SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-24:2022

Space engineering - Buckling of structures

This document recommends engineering practices for European programs and projects. It may be cited in contracts and program documents as a reference for guidance to meet specific program/project needs and constraints.
The target users of this handbook are engineers involved in design, analysis and verification of launchers and spacecraft in relation to structural stability issues. The current know‐how is documented in this handbook in order to make this expertise available to all European developers of space systems.
It is a guidelines document; therefore it includes advisory information rather than requirements.

Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch Knicken und Beulen von Strukturen

Ingénierie spatiale - Flambement des structures

Vesoljska tehnika - Upogibanje konstrukcij

Ta dokument priporoča inženirske prakse za evropske programe in projekte. Lahko se navaja v pogodbah in programskih dokumentih kot referenca za smernice glede izpolnjevanja posebnih potreb in omejitev v okviru programa/projekta.
Ciljni uporabniki tega priročnika so inženirji, ki se ukvarjajo z načrtovanjem, analiziranjem in preverjanjem lansirnikov ter vesoljskih plovil v zvezi z vprašanji stabilnosti konstrukcije. Ta priročnik dokumentira dosedanje strokovno znanje, da se dostop do njega omogoči vsem evropskim razvijalcem vesoljskih sistemov.
Ker gre za dokument s smernicami, ne podaja zahtev, temveč vsebuje informacije svetovalne narave.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 29-Jun-2022
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: I13 - Imaginarni 13
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 20-Jun-2022
• Due Date: 25-Aug-2022
• Completion Date: 30-Jun-2022
• Ref Project: CEN/TR 17603-32-24:2022 - Space engineering - Buckling of structures

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-24:2022
01-september-2022
Vesoljska tehnika - Upogibanje konstrukcij
Space engineering - Buckling of structures
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch Knicken und Beulen von Strukturen
Ingénierie spatiale - Flambement des structures
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17603-32-24:2022
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-24:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-24:2022


TECHNICAL REPORT CEN/TR 17603-32-24

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT
June 2022
ICS 49.035; 49.140

English version

Space engineering - Buckling of structures
Ingénierie spatiale - Flambement des structures Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch Knicken und Beulen von
Strukturen


This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 13 April 2022. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
























CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
Ref. No. CEN/TR 17603-32-24:2022 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.

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Table of contents
European Foreword . 14
Introduction . 15
1 Scope . 17
2 References . 18
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 19
3.1 Terms from other documents . 19
3.2 Terms specific to the present document . 20
3.3 Abbreviated terms. 21
Part 1: General . 22
4 Overview . 23
4.1 Instability of structures: concepts and definitions . 23
4.2 Stability of columns, beams and plates . 24
4.2.1 Buckling of beams . 24
4.2.2 Lateral torsional buckling. 24
4.2.3 Buckling of plates . 25
4.3 History of shell buckling . 25
4.3.1 Overview . 25
4.3.2 Boundary conditions and nonlinear pre-buckling behaviour . 27
4.3.3 Postbuckling of the perfect shell . 27
4.3.4 Buckling and postbuckling behaviour of imperfect shells . 29
4.4 Design load for thin-walled isotropic shells . 31
4.4.1 Overview . 31
4.4.2 Empirical knock-down factors . 31
4.4.3 The Southwell method . 32
4.4.4 Numerical analysis with realistic geometrical imperfections . 33
4.4.5 Numerical analysis with worst geometrical imperfection . 33
4.4.6 Numerical analysis with stimulating imperfections . 34
4.4.7 Physics based design load . 34
4.4.8 Overview of different approaches for modelling imperfections . 36
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4.5 Influence of non-traditional imperfections . 37
4.6 External pressure and torsion on cylindrical shells . 38
4.7 Dynamic buckling. 38
4.8 Stiffened shells . 39
4.8.1 Overview . 39
4.8.2 Imperfection sensitivity . 40
4.8.3 Orthotropic shell approach . 41
4.8.4 Eccentricity of stringers . 42
4.8.5 Boundary conditions . 42
4.8.6 Load cases . 42
4.8.7 Optimization . 43
4.9 Plastic buckling . 43
4.10 Composite shells . 44
4.11 References . 47
4.12 Abbreviated Symbols . 62
5 Types of instability and failure behaviour of typical structural elements . 63
5.1 Introduction . 63
5.2 Elastic buckling of columns . 63
5.2.1 Overview . 63
5.2.2 Buckling of columns with compound cross-sections . 65
5.3 Buckling of thin plates . 68
5.3.1 Overview . 68
5.3.2 Buckling behaviour of stiffened panels . 71
5.3.3 Buckling behaviour of sandwich plates . 72
5.4 Instability of axially compressed cylindrical panels . 74
5.5 Structural behaviour of thin shells . 76
5.5.1 Overview . 76
5.5.2 Buckling of cylindrical shells . 76
5.5.3 Buckling of Shells of Revolution . 78
5.6 References . 84
6 Analysis Methods . 86
6.1 Introduction . 86
6.2 Static equilibrium and stability . 86
6.2.1 Overview . 86
6.2.2 Turning points and failure points . 87
6.2.3 Types of loadings . 88
6.2.4 Distinction between equilibrium and stability equations . 89
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6.2.5 Static stability in the sense of Hadamard and Euler. 89
6.2.6 The non linear eigenvalue problem for Euler stability . 90
6.3 Static equilibrium and stability of conservative systems . 90
6.4 Solution of nonlinear equilibrium equations . 91
6.5 Finding critical points of the equilibrium path. 95
6.6 Stability at the critical points of a discrete conservative system. 96
6.7 Imperfection analysis . 100
6.8 Dynamic stability analysis . 103
6.9 References . 111
7 Material characteristics . 112
7.1 Overview . 112
7.2 Linear elasticity and elastic properties . 112
7.2.1 Overview . 112
7.2.2 Orthotropic elasticity . 113
7.2.3 Transversely-isotropic elasticity of UD materials . 114
7.2.4 Isotropic elasticity . 115
7.2.5 Viscoelasticity . 115
7.3 Strength properties and hygro-thermal properties . 115
7.3.1 Strength properties. 115
7.3.2 Hygro-thermal properties. 116
7.4 Elastic and inelastic material behaviour . 117
7.4.1 Overview . 117
7.4.2 Stress-strain curve of isotropic materials . 118
7.4.3 Special aspects with composites . 119
7.4.4 Mapping of a stress-strain curve . 120
7.4.5 Cyclic hardening behaviour . 120
7.5 Plasticity and damage . 121
7.6 Material testing methods, test data, and evaluation . 121
7.6.1 Overview . 121
7.6.2 Determination of a design allowable . 123
7.6.3 Sources for finding property data . 123
7.7 Some practical aspects for stability analyses . 123
7.7.1 Effect of yielding and damage on stiffness . 123
7.7.2 Effect of temperature and moisture on property values . 125
7.7.3 Visco-plasticity, strain rate and impact . 125
7.7.4 Miscellaneous . 125
7.8 References . 127
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8 Design to stability and its verification by analysis . 129
8.1 Introduction . 129
8.2 Design development process . 129
8.3 Analysis pre-work and load input data . 130
8.3.1 Overview . 130
8.3.2 Load analysis, limit load, and design limit load . 131
8.4 Safety concept - Factors of safety (FoS) . 131
8.5 Dimensioning load cases selection . 133
8.5.1 Margin policy and design loads . 133
8.5.2 Design loads combinations relevant for buckling . 134
8.5.3 Dimensioning load cases . 135
8.6 Remaining input data . 135
8.6.1 Overview . 135
8.6.2 Influences from manufacturing and manufacturing signatures . 135
8.6.3 Boundary conditions . 136
8.6.4 Application of properties . 136
8.6.5 Specific definitions and notions . 136
8.7 Stability design allowable and knock-down-factor (KDF) . 137
8.7.1 Stability design allowable (design allowable of the buckling
resistance) . 137
8.7.2 Knock-Down-Factor . 137
8.8 Analyses, modelling, and design aspects . 137
8.8.1 General . 137
8.8.2 Optimization and robust design . 138
8.8.3 Idealisation of geometry and modelling . 138
8.8.4 Analysis solution types . 139
8.8.5 Imperfection sensitivity analysis (nonlinear) . 139
8.8.6 Choice of calculation method . 140
8.9 Procedure of design verification . 141
8.9.1 Overview . 141
8.9.2 Verification policy . 142
8.9.3 Assessment of the structure . 143
8.10 References . 143
8.11 Abbreviated Terms and Symbols . 144
9 Influence of manufacturing and assembly processes on the buckling
load . 145
9.1 Overview . 145
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9.2 Metallic Structures – Integral Machined Curved Panels . 145
9.3 Metallic Structures – Deformations due to Welding . 146
9.4 Composite Structures . 146
9.5 Assembly Stresses and Deformations . 146
9.6 The Imperfection Data Bank, a Means to Obtain a Realistic Buckling Load . 147
9.6.1 Overview . 147
9.6.2 Imperfection surveys on large or full scale shells . 148
9.6.3 Comparison of the measured initial imperfections . 158
9.6.4 Characteristic imperfection distributions . 162
9.6.5 Probabilistic stability analysis . 162
9.6.6 Conclusions . 165
9.7 References . 166
10 Modelling aspects of numerical analysis . 167
10.1 Introduction . 167
10.2 Semi-analytical models - shooting method and finite difference method . 167
10.2.1 Overview . 167
10.2.2 Description of the numerical methods . 168
10.2.3 Capabilities and scope of the programs . 168
10.3 Finite Element Model . 169
10.3.1 Finite Element Model Generation . 169
10.3.2 Finite Element Model Element Mesh . 169
10.3.3 Selection of Finite Elements . 169
10.3.4 Finite Element Model Boundary Conditions . 170
10.3.5 Finite Element Model Load applications . 170
10.3.6 Implementation of discontinuities in the finite element model . 171
10.3.7 Finite Element Model Check . 171
10.4 Thermo-Mechanical Loading . 172
10.5 Recommended Numerical Procedures . 172
10.5.1 Overview . 172
10.5.2 Load Application . 172
10.5.3 Iteration Schemes . 173
10.5.4 Convergence Criteria . 175
10.5.5 Estimation of Bifurcation Points . 175
10.5.6 Post-Buckling Analysis . 176
10.6 Allowable Buckling Load . 176
10.7 Finite Element Programmes with Buckling Analysis Capabilities . 177
10.7.1 Overview . 177
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10.7.2 ABAQUS/Standard. 178
10.7.3 ANSYS . 178
10.7.4 MSC.Marc/MSC.Nastran . 178
10.7.5 ABAQUS/EXPLICIT . 179
10.8 Guidelines to select a solution scheme and solution procedure . 179
10.8.1 Guidelines to select a solution scheme . 179
10.8.2 Guidelines for the solution procedure . 181
10.9 References . 181
11 Strategy for hierarchical high fidelity analysis applied to stability
analysis . 183
11.1 Introduction . 183
11.2 Hierarchical high fidelity analysis . 184
11.3 Flow chart . 185
11.4 Description and General Guidance . 186
11.4.1 Overview . 186
11.4.2 Definition of the Problem . 186
11.4.3 A Priori Determination of Possible Failure Modes . 186
11.4.4 Definition of the Strategy and Mathematical Model. 186
11.4.5 Analytical Solution, Semi-Analytical Solution, and Finite Element
Solution of Idealized Structure . 186
11.4.6 Finite Element Analysis of the Real Structure . 188
11.4.7 Test . 191
11.4.8 Assessment of the Structure . 191
11.5 Hierarchical High Fidelity Stability Analysis of Anisotropic Cylinders . 192
11.5.1 Overview . 192
11.5.2 Level-1 Perfect Shell Buckling Analysis . 193
11.5.3 Level-2 Perfect Shell Buckling Analysis . 195
11.5.4 Level-3 Perfect Shell Buckling Analysis . 198
11.5.5 Imperfection Sensitivity Study . 200
11.5.6 Single Axisymmetric Imperfection . 200
11.5.7 Single Asymmetric Imperfection . 205
11.5.8 Measured Initial Imperfections. 209
11.5.9 Discussion of the Results . 213
11.5.10 Conclusions . 213
11.6 References . 214
12 Buckling experimental methods and design verification by tests . 217
12.1 Generalities of buckling tests . 217
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12.2 Design output . 219
12.3 Objectives of the test . 219
12.4 Test plan . 220
12.5 Test procedures . 221
12.6 Test facility. 223
12.6.1 Overview . 223
12.6.2 Mounting system . 223
12.6.3 Loading procedure . 223
12.6.4 Data acquisition . 224
12.7 Documentation of the test . 225
12.8 References . 226
13 Instrumentation . 227
13.1 Introduction . 227
13.2 Measurements . 227
13.2.1 Classification of measurement techniques . 227
13.2.2 Measurements before the tests . 228
13.2.3 Measurements during the tests . 228
13.2.4 Measurements after the tests . 228
13.3 Measurements system . 229
13.3.1 Introduction . 229
13.3.2 Measurement of strain . 229
13.3.3 Displacement sensors . 232
13.3.4 Optical methods . 234
13.3.5 Force transducers . 237
13.3.6 Pressure transducers . 237
13.3.7 Temperature measurements . 237
13.3.8 Accelerometers and vibration measurements . 238
13.3.9 Acoustic and thermal emission sensors . 238
13.3.10 Non destructive testing (NDT) .
...