ISO/TS 8100-21:2018
(Main)Lifts for the transport of persons and goods — Part 21: Global safety parameters (GSPs) meeting the global essential safety requirements (GESRs)
Lifts for the transport of persons and goods — Part 21: Global safety parameters (GSPs) meeting the global essential safety requirements (GESRs)
This document: a) specifies global safety parameters (GSPs) for lifts (elevators), their components and their functions; b) complements the system and methods specified in ISO 8100‑20 for mitigating safety risks that can arise in the course of the operation and use of, or work on, lifts (elevators). NOTE Hereinafter, the term "lift" is used instead of the term "elevator". It is applicable to lifts that can: a) be located in any permanent and fixed structure within or attached to a building, except lifts located in: private residences (single family units); or means of transport, e.g. ships; b) have any: rated load, size of load-carrying unit (LCU) and speed; and travel distance and number of landings; c) be affected by fire in the load-carrying unit, earthquakes, weather or floods; d) be foreseeably misused (e.g. overloaded), but not vandalized. This document does not specifically cover a) all the needs of users with disabilities; or b) risks arising from: work on lifts under construction, during testing, or during alterations and dismantling; use of lifts for firefighting and emergency evacuation; vandalism; fire outside the LCU; explosive atmosphere; transportation of dangerous goods.
Elévateurs pour le transport de personnes et d'objets — Partie 21: Paramètres de securité repondant aux exigences essentielles de sécurité globale des ascenseurs
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 8100-21
First edition
2018-09
Lifts for the transport of persons and
goods —
Part 21:
Global safety parameters (GSPs)
meeting the global essential safety
requirements (GESRs)
Elévateurs pour le transport de personnes et d'objets —
Partie 21: Paramètres de securité repondant aux exigences
essentielles de sécurité globale des ascenseurs
Reference number
©
ISO 2018
© ISO 2018
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ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Development of global safety parameters (GSPs) . 5
4.1 Purpose of GSPs. 5
4.2 Approach . 5
5 Understanding and implementing GSPs . 5
5.1 Overall objective . 5
5.2 Properties and use of GSPs . 6
5.2.1 GSPs . 6
5.2.2 Process of implementing GSPs . 6
5.2.3 Ways of using GESRs and GSPs . 7
5.2.4 Applicability of GESRs and GSPs . 7
5.2.5 Safety objectives of GSPs . 8
5.3 Use of ISO 8100-20 and this document .12
5.4 Good engineering practice .12
6 Global safety parameters .13
Annex A (informative) Anthropometric and design data summary .27
Bibliography .29
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www. iso. org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www. iso.org/patent s).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.
iso .org/iso/foreword. html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 178, Lifts, escalators and moving walks.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www. iso. org/members. html.
A list of all parts in the ISO 8100 series can be found on the ISO/TC 178 website.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO/TS 22559-2.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Introduction
This document was prepared in response to the need to set global safety parameters for lifts (elevators).
The objective of the ISO 8100 series is to:
a) define a common global level of safety for all people using, or associated with, lifts (elevators);
b) facilitate innovation of lifts (elevators) not designed according to existing local, national or regional
safety standards, while maintaining equivalent levels of safety. If such innovations become state of
the art, they can be integrated into the detailed local safety standard at a later date;
c) help remove trade barriers.
ISO 8100-20 establishes global essential safety requirements (GESRs) for lifts (elevators) by addressing
hazards and risks that can be encountered on a lift (elevator). The GESRs, however, state only the safety
objectives of a lift (elevator).
This document provides guidance and criteria for achieving conformance with safety requirements of
GESRs by specifying global safety parameters (GSPs) for use and implementation, where applicable, in
a lift (elevator) to eliminate hazards or mitigate safety risks addressed in the GESRs. However, GSPs are
not mandatory.
Clause 4 describes the approach and methodology used in the development of this document. Clause 5
gives instructions for the use and implementation of GSPs. The GSPs are presented in Clause 6 in the
sequence of GESRs in ISO 8100-20.
This document is a product safety standard in accordance with ISO/IEC Guide 51.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 8100-21:2018(E)
Lifts for the transport of persons and goods —
Part 21:
Global safety parameters (GSPs) meeting the global
essential safety requirements (GESRs)
1 Scope
This document:
a) specifies global safety parameters (GSPs) for lifts (elevators), their components and their functions;
b) complements the system and methods specified in ISO 8100-20 for mitigating safety risks that can
arise in the course of the operation and use of, or work on, lifts (elevators).
NOTE Hereinafter, the term “lift” is used instead of the term “elevator”.
It is applicable to lifts that can:
a) be located in any permanent and fixed structure within or attached to a building, except lifts
located in:
1) private residences (single family units); or
2) means of transport, e.g. ships;
b) have any:
1) rated load, size of load-carrying unit (LCU) and speed; and
2) travel distance and number of landings;
c) be affected by fire in the load-carrying unit, earthquakes, weather or floods;
d) be foreseeably misused (e.g. overloaded), but not vandalized.
This document does not specifically cover
1)
a) all the needs of users with disabilities; or
b) risks arising from:
1) work on lifts under construction, during testing, or during alterations and dismantling;
2) use of lifts for firefighting and emergency evacuation;
3) vandalism;
4) fire outside the LCU;
5) explosive atmosphere;
6) transportation of dangerous goods.
1) Although the GESRs mentioned in this document have been identified and evaluated by risk assessment, not all
disabilities or combinations of disabilities of users have necessarily been addressed.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14798, Lifts (elevators), escalators and moving walks — Risk assessment and reduction methodology
ISO 22199, Electromagnetic compatibility — Product family standard for lifts, escalators and moving
walks — Emission
ISO 22200, Electromagnetic compatibility — Product family standard for lifts, escalators and moving
walks — Immunity
ISO 8100-20, Safety requirements for lifts (elevators) — Part 1: Global essential safety requirements (GESRs)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14798 and the following apply.
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
authorized person
person with authorization to access restricted lift (3.8) areas [e.g. machinery spaces, lift well (hoistway)
(3.5), pit and LCU top] and to work therein, for the purpose of inspecting, testing, repairing, and
maintaining the lift or for rescuing users from a stalled load-carrying unit (LCU) (3.9)
[SOURCE: ISO 8100-20:2018, 3.1]
3.2
counterweight
mass that contributes traction in the case of a traction lift (3.8), or mass that saves energy by balancing
all or part of the mass of the LCU (3.9) (car) and the rated load (3.15)
[SOURCE: ISO 8100-20:2018, 3.3]
3.3
door
landing (3.7) or LCU (3.9) mechanical device (including devices that partially or fully enclose the
opening) used to secure an LCU or landing entrance
3.4
electromagnetic compatibility
EMC
degree of immunity to incident electromagnetic radiation and level of emitted electromagnetic
radiation of electrical apparatuses
3.5
well (GB)
hoistway (US)
travel path(s) (3.19) of the LCU (3.9) and related equipment, plus the spaces below the lowest landing
(3.7) and above the highest landing
3.6
enclosure
well enclosure (GB)
hoistway enclosure (US)
fixed structural elements that isolate the well (hoistway) (3.5) from all other areas or spaces
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
3.7
landing
floor, balcony or platform (3.14) used to receive and discharge persons or goods (freight) from the
LCU (3.9)
3.8
lift (GB)
elevator (US)
lifting appliance intended to transport persons with or without goods or freight by means of a power-
ope rated load (3.15) -carrying unit that is guided by a fixed guiding system from one landing (3.7) to
another, at an angle of more than 75° to the horizontal
Note 1 to entry: This term does not include mobile or other working platforms (3.14) or baskets, or lifting
appliances used in the course of construction of buildings or structures.
Note 2 to entry: See ISO/TR 11071-1:2004, Clause 2, for use of the term “lift” versus the term “elevator” in current
national standards for lifts.
[SOURCE: ISO 8100-20:2018, 3.17]
3.9
load-carrying unit
LCU
car
part of a lift (3.8) designed to carry persons and/or other goods for the purpose of transportation (3.18)
[SOURCE: ISO 8100-20:2018, 3.18]
3.10
machinery space
space inside or outside the well (hoistway) (3.5), which contains the lift's mechanical equipment, and
can also contain electrical equipment used directly in connection with the lift (3.8)
Note 1 to entry: This space can also contain the electric driving machine, the hydraulic machine or means for
emergency operation.
3.11
maintenance
process of examination, lubrication, cleaning, adjustment and routine replacement of lift (3.8) parts
to ensure the safe and intended functioning of the lift and its components after completion of the
installation and throughout its life cycle
3.12
non-user
person in the vicinity of a lift (3.8), but not intending to access or use the lift
3.13
overload
load in the LCU (3.9) that exceeds the rated load (3.15) of the lift (3.8)
3.14
platform
part of the LCU (3.9) that accommodates persons and load for the purpose of transportation (3.18)
3.15
rated load
load that the lift (3.8) is designed and installed to transport
3.16
relative movement
situation where a lift (3.8) component moves in the vicinity of another lift component that is stationary
or that moves at a different speed or in a different direction
Note 1 to entry: This can also occur in a situation where a lift component moves in the vicinity of a structure
where persons can be present.
EXAMPLE Building floor surrounding the lift well (hoistway) (3.5).
3.17
safety parameter
SP
quantitative unit, the value of which, in the form of numerical values or references to International
Standards or other standards, provides a level of safety consistent with that provided by relevant
standards in current use in the lift (3.8) industry and good engineering practices
Note 1 to entry: A global safety parameter (GSP) is a globally agreed upon safety parameter.
3.18
transportation
process in the course of which persons enter, or goods are moved into, an LCU (3.9), which is then lifted
or lowered to another landing (3.7), where the person exits, or goods are removed from, the LCU
3.19
travel path
path and related space between the lift (3.8) terminal landings (3.7) within which an LCU (3.9) travels
Note 1 to entry: For “space” above and below terminal landings, see 3.15.
3.20
uncontrolled movement
situation where the LCU (3.9)
— moves when, according to the design of the lift (3.8), it was to remain stationary; or
— travels at a speed that is beyond the control of the means designed and intended to control the LCU
speed during the lift operation
EXAMPLE 1 The LCU starts to move away from a landing (3.7) while the users (3.21) are entering or leaving
the LCU due to failure or breakdown of lift components, such as the speed control or brake system.
EXAMPLE 2 The LCU speed exceeds its designed speed or does not decelerate or stop as intended due to
failure or breakdown of lift components, such as the speed control or brake system.
3.21
user
person using the lift (3.8) for the purpose of normal transportation (3.18), without any help or
supervision, including a person carrying goods and a person using a specially dedicated operating
system to transport goods or loads
Note 1 to entry: An example of use of a specially dedicated operating system is “independent service” for transport
of hospital patients, whereby the operation of the lift is under the sole control of the patient's attendant.
3.22
vandalism
deliberate destruction of, or damage to, property for no obvious gain or reason
3.23
working area
working space
area or space defined for use by authorized persons (3.1) to perform maintenance (3.11), repair,
inspection or testing of the lift (3.8)
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
4 Development of global safety parameters (GSPs)
4.1 Purpose of GSPs
To enable verification that the lift and its selected components and functions have achieved safety
objectives of applicable GESRs, GSPs, such as strength, clearances, acceleration or retardation values,
are provided in this document in the form of numerical values or references to International Standards
or other standards.
NOTE For the definition of GESR, see ISO 8100-20:2018, 3.9.
According to ISO 8100-20:2018, 5.1.4, “a GESR states only the safety objective, or “what” shall be done
or accomplished but not “how” to accomplish the objective. Therefore, in order to achieve the safety
objective of a GESR, appropriate designs of lift components and functions shall be selected and their
compliance with the GESR shall be verified.”. ISO 14798 describes a risk assessment process that can
help to establish that the GESRs have been fulfilled with a specific design or lift configuration. In order
to mitigate specific risks identified in the risk assessment process, specific components, functions or
GSPs may be used.
ISO 8100-20 and this document do not mandate the use of specific designs of components and functions
(such as specific designs of “safety gear”, “door interlocks” or “spring buffers”) as they are commonly
specified and required in prescriptive lift standards. Such components and functions are not mandated
in this document as that would inhibit design innovations.
All applicable GESRs shall be fulfilled, in accordance with ISO 8100-20, irrespective of whether or not
there is a GSP specified in this document.
4.2 Approach
As was the case with development of ISO 8100-20, the development of this document also involved
experts from various parts of the world working in three regional study groups (North American,
European and Asia-Pacific). Specialized task groups carried out research in areas, such as
anthropometric, ergonomic, spatial and environmental influences by review of relevant International
Standards and other standards.
Individual experts and task groups derived safety parameters from independent research of existing
standards, anthropometric data, clearances, forces, etc., and a comparison of major codes. GSPs that
were determined to provide sufficient mitigation of risks related to relevant GESRs are included in this
document.
5 Understanding and implementing GSPs
5.1 Overall objective
Consistent with the purpose described in 4.1, global safety parameters in relation to individual GESRs
are specified in Clause 6.
The objective of the global safety parameters in Clause 6 is to:
a) introduce parameters that provide universal means to demonstrate compliance with GESRs; and
b) stimulate the harmonization of safety parameters in existing standards.
To accomplish the safety objective of a GESR, a GSP, although not mandatory, can be an adequate means
of achieving compliance. The list of GSPs in Table 2 is not exhaustive.
Table 2 specifies fixed minimum or maximum values. Where the GSP gives a possible range of values in
the referenced International Standards, dependent on the circumstance in which it is used, justification
that the correct value has been chosen can be required to suit the particular hazardous situation(s).
Listed GSPs should not be interpreted as the only measure of conformity with a GESR. Conformance
with a GESR can be achieved by deviating from the listed GSPs, provided that the risk is mitigated using
other equally effective protective measures. Parameters consistent with good engineering practices
(see also 5.4 and Table 2 remark to GSP 1) or selected from applicable codes or standards may be used.
In such cases, it shall be demonstrated that the type of parameters chosen:
a) sufficiently mitigate the risk addressed in the GESR; and
b) ensure that any new risks created by implementation of the parameter(s) are sufficiently mitigated.
NOTE See ISO 14798:2009, 4.4.1.3.
5.2 Properties and use of GSPs
5.2.1 GSPs
The GSPs are listed in Table 2.
NOTE 1 International Standards and other standards have been used wherever applicable for developing GSPs
as they represent long-standing history in lift safety or scientifically developed data which has been applied
for some time in safety-related applications. The other standards include lift safety codes, electrical codes,
anthropometric standards and various materials standards. In all cases, the use of the relevant standard is to
assist the user of this document.
NOTE 2 This document recognizes that slightly different or non-identical values for safety-related criteria
have been used around the world in order to ensure the safe operation of lifts. Examples of these are safety
factors, space sizes to prevent body part entry, space sizes to allow body part entry, forces, deceleration levels
and illumination levels. In many cases, the values vary only slightly (e.g. as a result of conversions of imperial to
SI units of measurement or due to different origins of the units). Nevertheless, these slightly differing values have
proven to result in safe lift operation over many years.
Safety factors should be considered relative to the material being used and its application, based on
good engineering practice (see also 5.4 and Table 2 remark to GSP 1).
It is recognized that electronic safety devices and programmable electronic systems in safety-related
applications (i.e. PESSRAL) are being extensively used in many industries. Where used in lift safety
applications, guidance on safety integrity levels (SILs) is provided in ISO 22201-1.
For devices using electro-mechanical or non-programmable electronic devices, methods such as Failure
Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) should be considered to establish the safety level.
The values in Table 2 are globally harmonized values based upon current applicable standards, with the
recognition that some of the values are not absolute in nature.
When existing lift safety standards are revised, these GSPs, (i.e. these values and generic International
Standards) should be considered.
5.2.2 Process of implementing GSPs
In evaluating a lift system or component for compliance with a particular GESR, the following risk
assessment and risk reduction process, in accordance with ISO 14798, shall be applied:
a) the risk scenario, which includes the hazardous situation addressed in a GESR and the harmful
event, shall be formulated;
b) risk shall be estimated, evaluated and assessed;
c) if the risk level requires mitigation, protective measures are proposed. The protective measures
should eliminate the hazard or reduce the risk. Reducing the risk may include implementing GSPs;
d) after applying the protective measures, the risk shall be re-assessed. Step c) shall be repeated until
the risk has been sufficiently mitigated;
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
e) if a new hazard is created as a result of mitigating a given risk, the risk resulting from this new
hazard shall be fully mitigated using the above-mentioned process.
5.2.3 Ways of using GESRs and GSPs
5.2.3.1 With respect to a specific task affecting lift safety, such as designing a lift or its components,
GESRs and related GSPs may be used in two ways, namely:
a) one can begin with the risk assessment of scenarios related to the task in order to identify the
applicable GESRs and related GSPs, as in 5.2.3.2; or
b) one can begin with a review of all GESRs in order to identify those that can be applicable to the
task, as in 5.2.3.3.
NOTE In addition to designing, tasks can include installing or servicing, or writing design-prescriptive
safety standards for lifts or their components.
5.2.3.2 When designing a lift or its components, a review of the intended use, foreseeable misuse (see
ISO 14798:2009, 4.5.5.4) and design should be made, in which all possible risk scenarios are formulated
and risk assessment is performed in order to find out which, if any, GESRs and relevant GSPs are
applicable to the design. All risk scenarios that can occur during operation and use should be considered,
as well as during the maintenance, repair or inspection of the lift.
The risk scenarios shall include specifications of all hazardous situations, combined with all harmful
events (i.e. causes, effects and possible levels of harm). The risk analysis of a scenario shall be followed
by the process of risk estimation and evaluation in accordance with the methodology specified in
ISO 14798. As long as a risk is assessed as not sufficiently mitigated, the proposed design needs to be
continually improved until the applicable GESRs have been fulfilled.
EXAMPLE By following this process, risk scenarios similar to those in Cases 1.1 or 1.2 of Table 1 can be
formulated and it can be concluded that there is a possibility of injury to persons exposed to shearing, crushing
or abrasion hazards. The assessment of the risk indicates that the risk needs further mitigation, which is achieved
by changing the design. If this is not feasible, further mitigation is achieved by implementing other protective
measures in order to comply with GESR 6.1.5 and the corresponding GSP specified in Table 2.
NOTE 1 For the practical use of GESRs, see ISO 8100-20:2018, 5.2.
NOTE 2 Rationales for the GESRs, given in notes following each GESR in Table 2, are intended to provide
further understanding of the intent and use of GESRs.
5.2.3.3 The process can start with the review of GESRs. In this case, one considers the design or actual
installation of the lift or its components, with the intent of identifying those GESRs that can be applicable
to the design, installation of the lift or its components. Compliance with each identified GESR shall
be assessed. If the compliance is not self-evident, risk assessment shall be completed to demonstrate
compliance.
EXAMPLE In the case of the GESR 6.1.5 in Cases 1.1 or 1.2 of Table 1, one would observe the lift design or
installation to find out whether any person travelling in the LCU, entering or exiting the LCU, or being around the
lift travel path or well (hoistway), or in a similar situation, can be exposed to shearing, crushing, abrasion or a
similar hazard that can cause harm.
5.2.4 Applicability of GESRs and GSPs
When analysing the safety of a lift design or component, or when writing a design-prescriptive
requirement or standard, the applicability of all GESRs should be determined. Only systematic
descriptions of all risk scenarios combined with the risk assessment of all scenarios (see ISO 14798)
determine applicability of individual GESRs and relevant GSPs.
Table 2 addresses safety hazards in specific GESR. The relevant GSP(s) given for a GESR does/do not
necessarily mitigate all risks relevant to a specific lift system, component or function. However, such
risks would be addressed by another GESR and associated relevant GSP(s).
5.2.5 Safety objectives of GSPs
When designing a lift, appropriate components and functions should be selected in terms of specific
GSPs (see Table 2). Examples are size, dimensions, strength, force, energy, material and acceleration.
Reliability of performance of safety-related parts, as applicable, and their ability to eliminate or
sufficiently mitigate the risks to achieve compliance with the objective specified in the GESR should be
established.
Table 1 contains examples that illustrate the methods described in 5.2.3.1. The examples are consistent
with the corresponding examples in ISO 8100-20:2018, Table 1.
a) Cases 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 and 2.2 illustrate the method described in 5.2.3.1 a), where a GESR and
corresponding GSP are used to mitigate a risk.
b) Cases 3 and 4 illustrate the method described in 5.2.3.1 b), where applicable GESRs are identified,
and a risk assessment is carried out on a specific scenario. A GSP is used to mitigate the risk.
c) The examples are not comprehensive, in that other risks pertaining to the scenarios are not
addressed. A comprehensive risk assessment would address all risks.
In Cases 1.1 or 1.2 of Table 1, in order to eliminate or mitigate the risks to persons inside the LCU, in the
lift entrance area and in the area around the LCU travel path, the following shall be determined:
a) the minimum height of the guards or walls on the sides of the LCU platform to avoid the shearing,
crushing and abrasion hazard;
b) the maximum perforation (openings) in the LCU guards or walls, if any;
c) the maximum permissible impact, force, speed, kinetic energy, if any, of the door when closing on
the person;
d) the minimum height of the guards or wall separating the LCU travel path and other moving
components from the lift landing and floor area around the lift;
e) the maximum perforation (openings) in the guards or walls around the travel path, if any.
NOTE 1 There are additional GESRs applicable to the guards on LCU sides (see also GSP for GESR 6.4.4 in
Table 2) and LCU travel path or well (hoistway) sides (see 6.2.1 in Case 2.1 or 2.2 of Table 1 and GSP for GESR 6.2.1
in Table 2). They are related to the risk of persons falling into the travel path from the LCU and from the floors
around the travel path.
NOTE 2 All GESR headings from ISO 8100-20 are listed in Table 2 and aligned with their relevant GSPs.
8 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Table 1 — Examples of risk scenarios related to GERSs and GSPs using method described in 5.2.3.1 a) (Cases 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 and 2.2) and
5.2.3.1 b) (Cases 3 and 4)
Estimation After
Protective measures (risk Residual
Scenario of risk ele- protective
reduction measures) risk
Case ments measures
Applicable GESR
No.
Harmful event
Hazardous situation S P S P
Cause Effect
1.1 N/A Users are on a moving LCU User extends a hand User’s hand or foot 2 B NOTE This hazard is addressed 4 E None
that has low or perforated or protrudes a foot is sheared, crushed, by GESR 6.2.5.
guards on its sides. beyond the LCU perim- or cut.
Conform to GSP 6.2.5.
eters; the hand or foot
engages with external
[p1] Where a full imperforate
lift objects.
enclosure is not provided, see
ISO 13857.
[p2] Where enclosure is pro-
vided on all sides, but perforat-
ed, see ISO 13857:2008, Tables 5
and 6, 4.2.2 and 4.2.3.
[p3] Where enclosure is not
provided on all sides, see
ISO 13857:2008, Table 2 for the
distances a, b, and c, and also
Figures 1 and 2, 4.2.2 and 4.2.3.
1.2 N/A Users are in the lift en- The doors contact the Persons are crushed 2 A NOTE This hazard is addressed 3 E None
trance area and enter the users who are entering or sheared or they by GESR 6.2.5 and 6.4.1.
LCU, when the entrance the LCU. are destabilized, pos-
Conform to GSPs 6.2.5 and 6.4.1.
door is closing. sibly resulting in an
injury due to a fall.
Comments:
1) The severity level in cases 1.1 is reduced from level 2 to level 4 as the hazard is effectively eliminated by design changes consistent with relevant ISO standards. The probabil-
ity level is correspondingly reduced.
2) The severity level in case 1.2 is reduced from level 2 to level 3, as the force and kinetic energy has been reduced, but not eliminated. The probability has been correspondingly
reduced.
3) The example is not comprehensive in that other risks, e.g. falling from the LCU are not addressed. A comprehensive risk assessment would address all risks.
S – Levels of severity of the harm*: 1 – High; 2 – Medium; 3 – Low; 4 – Negligible.
P – Level of probability of occurrence of harm*: A – Highly probable; B – Probable; C – Occasional; D – Remote; E – Improbable; F – Highly improbable.
* See ISO 14798:2009, 4.5.3.1 and 4.5.4.1.
10 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Table 1 (continued)
2.1 N/A There are no guards be- The person leans over The person falls 1 A NOTE This hazard is addressed 1 F None
tween the LCU travel path the floor edge or the down the well by GESR 6.2.1.
and the floors surrounding entrance opening sill. (hoistway).
Conform to GSP 6.3.1.
the travel path, high above
the bottom of the well
[p1] Landing doors to resist
(hoistway). A person is
impact with 100 kg mass mov-
standing close to the well
ing at 3 m/s velocity (This will
(hoistway).
result in an impact energy
value of 450 J and will allow
2.2 N/A Guards in Case 1.1 are A person leans against Person breaks 1 C 1 F None
permanent deformation with
provided but do not have the guard. through the guard
structural integrity).
adequate strength. Users and falls down into
in LCU. the well (hoistway).
[p2] Well (hoistway) wall(s) of
sufficient height and strength to
be provided.
NOTE See also remarks in
GSP 6.3.1 relating to static and
dynamic forces in Table 2.
Comment: After the guards/enclosures around the LCU and the well (hoistway) have been put in place, severity remains the same as the height between the landing and the well
(hoistway) floor is the same, i.e. falling hazard remains, but probability has been reduced to F.
3 GESR 6.2.3 Users or non-users have ac- Person inadvertently or This contact results 1 C Conform to GSP 6.2.3. 1 E Hazard-
cess to lift machinery and/ deliberately comes into in death or serious ous spac-
Equipment that is [p1] Where a full imperforate
or the equipment installed contact with moving or injury if the person es may
hazardous shall not enclosure is not provided, see
to move or control the LCU rotating machinery or is drawn into or be left
be directly acces- ISO 13857.
electrical equipment comes into contact open and
sible to users and
with the machinery; unlocked,
[p2] Where equipment is cov-
non-users.
or the person is elec- and
ered on all sides, but perforated,
trocuted if he comes non-au-
GESR 6.2.9 see ISO 13857:2008, Tables 5
into contact with thorized
and 6 for mechanical protection.
Where electricity
exposed electrical persons
is provided, means [p3] Where equipment is
equipment. may enter
shall be provided not covered on all sides, see
being ex-
to sufficiently ISO 13857:2008, Table 2 for the
posed to
mitigate the risk to distances a, b and c and also
hazards
users and non-users Figures 1 and 2.
of exposure to elec-
[p4] For electrical protection,
trical shock
see GESR 6.2.9. Conform to
GSP 6.2.9.
S – Levels of severity of the harm*: 1 – High; 2 – Medium; 3 – Low; 4 – Negligible.
P – Level of probability of occurrence of harm*: A – Highly probable; B – Probable; C – Occasional; D – Remote; E – Improbable; F – Highly improbable.
* See ISO 14798:2009, 4.5.3.1 and 4.5.4.1.
Table 1 (continued)
Comment: The risk level 2E falls into Risk Group II (see Table D.3 in ISO 14798), but the review of the residual risk concluded that no further protective measures are needed.
4 GESR 6.6.4 An authorized person is The working space The authorized per- 2 B Conform to GSPs 6.6.4. 2 F None
working on top of the LCU does not have sufficient son falls into the LCU
Strength of working [p1] Working platforms to be
or in some other working strength to support or into well (hoist-
areas provided in accordance with
space the authorized person way) sustaining
ISO 14122-2.
and tools. The working seriously injuries.
Means shall be
surface collapses.
provided to accom- [p2] Ladders to be provided in
modate and support accordance with ISO 14122-3 or
the mass of author- ISO 14122-4.
ized person(s)
and associated
equipment in any
designated working
area.
Comment: After the strength and size of the working area is properly designed, the probability of “falling” has become “F-highly improbable”.
S – Levels of severity of the harm*: 1 – High; 2 – Medium; 3 – Low; 4 – Negligible.
P – Level of probability of occurrence of harm*: A – Highly probable; B – Probable; C – Occasional; D – Remote; E – Improbable; F – Highly improbable.
* See ISO 14798:2009, 4.5.3.1 and 4.5.4.1.
5.3 Use of ISO 8100-20 and this document
This document shall supplement ISO 8100-20 in providing a uniform process for assessing the safety of
lifts. The GESRs and GSPs are intended for use by:
a) writers of safety or safety-related standards for lifts;
b) lift designers, manufacturers and installers, and maintenance and service organizations;
c) independent [third-party] conformity assessment bodies; and
d) inspection and testing bodies and similar organizations.
NOTE For details on the procedures followed by these types of users, see ISO 8100-20:2018, 5.3.2 to 5.3.5.
For an overview of GESRs, in relation to lift subsystems, see ISO 8100-20:2018, Annex A.
5.4 Good engineering practice
Good engineering practice is essential to ensure the safety of lift equipment. It should take into account
all service conditions and failure modes. It should embrace the expectations and considerations to be
taken into account for design of a lift component. Below are some relevant factors.
For every calculation of a design all probable load cases need to be defined and several assumptions
should be made specific to the issue under consideration.
These assumptions should be based on commonly understood technical and engineering theory and
practice and on the experience of the experts responsible for the design. For example, the dynamic
factor in the case of counterweight jump when the empty car is stopped by the safety gear, the frictional
forces imparted on the guide brackets in case of safety gear application through guide clips or the
support of driving machines on structural steel members according to deflection criteria.
The load spectrum and frequencies of different loads should be defined. From this, it should be decided
which lead to endurance/fatigue stresses and which are occasionally applied loads which lead to
corresponding stresses.
Tolerances of parts, friction factors and possible variations during assembly need to be considered, e.g.
tightening torque of fasteners to be defined.
The probability of a combination of worst cases of all influences has to be described, considering that
the simple combination of all worst assumptions may lead to unnecessarily heavy designs in some cases.
The material properties and characteristics must be considered and safety margins selected
accordingly.
Established analysis and design standards and relevant Codes, including textbooks, handbooks and
expert publications can be applicable or give the necessary design input to validate the design. This
includes materials, parameters, safety factors, etc.
When using calculation methods, whether traditional or finite element analysis, due consideration
should be given to the inclusion of the inherent simplifications and error factors as well as any
assumptions, for example, working to design criteria which are based on known acceptable stress
limits rather than ultimate tensile strength.
It is important that suitable materials be selected dependent upon the application and loading
conditions. Material properties in the final use condition (i.e. after machining, heat treatment grinding,
etc., and accounting for use and environmental influences such as wear, corrosion) should be considered.
In evaluating stress factors it is important to consider size factors, shape factors, changes in section,
geometry and size of radii and fillets at section changes, surface finish, material hardness, etc.
It is also important to consider material properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength,
elongation before rupture, impact strength, fracture toughness, endurance strength, etc., as applicable.
12 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
The applicable failure criteria need to be established, dependent upon the application e.g. tresca,
(maximum shear stress), von mises (yield criteria), octahedral (shear stress), energy of distortion, low
cycle fatigue, high cycle fatigue, euler and rankine elastic stability criteria, etc.
The designer also has the responsibility to determine whether the analyses and calculations are
adequate and whether additional endurance and/or breaking tests are required.
Good engineering practice also entails a subsequent design review by a peer(s) or an expert(s) in
the appropriate discipline. Such practice may also be covered by the quality assurance system, e.g.
ISO 9000, of the organization responsible for the design.
NOTE 1 Such peer(s) or expert(s) can be employees of the same organization responsible for the design or
external expert(s) as long as they are suitably qualified.
NOTE 2 See also 5.1 and 5.2.1 and Table 2, Remarks to GSP 1.
6 Global safety parameters
GSPs listed in Table 2 shall be applied as described in Clause 5.
GSPs are grouped in Table 2 in the same order as GESRs are grouped in ISO 8100-20, which is based
on locations where a person can be exposed to a hazard, such as spaces adjacent to a lift, lift entrance
and egress, space inside the LCU and working areas. Users of this document, who prefer the regrouped
GESRs and related GSPs based on the lift subsystems, should use ISO 8100-20:2018, Table A.1.
Table 2 — Global safety parameters (GSPs) for specific GESRs
GESR GSPs referenced in this part Remark/illustration/comment
a
of ISO 22559
6.1 Common GESRs and GSPs related to persons at different locations (ISO 8100-20:2018, 6.2)
1. Supports for lift equip- [p1] The relevant parameters for Regarding safety factors:
ment this GESR are illustrated under
Should be selected based on good engineer-
other GESRs (e.g. for foreseeable
(ISO 8100-20:2018, 6.2.1) ing practice as per 5.4.
overload), see 6.5.1 [p3].
These should take account of:
— material properties;
— intended use and loading conditions,
including foreseeable overloads;
— life cycle;
—
...
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