SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
Earth-moving machinery - Roll-over protective structures - Laboratory tests and performance requirements (ISO 3471:2008)
Earth-moving machinery - Roll-over protective structures - Laboratory tests and performance requirements (ISO 3471:2008)
This International Standard specifies performance requirements for metallic roll-over protective structures (ROPS) for earth-moving machinery, as well as a consistent and reproducible means of evaluating the compliance with these requirements by laboratory testing using static loading on a representative specimen.
Erdbaumaschinen - Überrollschutzaufbauten - Laborprüfungen und Leistungsanforderungen (ISO 3471:2008)
Dieser Teil der internationalen Norm ISO 3471 enthält sowohl Leistungsanforderungen für metallische Überrollschutzaufbauten (ROPS) für Erdbaumaschinen, als auch eine einheitliche und reproduzierbare Methode um die Übereinstimmung mit diesen Anforderungen an Hand von Labortests mit statischen Belastungen an einem repräsentativen Probekörper festzustellen.
Sie gilt für die folgenden mit ROPS ausgestatteten, mit ROPS ausgestatteten,, in ISO 6165 definierten Erdbaumaschinen mit einer Maschinenmasse ? 700 kg, die durch einen sitzenden Maschinenführer gesteuert werden:
- Planiermaschine (auf Ketten- oder Radlaufwerk);
- Lader (auf Ketten- oder Radlaufwerk), Kompaktlader, Skid-Steer Lader und Baggerlader;
- Muldenfahrzeug (auf Ketten- oder Radlaufwerk), mit Starrahmen, knickgelenkt und Kompaktmulden¬fahrzeug;
- Rohrleger (auf Ketten- oder Radlaufwerk);
- Zugteil einer kombinierten Maschine (z. B. Scraper und knickgelenktes Muldenfahrzeug);
- Grader;
- Erd- und Müllverdichter;
- Walze;
- Grabenfräse.
Engins de terrassement - Structures de protection au retournement - Essais de laboratoire et exigences de performance (ISO 3471:2008)
L'ISO 3471:2008 spécifie les exigences de performance des structures de protection au retournement (ROPS) des engins de terrassement, et établit un moyen uniforme et reproductible pour évaluer la conformité aux exigences par des essais en laboratoire en utilisant la charge statique d'un échantillon représentatif.
L'ISO 3471:2008 s'applique aux ROPS destinées aux engins suivants commandés par un conducteur assis à bord, tels qu'ils sont définis dans l'ISO 6165, avec une masse supérieure ou égale à 700 kg: bouteur; chargeuse; chargeuse-pelleteuse; tombereau et motobasculeur; poseur de canalisations; partie «tracteur» (machine motrice) des machines combinées (décapeuse automotrice et tombereau à direction par châssis articulé); niveleuse; compacteur de remblais et de déchets; compacteur;trancheuse.
L'ISO 3471:2008 ne s'applique pas aux sièges supplémentaires de l'instructeur ou pour une opération avec un accessoire.
Stroji za zemeljska dela - Strukture za zaščito pred prevračanjem - Laboratorijski preskusi in zahtevane lastnosti (ISO 3471:2008)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
01-november-2008
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 13510:2000
SIST EN 13510:2000/AC:2004
6WURML]D]HPHOMVNDGHOD6WUXNWXUH]D]DãþLWRSUHGSUHYUDþDQMHP/DERUDWRULMVNL
SUHVNXVLLQ]DKWHYDQHODVWQRVWL ,62
Earth-moving machinery - Roll-over protective structures - Laboratory tests and
performance requirements (ISO 3471:2008)
Erdbaumaschinen - Überrollschutzaufbauten - Laborprüfungen und
Leistungsanforderungen (ISO 3471:2008)
Engins de terrassement - Structures de protection au retournement - Essais de
laboratoire et exigences de performance (ISO 3471:2008)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 3471:2008
ICS:
53.100 Stroji za zemeljska dela Earth-moving machinery
SIST EN ISO 3471:2008 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 3471
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2008
ICS 53.100 Supersedes EN 13510:2000
English Version
Earth-moving machinery - Roll-over protective structures -
Laboratory tests and performance requirements (ISO
3471:2008)
Engins de terrassement - Structures de protection au Erdbaumaschinen - Überrollschutzaufbauten -
retournement - Essais de laboratoire et exigences de Laborprüfungen und Leistungsanforderungen (ISO
performance (ISO 3471:2008) 3471:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 May 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 3471:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
EN ISO 3471:2008 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.3
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this International Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC.4
Annex ZB (informative) Relationship between this International Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC .5
2
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
EN ISO 3471:2008 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 3471:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 127 "Earth-moving
machinery" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 151 “Construction equipment and building
material machines - Safety” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by February 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 13510:2000.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EC Directive(s).
For relationship with EC Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this
document.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 3471:2008 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 3471:2008 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
EN ISO 3471:2008 (E)
Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this International Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC
This International Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the
New Approach Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has
been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative
clauses of this standard, except Clause 10 and Annex A, confers, within the limits of the scope of this
standard, a presumption of conformity with the Essential Requirements 3.4.3 of that Directive and associated
EFTA regulations.
WARNING: Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the products falling within the
scope of this standard.
4
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
EN ISO 3471:2008 (E)
Annex ZB
(informative)
Relationship between this International Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC
This International Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide one means of conforming to Essential Requirements of
the New Approach Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has
been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative
clauses of this standard, except Clause 10 and Annex A, confers, within the limits of the scope of this
standard, a presumption of conformity with Essential Requirement 3.4.3 of that Directive and associated EFTA
regulations.
WARNING: Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the
scope of this standard.
5
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3471
Fourth edition
2008-08-15
Earth-moving machinery — Roll-over
protective structures — Laboratory tests
and performance requirements
Engins de terrassement — Structures de protection au retournement —
Essais de laboratoire et exigences de performance
Reference number
ISO 3471:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
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ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Symbols .4
5 Test method and test facilities .12
6 Test loading procedure .21
7 Temperature and material criteria.25
8 Acceptance criteria.26
9 Labelling of ROPS.28
10 Reporting results .29
Annex A (normative) ROPS test report.30
Annex B (informative) Design changes, physical testing and alterations .32
Bibliography .33
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 3471 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 127, Earth-moving machinery, Subcommittee SC 2,
Safety requirements and human factors.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 3471:1994), which has been technically revised.
It also incorporates the Amendment ISO 3471:1994/Amd 1:1997 and the Technical Corrigendum
ISO 3471:1994/Cor 1:2000.
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
Introduction
A review of the initial work on the criteria for roll-over protective structures (ROPS) indicated that these criteria
were based on requirements for machines now identified as mid-range size machines. Since the ROPS
criteria were established, both smaller and larger machines have become common within the size range of
earth-moving machines.
The criteria are a combination of linear and exponential, with respect to mass. For small machines, the
exponential criterion has been changed to a linear function with respect to machine mass. For larger
machines, the exponential criterion was excessive at very large machine masses, and thus was changed to
become a linear function with respect to machine mass.
The longitudinal force criteria were added as new data became available. Situations could arise where ROPS
designs would meet the lateral and vertical loading requirements, but yet be considered as lacking sufficient
performance capability in the longitudinal load direction. For this reason, this International Standard
incorporates a ROPS longitudinal force criterion. The longitudinal force criterion has been established at 80 %
of the lateral force requirement.
The evaluation procedure will not necessarily duplicate structural deformations due to a given actual roll.
However, specific requirements are derived from investigations on ROPS that have performed the intended
function in a variety of actual roll-overs, as well as analytical considerations based upon the compatibility of
ROPS and the machine frame to which it is attached.
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3471:2008(E)
Earth-moving machinery — Roll-over protective structures —
Laboratory tests and performance requirements
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies performance requirements for metallic roll-over protective structures
(ROPS) for earth-moving machinery, as well as a consistent and reproducible means of evaluating the
compliance with these requirements by laboratory testing using static loading on a representative specimen.
NOTE 1 The structure can also provide FOPS (falling-object protective structure) protection.
This International Standard is applicable to ROPS intended for the following mobile machines with seated
operator as defined in ISO 6165 and with a mass greater than or equal to 700 kg:
⎯ dozer;
⎯ loader;
⎯ backhoe loader;
⎯ dumper;
⎯ pipelayer;
⎯ tractor section (prime mover) of a combination machine (e.g. tractor scraper, articulated frame dumper);
⎯ grader;
⎯ landfill compactor;
⎯ roller;
⎯ trencher.
This International Standard is not applicable to training seats or additional seats for operation of an
attachment.
NOTE 2 It is expected that reasonable crush protection for a seat-belted operator will be provided under at least the
conditions of an initial forward velocity of 0 km/h to 16 km/h on a hard clay surface of 30° maximum slope in the direction
of roll, and 360° of roll about the longitudinal axis of the machine without loss of contact with the slope.
NOTE 3 This International Standard can be used to provide guidance to the manufacturers of roll-over protective
structures should it be decided to provide such protection for these or other machines for a particular application.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 148-1:2006, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test (V-notch) — Part 1: Test method
ISO 898-1:1999, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1: Bolts,
screws and studs
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
ISO 898-2:1992, Mechanical properties of fasteners — Part 2: Nuts with specified proof load values — Coarse
thread
ISO 3164:1995, Earth-moving machinery — Laboratory evaluations of protective structures — Specifications
for deflection-limiting volume
ISO 5353:1995, Earth-moving machinery, and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry — Seat
index point
ISO 6165:2006, Earth-moving machinery — Basic types — Identification and terms and definitions
ISO 9248:1992, Earth-moving machinery — Units for dimensions, performance and capacities, and their
measurement accuracies
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
bedplate
substantially rigid part of the test fixture to which the machine frame is attached to conduct the test
3.2
boundary plane
BP
plane defined as the vertical projected plane of the back, side, or knee area of the DLV
NOTE The boundary planes are used to determine the load application point.
3.3
deflection-limiting volume
DLV
orthogonal approximation of a large, seated, male operator wearing normal clothing and a protective helmet
NOTE Adapted from ISO 3164:1995.
3.4
deflection of ROPS
movement of the ROPS, mounting system and frame section as measured at the load application point (LAP),
excluding the effect of any movement of the test fixture(s)
3.5
falling-object protective structure
FOPS
system of structural members arranged in such a way as to provide operators with reasonable protection from
falling objects (e.g. trees, rocks, small concrete blocks, tools)
3.6
head portion of DLV
upper 270 mm by 330 mm rectangular section of the DLV, whose dimensions are in accordance with
ISO 3164
3.7
lateral simulated ground plane
LSGP
plane defined as where the machine comes to rest on its side, where the plane is 15° away from the DLV.
NOTE It is created by rotating a vertical plane parallel to the machine's longitudinal centreline about a horizontal line
through the outermost point of the upper ROPS member, to which the lateral load is applied (see Figure 6). The LSGP is
established on an unloaded ROPS and moves with the member to which the load is applied while maintaining its 15°
angle with respect to the vertical.
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
3.8
load distribution device
LDD
device used to prevent localized penetration of the ROPS members at the load application point (LAP)
3.9
load application point
LAP
point (or a point within a defined range) on the ROPS structure at which the test load force (F) is applied
3.10
machine frame
metallic main chassis or main metallic load-bearing member(s) of the machine that extend(s) over a major
section of the machine and upon which the ROPS is directly mounted
3.11
mounting system
all brackets, weldments, fasteners or other devices whose function is to attach the ROPS to the machine
frame
3.12
representative specimen
ROPS, mounting system and machine frame (complete or partial) used for test purposes that is within the
range of material and manufacturing variances designated by the manufacturer’s production specifications
NOTE The intent is that all ROPS manufactured to these specifications be capable of meeting or exceeding the
stated levels of performance.
3.13
roll-over protective structure
ROPS
system of structural members whose primary purpose is to reduce the possibility of a seat-belted operator
being crushed in the event of a machine roll-over
NOTE 1 See Figures 1 to 5 and ISO 6683.
NOTE 2 It can include components such as sub-frame, bracket, mount, bolt, pin, suspension or flexible shock
absorber.
NOTE 3 Non-load-carrying members (posts) are not considered.
3.13.1
rollbar ROPS
ROPS having one or two posts, formed or fabricated, and having no cantilevered structural member(s)
3.13.2
one-post [two-post] ROPS
ROPS having one or two posts, formed or fabricated, and having one or more cantilevered load-carrying
structural members
3.13.3
multiple-post ROPS
ROPS having more than two posts, formed or fabricated, and joining load-carrying structural members
NOTE It can have cantilevered load-carrying structural members.
3.14
ROPS structural member
metallic member designed to withstand an applied force or absorb energy
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
3.15
simulated ground plane
SGP
plane simulating the flat ground surface on which a machine is assumed to come to rest after rolling over
3.16
Socket
S
test component that allows unrestricted point loading of the load distribution device (LDD)
3.17
vertical projection of DLV
cross-sectional area of the column formed by vertically projecting the outside corners of the deflection limiting
volume (DLV), with dimensions according to ISO 3164, excluding the foot section
3.18
vertical simulated ground plane
VSGP
plane defined by contact with a top cross-member of the ROPS and that front or rear part of the machine
capable of supporting an overturned machine
See Figure 16
NOTE The VSGP applies to the rollbar ROPS, as well as to the one-post and two-post ROPS. The VSGP can
change with the deformation of the ROPS.
4 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.
U energy absorbed by the structure, related to the manufacturer’s maximum recommended mass, m,
and expressed in joules
F load force, expressed in newtons
m manufacturer’s maximum recommended mass, expressed in kilograms
⎯ The manufacturer’s maximum recommended mass includes attachments in operating condition,
with all reservoirs full to capacity, tools and ROPS. It excludes towed equipment such as rollers
and drawn scrapers.
⎯ For the tractor scraper and articulated frame dumper, it is the maximum recommended mass of
the tractor section (prime mover) only. In most cases, it is the tractor section, but shall be the
ROPS-bearing section or ROPS-carrying section of the machine. Kingpins, hitches and
articulated-steering components that attach to hitches or towed units are excluded from the
mass of these machines.
⎯ For rigid frame dumpers, m excludes the mass of the dump body and the payload when the
“excluding dump body” criteria are selected. When the “including dump body” criteria are
selected, m includes the mass of the dump body but excludes the mass of the payload.
NOTE See Table 1 for examples.
⎯ For rollers and landfill compactors, loosely contained ballast that would separate from the
machine in the event of a roll-over is also excluded from m.
NOTE Soil, mud, rocks, branches, debris, etc. that commonly adhere to, or lie on, machines in use are
not considered part of the mass of any machine. Material dug, carried, or handled in any manner is not
considered part of the machine mass in determining test requirements.
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
L length of the ROPS, in millimetres
⎯ L is not applicable to rollbar ROPS.
⎯ For one- or two-post ROPS with cantilevered load-carrying structural members, L is the
longitudinal distance from the outer surface of the ROPS post(s) to the outer surface of the
furthest cantilevered load-carrying members at the top of the ROPS (see Figures 1, 4 and 5). It
is not necessary for the ROPS structural members to cover the complete vertical projection of
the DLV.
⎯ For multiple-post ROPS, L is the greatest longitudinal distance from the outer surface of the front
to the outer surface of the rear posts. See Figure 2.
⎯ For ROPS with shaped structural members, L, is the vertical projection of H with the outer
surface of the structural members. See Figure 3.
⎯ For ROPS with curved structural members, L is defined by the intersection of plane A with the
outer surface of the vertical member. Plane A is defined as the bisector of the angle formed by
the intersection of planes B and C. B is the tangent line at the outer surface parallel to plane D.
Plane D is the plane intersecting the intersections of the curved ROPS members with the
adjacent members. Plane C is the projection of the top surface of the upper ROPS structural
member. See Figure 3.
W width of the ROPS, in millimetres
⎯ For a rollbar ROPS, W is the width to the outermost points of the structural member(s).
⎯ For a one- or two-post ROPS with cantilevered load-carrying structural members, the width, W is
that portion of the cantilevered load-carrying members (See Figures 1, 4 and 5) that covers at
least the vertical projection of the width of the DLV as measured at the top of the ROPS, from
the outside faces of the cantilevered load-carrying members.
⎯ For all other ROPS, the width, W, is the greatest total width between the outsides of the left and
right ROPS posts as measured at the top of the ROPS, from the outside faces of the load-
carrying members. See Figure 3.
⎯ For ROPS with shaped structural members, W is the vertical projection of H with the outer
surface of the structural members. See Figure 3.
⎯ For ROPS with curved structural members, W is defined by the intersection of plane A with the
outer surface of the vertical member. Plane A is defined as the bisector of the angle formed by
the intersection of planes B and C. B is the tangent line at the outer surface parallel to plane D.
Plane D is the plane intersecting the intersections of the curved ROPS members with the
adjacent members. Plane C is the projection of the top surface of the upper ROPS structural
member. See Figure 3.
∆ deflection of the ROPS, expressed in millimetres
H Height of the load application zone, expressed in millimetres
⎯ For a straight member, H is the distance from the top to the bottom of the member, as shown in
Figure 1.
⎯ For a curved member, H is the vertical distance from the top of the member to the vertical plane
at the end of L where it intersects the inner surface of the curved member at Y, as shown in
Figure 3.
⎯ For a shaped member, H is three times the vertical width of the top member, as shown in
Figure 3.
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
Key
BP boundary planes of DLV
E horizontal mid-point of upper ROPS structural member
F load force
H height of upper ROPS structural member
L length of ROPS
LAP load application point
LDD load distribution device
S socket
W width of ROPS
NOTE The LDD can extend beyond the dimension H.
Figure 1 — Example of lateral load application point (LAP) of two-post ROPS
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
Key
BP boundary planes of DLV
E horizontal mid-point of upper ROPS structural member
F load force
L [W] length [width] of ROPS
LDD load distribution device
S socket
NOTE See Figure 1 for an example of LAP and LDD details. Two sockets are shown in this example to illustrate that
more than one may be used simultaneously to apply the required force.
Figure 2 — Example of load application point (LAP) of four-post ROPS
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
8 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 3471:2008
ISO 3471:2008(E)
Key
A angle bisector of two tangent lines (B and C)
B tangent line parallel to D on outer surface of curved ROPS structural member
C projection of top surface of upper ROPS structural member
D straight line intersecting ends of
...
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