and to identify areas where further work is necessary to generate the data required. Analytical methods for heat transfer are combined with mechanical models to calculate structural behaviour from single elements up to complete frames under real fire and ISO Standard furnace heating conditions. ISO/TR 12471:2004 reviews advances in computational analysis and indicates how these can be used with probabilistic analysis to provide a risk-based approach to structural fire engineering design.

ISO/TR 15656:2003 provides guidance for evaluating the predictive capability of calculation models for structural fire behaviour. It is specific to models that are intended to predict the fire resistance or fire endurance of structural members or assemblies. Such models include models simulating the thermal behaviour and mechanical behaviour of fire-exposed load-bearing and/or separating structures and structural elements. In ISO/TR 15656:2003, the term model includes all calculation procedures that are based on physical models. These mechanistic-based or physical models encompass all the physical, mathematical and numerical assumptions and approximations that are employed to describe the behaviour of structural members and assemblies when subjected to a fire. In general, such physical models are implemented as a computer code on a digital computer. The application and extension of results from calculation methods are generally limited to performance resulting from standard tests. Aspects of ISO/TR 15656:2003 are applicable to calculation procedures not based on physical models. Mechanistic-based models can often be used to calculate the behaviour of structures in non-standard fire exposures. The process of model evaluation is critical in establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, ISO/TR 15656:2003 is intended to provide methodologies for evaluating the predictive capabilities for specific uses. Documentation of suitability for certain applications or scenarios does not imply validation for other scenarios.

ISO 3009:2003 provides a test method for determining and assessing the fire resistance performance of both insulated and uninsulated glazed elements of building construction, when those elements are exposed to heating on one face. It is applicable to glazed separating elements such as screens, walls of glass blocks and other light-transmitting assemblies used in vertical, inclined or horizontal orientations, and to all separating elements containing glazing intended to be assessed in accordance with ISO 834-1, except for doors and shutter assemblies, which are intended to be tested in accordance with ISO 3008. It is directly applicable to planar elements, but also gives guidance on the testing of non-planar elements such as pyramids.

ISO 12472:2002 specifies a test method for determining the effective sealing capability of intumescent materials or systems in the context of sealing door-to-frame clearances in timber door assemblies. The method is suitable for evaluating the efficacy of exposed intumescent sealing systems used in conjunction with timber fire resisting doors of up to 1 h fire resistance. It is not suitable for comparing concealed intumescent seals. The results can be applied to proven, single-acting, single-leaf, latched, timber door assemblies of sizes up to that given in the field of direct application.

ISO 834-9:2002 specifies test procedures for determining the fire resistance of non-loadbearing ceiling elements, which possess fire resistance independent of any building element above them, when exposed to heating from below the ceiling. It is applicable to self-supporting ceilings and to ceilings suspended from, or fixed directly to, a supporting construction. It is not applicable to ceilings used as a horizontal fire barrier for the protection of a loadbearing element above, in which case performance is assessed as an integral part of the complete assembly using ISO 834-5.

ISO 834-8:2002 specifies the procedures to be followed for determining the fire resistance of non-loadbearing vertical separating elements when exposed to heating on one face. This test is neither appropriate for the evaluation of curtain walls (non-loadbearing external walls suspended from the ends of floor slabs) nor for walls containing doors or glazing. For tests of walls containing doors refer to ISO 3008. For tests of walls containing glazing refer to ISO 3009. The application of this test to other untested forms of construction is acceptable when the construction complies with the direct field of application as given in ISO 834-8:2002 or when it is subjected to a field of extended application analysis in accordance with ISO/TR 12470.

This part of ISO 834 specifies the procedures to be followed for determining the fire resistance of beams, when tested on their own. Beams are normally tested with their underside and two vertical sides fully exposed to heating. However, when the exposure is from four sides or less than three sides, appropriate exposure conditions are necessary. Beams which are part of a floor construction are tested with the floor construction as described in ISO 834-5 and are subject to evaluation of integrity and insulation. The application of this test to other untested forms of construction is acceptable when the construction complies with the direct field of application as given in this part of ISO 834 or when subjected to an extended application analysis in accordance with ISO/TR 12470. Since ISO/TR 12470 gives only general guidelines, specific extended application analyses are to be performed only by persons expert in fire-resistant constructions. General guidance on this test method is given in annex A.

This part of ISO 834 specifies the procedures to be followed for determining the fire resistance of columns when tested on their own. Columns are normally tested with all sides fully exposed to heating. However, when in practice the exposure is from fewer than four sides, appropriate exposure conditions have to be reproduced. The application of this test to other untested forms of construction is acceptable when the construction complies with the direct field of application as given in this part of ISO 834 or when subjected to an extended application analysis in accordance with ISO/TR 12470. Since ISO/TR 12470 gives only general guidelines, specific extended application analyses are to be performed only by persons expert in fire-resistant constructions. General guidance on this test method is given in annex A.

This part of ISO 834 specifies the procedures to be followed for determining the fire resistance of loadbearing horizontal separating elements when exposed to heating from the underside. The test is also appropriate for the evaluation of loadbearing separating elements containing beams when it is not possible to test the floor or roof assembly in a representative manner without them. However, the data cannot be transferred directly one to the other. The application of this test to other untested forms of construction is acceptable when the construction complies with the direct field of application as given in this part of ISO 834 or when subjected to an extended application analysis in accordance with ISO/TR 12470. Since ISO/TR 12470 gives only general guidelines, specific extended application analyses are to be performed only by persons expert in fire-resistant constructions.

This part of ISO 834 specifies the procedures to be followed for determining the fire resistance of loadbearing vertical separating elements when exposed to heating on one face. The application of this test to other untested forms of construction is acceptable when the construction complies with the direct field of application as given in this part of ISO 834 or when subjected to an extended application analysis in accordance with ISO/TR 12470. Since ISO/TR 12470 gives only general guidelines, specific extended application analyses are to be performed only by persons expert in fire-resistant constructions.

This part of ISO 834 specifies a test method for determining the fire resistance of various elements of construction when subjected to standard fire exposure conditions. The test data thus obtained will permit subsequent classification on the basis of the duration for which the performance of the tested elements under these conditions satisfies specified criteria.