SIST-TS CEN/TS 14778-1:2006
(Main)Solid biofuels - Sampling - Part 1: Methods for sampling
Solid biofuels - Sampling - Part 1: Methods for sampling
This Part of this Technical Specification describes methods for taking samples of solid biofuels, for example, from the place where the raw materials grow, from production plant, from deliveries, or from stock. It includes both manual and mechanical methods, and is applicable to solid biofuels that are either:
- fine and regularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 10 mm that can be sampled using a scoop or pipe, for example: sawdust, olive stones and wood pellets;
- coarse or irregularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 200 mm that can be sampled using a fork or shovel, for example: wood chips and nut shells, forest residue chips, and loose straw;
- baled materials that require a special sampling tool to be used if the bales are not to be broken open for sampling, for example: baled straw or grass;
- large pieces (particles sizes above 200 mm) which are to be picked manually;
- fibrous and vegetable waste dewatered in belt press.
The methods described in this Technical Specification may be used, for example, when the samples are to be tested for bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition, and impurities. The methods are not intended for obtaining the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties. Informative Annex B gives recommendations for the sampling frequency for different situations. Part 2 of this Technical Specification describes methods to be used in the particular situation when samples are to be taken from lorry-loads of solid biofuels.
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenahme - Teil 1: Verfahren zur Probenahme
Dieser Teil der Technischen Spezifikation legt Verfahren zur Probenahme von festen Biobrennstoffen, zum
Beispiel vom Ort des Vorkommens der Rohstoffe, aus einer Produktionsanlage, aus Lieferungen oder aus
einem Lager fest. Er umfasst sowohl manuelle als auch mechanische Verfahren und gilt für feste
Biobrennstoffe, die eines der folgenden Merkmale aufweisen:
. feine und regelmäßig geformte aus Teilchen bestehende Stoffe mit einer Teilchengröße bis etwa 10 mm,
von denen mit einem Löffel oder einem Rohr Proben entnommen werden können, zum Beispiel:
Sägespäne, Olivenkerne und Holzpellets;
. grobe oder unregelmäßig geformte aus Teilchen bestehende Stoffe mit einer Teilchengröße bis etwa
200 mm, von denen mit einer Gabel oder einer Schaufel Proben entnommen werden können, zum
Beispiel: Holzhackschnitzel und Nussschalen, Waldholzhackschnitzel und loses Stroh;
. Stoffe in Ballenform, für die ein besonderes Probenahmewerkzeug erforderlich ist, wenn die Ballen für die
Probenahme nicht aufgebrochen werden dürfen, zum Beispiel Stroh- oder Grasballen;
. große Stücke (Teilchengröße über 200 mm), die mit der Hand zu entnehmen sind;
. in einer Bandpresse entwässerte faserige und pflanzliche Abfälle.
Die in dieser Technischen Spezifikation festgelegten Verfahren dürfen zum Beispiel angewendet werden,
wenn Proben im Hinblick auf Schüttdichte, Dauerhaftigkeit, Teilchengrößenverteilung, Wasser- und Aschege-
halt, Ascheschmelzverhalten, Energieinhalt, chemische Zusammensetzung und Verunreinigungen geprüft
werden. Die Verfahren sind nicht für das Herstellen der für die Prüfung von Brückenbildungseigenschaften
erforderlichen sehr großen Proben vorgesehen. Der informative Anhang B enthält Empfehlungen zur
Probenahmehäufigkeit in unterschiedlichen Situationen. Teil 2 dieser Technischen Spezifikation legt
Verfahren fest, wenn Proben von mit festen Biobrennstoffen beladenen Lastkraftwagen zu entnehmen sind.
Biocombustibles solides - Echantillonnage - Partie 1: Méthodes d'échantillonnage
Trdna biogoriva – Vzorčenje – 1. del: Metode vzorčenja
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 14778-1:2006
01-januar-2006
7UGQDELRJRULYD±9]RUþHQMH±GHO 0HWRGHY]RUþHQMD
Solid biofuels - Sampling - Part 1: Methods for sampling
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenahme - Teil 1: Verfahren zur Probenahme
Biocombustibles solides - Echantillonnage - Partie 1: Méthodes d'échantillonnage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 14778-1:2005
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
SIST-TS CEN/TS 14778-1:2006 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS CEN/TS 14778-1:2006
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 14778-1
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
November 2005
ICS 75.160.10
English Version
Solid biofuels - Sampling - Part 1: Methods for sampling
Biocombustibles solides - Echantillonnage - Partie 1: Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenahme - Teil 1: Verfahren zur
Méthodes d'échantillonnage Probenahme
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 19 March 2005 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14778-1:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction.4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions.5
4 Symbols and abbreviations.7
5 Principle of correct sampling.7
6 Precision of sampling.7
7 Sampling of particulate materials.7
8 Sampling of large pieces and bales.14
9 Sampling plan .14
10 Sampling point .14
11 Visual inspection.15
12 Sampling from conveyor belts.15
13 Sampling from falling streams.15
14 Sampling of biofuels in bucket conveyors, drag conveyors, bucket loaders or grabs.16
15 Sampling of biofuels in containers or storage rooms using a sampling pipe .16
16 Sampling of biofuels in packages.17
2
17 Sampling from small stockpiles (volume < 100 m ) .17
18 Sampling material transported in lorries .18
19 Sampling from railway wagons and ships .18
20 Combined samples and laboratory samples .18
21 Marking, packaging and dispatch of samples .18
22 Certificate of sampling .19
Annex A (informative) Sampling from large stockpiles .20
Annex B (informative) Guidelines for the number of increments to be taken.21
Bibliography.25
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Foreword
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS 14778-1:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee
CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and the United Kingdom.
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Introduction
Biofuels are a mayor source of renewable energy. Technical Specifications are needed for production, trade
and use of solid biofuels. For sampling and sample preparation of biofuels the following Technical
Specifications can be used:
CEN/TS 14778-1, Solid biofuels Sampling – part 1: Methods for sampling;
CEN/TS 14778-2, Solid Biofuels Sampling – part 2: Methods for sampling particulate material transported in
lorries;
CEN/TS 14779, Solid biofuels – Sampling – Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates;
CEN/TS 14780, Solid biofuels Methods for sample preparation.
Current practice and the best available knowledge have been used to write these Technical Specifications.
The results of recent sampling experiments may be used to improve the sampling plans.
These Technical Specifications can be used by production and trading of solid biofuels. They are also useful
for buyers of solid biofuels, regulators, controllers and laboratories.
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1 Scope
This Part of this Technical Specification describes methods for taking samples of solid biofuels, for example,
from the place where the raw materials grow, from production plant, from deliveries, or from stock. It includes
both manual and mechanical methods, and is applicable to solid biofuels that are either:
fine and regularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 10 mm that can be sampled
using a scoop or pipe, for example: sawdust, olive stones and wood pellets;
coarse or irregularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 200 mm that can be sampled
using a fork or shovel, for example: wood chips and nut shells, forest residue chips, and loose straw;
baled materials that require a special sampling tool to be used if the bales are not to be broken open for
sampling, for example: baled straw or grass;
large pieces (particles sizes above 200 mm) which are to be picked manually;
fibrous and vegetable waste dewatered in belt press.
The methods described in this Technical Specification may be used, for example, when the samples are to be
tested for bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting
behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition, and impurities. The methods are not intended for obtaining
the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties. Informative Annex B gives
recommendations for the sampling frequency for different situations. Part 2 of this Technical Specification
describes methods to be used in the particular situation when samples are to be taken from lorry-loads of solid
biofuels.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
CEN/TS 14588, Solid biofuels – Terminology, definitions and descriptions.
CEN/TS 14774-1, Solid biofuels – Methods for determination of moisture content – Oven dry method – Part 1:
Total moisture – Reference method.
CEN/TS 14774-2, Solid biofuels – Methods for determination of moisture content – Oven dry method – Part 2:
Total moisture – Simplified procedure.
CEN/TS 14779, Solid biofuels – Sampling - Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates.
CEN/TS 14780, Solid biofuels – Method for sample preparation.
CEN/TS 15149 (all parts), Solid biofuels – Method for particle size distribution.
ISO 13909-8, Hard coal and coke – Mechanical sampling – Part 8: Methods of testing for bias.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 14588 and the
following apply.
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3.1
combined sample
sample consisting of all the increments taken from a sub-lot
NOTE The increments may be reduced by division before being added to the combined sample.
3.2
common sample
sample collected for more than one intended use
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
3.3
general analysis sample
sub-sample of a laboratory sample having a nominal top size of 1 mm or less and used for a number of
chemical and physical analyses
3.4
increment
portion of fuel extracted in a single operation of the sampling device
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
3.5
laboratory sample
combined sample or a sub-sample of a combined sample or an increment or a sub-sample of an increment
sent to a laboratory
3.6
lot
defined quantity of fuel for which the quality is to be determined
NOTE 1 See also sub-lot.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
3.7
mass-reduction
reduction of the mass of a sample or sub-sample
3.8
moisture analysis sample
sample taken specifically for the purpose of determining total moisture according to CEN/TS 14774-1 and
CEN/TS 14774-2
3.9
nominal top size
aperture size of the sieve used in the CEN/TS 15149 method for determining the particle size distribution of
solid biofuels through which at least 95 % by mass of the material passes
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
3.10
sample
quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the quality is to be determined
3.11
size analysis sample
sample taken specifically for the purpose of determining particle size distribution
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3.12
size-reduction
reduction of the nominal top size of a sample or sub-sample
3.13
sub-lot
part of a lot for which a test result is required
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
EXAMPLE Consider a power station that receives 20 lorry-loads of wood chips a day. Every single lorry-load is
tested for moisture content. One lorry-load is selected at random for other tests. In this example, the lot could be the
quantity of fuel delivered in a day (20 lorry-loads) and the sub-lot could be a single lorry-load.
3.14
sub-sample
portion of a sample
3.15
test portion
sub-sample of a laboratory sample consisting of the quantity of material required for a single execution of a
test method
4 Symbols and abbreviations
d nominal top size, mm
M mass of the lot or sub-lot, tonnes
lot
n number of increments
V volume of an increment or sample, litre
5 Principle of correct sampling
The main principle of sampling is to get a representative sample (samples) from the whole lot concerned.
Every particle in the lot or sub-lot to be represented by the sample should have an equal probability of being
included in the sample. When this principle cannot be applied in practice, the sampler shall note the limitations
in the sampling plan.
6 Precision of sampling
Information on the precision of sampling will be added when results from practice are available.
7 Sampling of particulate materials
7.1 Apparatus for sampling
For manual sampling, sampling boxes shall be used for sampling falling streams, for example, from a moving
belt. Scoops, pipes, shovels, or forks shall be used for sampling stationary material, according to the size of
the material (as given in the Scope of this Technical Specification). Scoops and shovels shall have raised
edges similar to those shown in Figures 1 and 2. When using a fork, there is a risk that the smaller particles of
the material being sampled will fall between the teeth of the fork. The sampler shall check that the fork to be
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used for sampling a material has teeth sufficiently close together so that particles do not fall between the teeth.
Any material losses will affect the quality of the sample.
Unbiased mechanical equipment shall be used. Bias shall be tested according to ISO 13909-8.
Figure 1 — Example of a scoop
Figure 2 — Example of a sampling box
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Key
l is the length of the shovel
A - A is the width of the shovel
Figure 3 — Example of a shovel
Figure 4 — Example of a fork
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Figure 5 — Example of a hook used for sampling straw
Figure 6a — Example of equipment used to sample from a falling stream
Figure 6b — Example of equipment used to sample from a falling
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stream
Figure 7 — Example of equipment used to sample from a stopped conveyor
Figure 8 —Example of a cross-belt sampler
Key
1 lorry
Figure 9 — Example of a mechanical probe
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Figure 10 — Example of a sampling pipe
7.2 Size of increments
The sampling tool shall have a capacity of not less than:
V = 0,5 for d ≤ 10 (1)
min
V = 0,05 × d for d ≥ 10 (2)
min
Where
V is the minimum capacity of the sampling tool, litre
min
d is the nominal top size, mm
The sampler shall establish and record the approximate capacity of the sampling tool V in litres.
Increment
7.3 Number of increments
The minimum number of increments to be taken from a lot or sub-lot depends on the heterogeneity of the
material to be sampled. The material shall be assigned by the sampler to one of the groups in Table 1.
Table 1 — Classification of materials according to heterogeneity
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
homogeneous biofuel homogeneous biofuel heterogeneous biofuel
nominal top size <10 mm nominal top size >10 mm
for example: for example: for example:
cutter shavings wood chips logging residues
sawdust wood pellets bark
nut shells
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The number of increments shall be read from Figure 11 (for stationary material) or Figure 12 (for moving
material), or calculated as:
For sampling from stationary situations:
n = 5 + 0,025 × M for Group 1 (3)
lot
n =10 + 0,040 × M for Group 2 (4)
lot
n = 20 + 0,060 × M for Group 3 (5)
lot
NOTE These formulae do not apply to large stock piles.
For sampling from moving material:
n = 3 + 0,025 × M for Group 1 (6)
lot
n = 5 + 0,040 × M for Group 2 (7)
lot
n = 10 + 0,060 × M for Group 3 (8)
lot
where
n is the minimum permitted number of increments, round off to the nearest whole number;
M is the mass of the lot or sub-lot in tonnes.
lot
Figure 11 — Numbers of increments to take when sampling biofuel that is stationary
Figure 11 does not apply to large stockpiles.
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Figure 12 — Numbers of increments to take when sampling biofuel that is moving
The number of increments given by Figure 12 may be excessive when sampling large quantities, e.g.
shiploads.
8 Sampling of large pieces and bales
If the material arises as pieces or bales that are too large to be sampled with a fork or a shovel, i.e. with a
nominal top size > 100 mm, sampling shall be carried out as follows.
Volume of individual pieces ≤ 5 litre: The size of an increment, V litre, shall be one piece. The pieces shall be
picked manually and at random from the lot or the sub-lot.
Volume of individual pieces > 5 litre: The size of an increment, V litre, shall be at least one litre. The
increments shall be drilled or cut out of pieces picked manually and at random from the lot or the sub-lot.
The number of increments shall be according to formulae 4 and 7 stated in 7.3 for Group 2 materials.
9 Sampling plan
A written sampling plan shall be prepared, before samples are taken, according to CEN/TS 14779. This shall
use the appropriate apparatus described in 7.1 of this Technical Specification. The number of increments shall
be:
not less than the minimum number of increments specified in 7.3 in this Technical Specification;
not less than the number required by the procedure in CEN/TS 14779 for calculating the size of sample
needed for all the tests to be performed on the sample.
10 Sampling point
In general, it is difficult to take samples in a way that satisfies the principle of correct sampling when the
material is stationary (for example, in a silo or stockpile, or in a lorry or ship). It is easier when the material is
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moving (for example, on a conveyor belt, or being loaded into or unloaded from a ship). Sampling from moving
material is to be preferred wherever possible.
11 Visual inspection
If possible, each lot or sub-lot shall be inspected visually. If it consists of a mixture of substantially different
materials, or if it contains lumps of unwanted material (such as soil or pieces of metal) this shall be reported
immediately to the appropriate party according to the contract. The sampler shall proceed with taking a
sample if requested to do so by the appropriate party.
12 Sampling from conveyor belts
12.1 Lot or sub-lot
The lot or sub-lot shall be defined as all the material in the container that the sample is to represent, or, in the
case of continuous production, all the material passing the sampling point during a specified time interval.
12.2 Manual sampling from stopped conveyor belts
A sampling frame shall be used to separate the material to be taken as an increment. The width of the
opening of the sampling frame shall be at least 2,5 times the nominal top size of the material to be sampled.
All the material contained within the sampling frame shall be taken as the increment. If material is trapped
under the edges of the frame, the material trapped under one edge shall be included in the increment and the
material trapped under the other edge shall be excluded from the increment.
Increments shall be taken at regular intervals during t
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