SIST EN 19694-3:2017
(Main)Stationary source emissions - Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industries - Part 3: Cement industry
Stationary source emissions - Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industries - Part 3: Cement industry
This European Standard specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating GHG emissions from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by different basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international group basis. It addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included [1]:
- Direct GHG emissions (scope 1) from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization, such as emissions result from the following sources:
- process: calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials;
- combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to clinker production and/or drying of raw materials and fuels;
- combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating/cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
- combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
- combustion of carbon contained in wastewater.
- Energy indirect GHG emissions (scope 2) from the generation of purchased electricity consumed in the organization’s owned or controlled equipment;
- Other indirect GHG emissions (scope 3) from bought clinker. Excluded from this standard are all other scope 3 emissions from the cement industry.
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung von Treibhausgasen (THG) aus energieintensiven Industrien - Teil 3: Zementindustrie
Die vorliegende Europäische Norm legt eine harmonisierte Methodik zur Berechnung der Treibhausgasemissionen aus der Zementindustrie fest, und zwar im Hinblick auf die Berichterstattung dieser Emissionen für verschiedene Zwecke und auf unterschiedlicher Bezugsebene, wie zum Beispiel auf Anlagenebene, Unternehmensebene (nach Land oder nach Region) oder sogar auf Konzernebene. Sie behandelt alle im Folgenden genannten direkten und indirekten Quellen von Treibhausgasen [1]:
— direkte Treibhausgasemissionen (Scope 1) aus Quellen, die im Besitz der Organisation sind oder von dieser kontrolliert werden, z. B. Emissionen aus folgenden Quellen:
— Prozess: Kalzinierung von Carbonaten und Verbrennung des in Rohmaterialien enthaltenen organischen Kohlenstoffs;
— Verbrennung der Ofenbrennstoffe (fossile Ofenbrennstoffe, alternative fossile Brennstoffe, Mischbrennstoffe mit biogenem Kohlenstoffanteil, Biomasse und flüssige Biobrennstoffe) im Zusammenhang mit der Klinkerherstellung und/oder dem Trocknen von Rohmaterialien und Brennstoffen;
— Verbrennung der Nicht-Ofenbrennstoffe (fossile Brennstoffe, alternative fossile Brennstoffe, Mischbrennstoffe mit biogenem Kohlenstoffanteil, Biomasse und flüssige Biobrennstoffe) im Zusammenhang mit Betriebseinrichtungen und auf dem Gelände eingesetzten Fahrzeugen, dem Heizen/Kühlen von Räumen, dem Trocknen von MIC (z. B. Schlacke oder Puzzolan);
— Verbrennung von Brennstoffen zur Stromerzeugung vor Ort;
— Verbrennung von in Abwasser enthaltenem Kohlenstoff;
— energiebedingte indirekte Treibhausgasemissionen (Scope 2) aus der Erzeugung zugekaufter elektrischer Energie, die in den Betriebseinrichtungen verbraucht wird, welche sich im Besitz der Organisation befinden oder von dieser kontrolliert werden;
— sonstige indirekte Treibhausgasemissionen (Scope 3) aus zugekauftem Klinker. Alle übrigen Scope-3-Emissionen aus der Zementindustrie sind von dieser Norm ausgeschlossen.
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination des émissions des gaz à effet de serre dans les industries à forte intensité énergétique - Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
La présente Norme européenne spécifie une méthodologie harmonisée pour calculer les émissions de GES provenant de l'industrie du ciment, en vue de déclarer ces émissions à des fins diverses et sur différentes bases telles qu'au niveau d'une usine, d'une entreprise (par pays ou région) ou d'un groupe international. Elle examine toutes les sources suivantes d'émissions directes et indirectes de GES [1] :
- Émissions directes de GES (type 1) provenant de sources détenues ou contrôlées par l'organisation, les émissions émanant des sources suivantes :
- procédé : calcination des carbonates et combustion du carbone organique contenu dans les matières premières ;
- combustion des combustibles alimentant les fours (combustibles fossiles utilisés pour alimenter les fours, combustibles fossiles de substitution, combustibles mixtes contenant du carbone biogénique, biomasse et bioliquides) liés à la production de clinker et/ou au séchage des matières premières et des combustibles ;
- combustion des combustibles non destinés à alimenter les fours (combustibles fossiles, combustibles fossiles de substitution, combustibles mixtes contenant du carbone biogénique, biomasse et bioliquides) liés aux équipements et aux véhicules utilisés sur site, au chauffage/refroidissement des locaux, au séchage des MIC (laitier ou pouzzolane, par exemple) ;
- combustion des combustibles pour la production d'électricité sur site ;
- combustion du carbone contenu dans les eaux usées ;
- Émissions indirectes de GES des énergies (type 2) provenant de la production de l'électricité achetée et consommée par les équipements détenus ou contrôlés par l'organisation ;
- Autres émissions indirectes de GES (type 3) provenant du clinker acheté. Toutes les autres émissions de type 3 provenant de l'industrie du ciment sont exclues du domaine d'application de la présente norme.
Emisije nepremičnih virov - Določevanje emisij toplogrednih plinov (TGP) v energetsko intenzivnih industrijah - 3. del: Proizvodnja cementa
Določevanje emisij toplogrednih plinov na podlagi metode masne bilance pri proizvodnji cementa. Zajete bodo definicije in indikatorji učinkovitosti. Cilj je postopek preverjanja, s katerim se oceni in primerja vhodna in izhodna metoda za določanje emisij CO2 pri postopku proizvodnje klinkerja. Standard bo opisoval potrjeni postopek določanja.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2017
(PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY'RORþHYDQMHHPLVLMWRSORJUHGQLKSOLQRY 7*3 Y
HQHUJHWVNRLQWHQ]LYQLKLQGXVWULMDKGHO 3URL]YRGQMDFHPHQWD
Stationary source emissions - Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in
energy-intensive industries - Part 3: Cement industry
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung von Treibhausgasen (THG) aus
energieintensiven Industrien - Teil 3: Zementindustrie
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination des émissions des gaz à effet de serre dans
les industries à forte intensité énergétique - Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 19694-3:2016
ICS:
13.020.40 Onesnaževanje, nadzor nad Pollution, pollution control
onesnaževanjem in and conservation
ohranjanje
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
91.100.10 Cement. Mavec. Apno. Malta Cement. Gypsum. Lime.
Mortar
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 19694-3
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2016
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.040.40
English Version
Stationary source emissions - Determination of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive
industries - Part 3: Cement industry
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination des Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung von
émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans les Treibhausgasen (THG) aus energieintensiven
industries énergo-intensives - Partie 3: Industrie du Industrien - Teil 3: Zementindustrie
ciment
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2016.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 19694-3:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 12
5 Determination of GHGs based on the mass balance method . 13
5.1 General . 13
5.2 Major GHG in cement . 14
5.3 Determination based on mass balance . 14
5.4 Determination by stack emission measurements . 14
5.5 Gross and net emissions . 14
6 System boundaries . 21
6.1 General . 21
6.2 Operational boundaries . 21
6.3 Organizational boundaries . 22
7 Direct GHG emissions and their determination . 25
7.1 General . 25
7.2 CO from raw material calcinations . 28
7.3 Reporting of CO emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker output:
summary of IPCC and CSI recommendations and default emission factor for clinker . 37
7.4 Determining the FD calcination rate . 38
7.5 Direct determination of the CO emission factor of FD from analysis of CO content . 39
2 2
7.6 Cement specific issues for fuels . 39
7.7 GHG from fuels for kilns . 41
7.8 GHG from non-kiln fuels . 41
7.9 GHG from the combustion of wastewater . 42
7.10 Non-CO GHG emissions from the cement industry . 42
8 Energy indirect and other indirect GHG emissions and their determination . 43
8.1 General . 43
8.2 CO from external electricity production . 43
8.3 CO from bought clinker . 44
9 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments . 44
10 Reporting . 45
10.1 General . 45
10.2 Corporate environmental reporting . 45
10.3 Reporting periods . 46
10.4 Performance indicators . 47
11 Uncertainty of GHG inventories . 53
11.1 Introduction to uncertainty assessment . 53
11.2 Uncertainty of activity data . 56
11.3 Uncertainties of fuel and material parameters . 56
11.4 Uncertainties of continuous stack emission measurements . 57
11.5 Evaluation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory . 58
11.6 Application of default values instead of analysing results . 58
12 Considerations for applying this standard (verification procedure) . 59
Annex A (informative) Findings from the field tests (analytical interferences). 61
Annex B (informative) Emission factors . 65
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of activity data . 67
Annex D (informative) Overview on terms in a cement plant . 73
Bibliography . 75
European foreword
This document (EN 19694-3:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air
quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2017, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by January 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate M/478 given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association.
EN 19694, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-
intensive industries is a series of standards that consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: General aspects
— Part 2: Iron and steel industry
— Part 3: Cement industry
— Part 4: Aluminium industry
— Part 5: Lime industry
— Part 6: Ferroalloy industry
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
This European Standard for the cement industry has been based on the WBCSD/CSI and WRI: “CO and
Energy Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Cement Industry” [1].
Overview of cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) preparing of raw materials and fuels;
b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials;
c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cement.
There are two main sources of direct CO emissions in the production process: calcination of raw
materials in the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described in
more detail below. Other CO sources include direct GHG emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g. dryers for
cement constituents products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation), and
indirect GHG emissions from, e.g. external power production and transports. Non-CO greenhouse gases
covered by the Kyoto Protocol , apart from carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH ) and nitrous oxide
(N O), are not relevant in the cement context, in the sense that direct GHG emissions of these gases are
negligible.
Figure 1 — Process steps in cement manufacture (source: Ellis 2000, based on Ruth et al. 2000)
Methane (CH), nitrous oxide (NO), sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), partly halogenated
4 2 6
fluorohydrogencarbons (HFC) and perfluorated hydrocarbons (PFC)
Table 1 — Overview of input places of materials
Raw meal Input place
Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill
Alternative raw materials Raw mill
Raw material flows for clinker production Input place
Raw meal Kiln feed
Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer
Additional raw materials not part of the kiln Kiln inlet
feed
Fuels flows for clinker and cement Input place
production
Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Cement kiln dust Output place
Dust return Preheater
Filter dust Precipitator / filter
By pass dust Bypass filter
Cement constituents based products Output place
Clinker Kiln (cooler)
Cement Cement mill
Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station
Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station
Gypsum Cement mill or grinding station
Cooler dust Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the
clinker silo
Cement kiln dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter
Limestone Cement mill or grinding station
Burnt shale Cement mill or grinding station
Pozzolana Cement mill or grinding station
Silica fume Cement mill or grinding station
CO from calcination of raw materials
In the clinker production process, CO is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,
magnesium and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime:
CaCO + heat → CaO + CO
3 2
MgCO + heat → MgO + CO
3 2
This process is called "calcining" or "calcination". It results in direct CO emissions through the kiln
stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components may be distinguished:
— CO2 from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials are fully calcined
in the clinker production process;
— CO from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as
normally fully calcined bypass dust.
CO from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, , which in turn
varies little in time or between different cement plants. As a result, the CO emission factor per tonne of
clinker is fairly stable with a default value in this standard of 525 kg CO2/t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg
CO /t clinker, CSI default: 525 kg CO /t clinker [19]).
2 2
The amount of kiln dust leaving the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality
standards, ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The
associated emissions are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations.
CO emissions from calcination of raw materials may be calculated by two methods which are in
principle equivalent: Either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker
plus dust leaving the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition
of the raw materials entering the kiln (input methods A1 and A2). See 7.2.1, 7.2.2 for details.
CO from organic carbon in raw materials
The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon, which
may be expressed as total organic carbon (TOC) content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted to
CO during pyro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO emissions of a
2 2
cement plant is typically very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials
may, however, vary substantially between locations and between the types of materials used. For
example, the resulting emissions may be relevant if a cement company organization (used in this
standard) consumes large quantities of certain types of fly ash or shale as raw materials entering the
kiln.
CO from fuels for kiln operation
The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate cement kilns, including coal,
petroleum coke, fuel oil, and natural gas. Fuels derived from waste materials have become important
substitutes for traditional fossil fuels. These alternative fuels (AF) include fossil fuel-derived fractions
such as, e.g. waste oil and plastics, as well as biomass-derived fractions such as waste wood and
dewatered sludge from wastewater treatment. Furthermore fuels are increasingly used which contain
both fossil and biogenic carbon (mixed fuels), like e.g. (pre-treated) municipal and (pre-treated)
industrial wastes (containing plastics, textiles, paper etc.) or waste tyres (containing natural and
synthetic rubber).
A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used.
Both traditional fossil and alternative fuels result in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack.
However, biomass and bioliquids are considered “climate change-neutral“ in accordance with IPCC
definitions. Use of alternative (biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels may, in addition, lead to important
emission reductions elsewhere, for instance from waste incineration plants or landfills.
Mineral components (MIC) are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties.
Examples of MIC include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag, and fly ash. In addition, gypsum is within
this standard labelled as MIC. MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some instances,
pure MICs are directly added to the concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. Use of MICs
leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO emissions associated with clinker production, both from
calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are waste materials from other production processes
such as, e.g. steel and coal-fired power production. Related GHG emissions are monitored and reported
by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for clinker or cement substitution does
not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. Consequently, these indirect GHG emissions
shall not be included in the cement production inventory.
The basic mass balance methods used in this standard are compatible with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
[4], and with the revised WRI / WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol [9]. Default emission factors suggested
in these documents are used, except where more recent, industry-specific data has become available.
The 2006 IPCC Guidelines [4] introduced a Tier 3 method for reporting CO emissions from the cement
production based on the raw material inputs (Vol. III, Chapter 2.2.1.1, Formula 2.3). However, a large
number of raw material inputs and the need to continuously monitor their chemical composition make
this approach impractical in many cement plants. The different raw materials are normally
homogenized before and during the grinding process in the raw mill. The WRI / WBCSD therefore
recommended alternative methods for input-based reporting of CO emissions from raw material
calcination in cement plants. They rely on determining the amount of raw meal consumed in the kiln
system. In many cement plants the homogenized mass flow of raw meal is routinely monitored
including its chemical analysis for the purpose of process and product quality control. The input
methods based on the raw meal consumed are already successfully applied in cement plants in different
countries and seem to be more practical than Tier 3 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines [4]. They were
included in the Cement CO and Energy Protocol Version 3 (Simple Input Method A1 and Detailed Input
Method A2, 7.2.1).
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating GHG emissions from the
cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by different basis,
such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international group basis. It
addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included [1]:
— Direct GHG emissions (scope 1) from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization,
such as emissions result from the following sources:
— process: calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw
materials;
— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to clinker production and/or drying of raw
materials and fuels;
— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room
heating/cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— combustion of carbon contained in wastewater.
— Energy indirect GHG emissions (scope 2) from the generation of purchased electricity consumed in
the organization’s owned or controlled equipment;
— Other indirect GHG emissions (scope 3) from bought clinker. Excluded from this standard are all
other scope 3 emissions from the cement industry.
2 Normative references
Not applicable.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
additional raw material
Adrm
additional raw materials are not part of the kiln feed and are fed directly to the calciner or the kiln inlet
3.2
alternative fossil fuel
fossil fuel derived from waste materials without biogenic content and not listed by IPCC
3.3
alternative raw material
Arm
alternative raw materials are raw materials for clinker production derived from artificial resources
3.4
bioliquids
liquid fuel for energy purposes other than for transport, including electricity and heating and cooling,
produced from biomass
3.5
bypass dust
discarded dust from the bypass system dedusting unit of suspension preheater, precalciner and grate
preheater kilns, normally consisting of kiln feed material which is fully calcined or at least calcined to a
high degree
3.6
cement
building material made by grinding clinker together with various mineral components such as gypsum,
limestone, blast furnace slag, coal fly ash and natural volcanic material; includes special cements such as
the ones based on calcium aluminates
3.7
cement (eq.)
calculated cement production value which is determined from clinker produced on-site in an integrated
cement plant applying the plant specific clinker/cement-factor
3.8
cement constituent
main and minor additional constituents of cement plus calcium sulphates and additives in cement
3.9
cement kiln dust
CKD
any discarded dust from dry and wet kiln system dedusting units, consisting of partly calcined kiln feed
material which includes bypass dust or any other dust flows coming from the clinker production
3.10
cement constituents based products
all clinker produced for cement making or direct clinker sale, plus mineral components consumed or
processed for sale excluding pre-processed mineral components imported from another cement plant
3.11
clinker
intermediate product in cement manufacturing and the main substance in cement; clinker is the result
of calcination of limestone in the kiln and subsequent reactions caused through burning (see EN 197-1)
3.12
clinker plant
plant where clinker is produced without having onsite grinding to cement
3.13
concrete addition
finely divided inorganic material with pozzolanic or latent hydraulic properties or nearly inert, used in
concrete in order to improve certain properties or to achieve special properties
3.14
fossil direct emissions
total direct emissions of GHGs within the boundaries excluding GHG emissions from biomass fuels or
biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels
3.15
dust return
dust arising during clinker manufacture that is ultimately returned to the raw mill or kiln system; this
does not include bypass dust
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 6 for an example of mass flows in the clinker production process.
3.16
filter dust leaving the kiln system
cement kiln dust (CKD) leaving the kiln system excluding by pass dust
3.17
fossil fuel
all fossil fuels listed by IPCC
3.18
grinding plant
plant for cement production where cement constituents are ground without having onsite clinker
production
3.19
gross emission
fossil direct GHG emissions excluding GHG emissions from on-site power production
3.20
integrated cement plant
plant where clinker is produced and partly or fully ground to cement
3.21
kiln system
tubular heating apparatus used in the production of clinker, including preheater and/or pre-calciner
3.22
kiln feed
raw materials, often processed as raw meal (including recirculated dust), which are fed to a pre-heater
or directly into the kiln system
3.23
kiln inlet
kiln hood, or entrance to the tubular heating apparatus for materials
3.24
kiln fuel
fuel fed to the kiln system plus fuels that are used for drying or processing of raw materials for the
production of clinker and the preparation of kiln fuels
3.25
mineral components
cement constituents other than clinker plus concrete additions processed in view of changing their
properties
3.26
net emission
gross emissions excluding GHG emissions from alternative fossil fuels and comparable benchmark
emissions from external heat or energy transfer
3.27
non-kiln fuel
fuels which are not included in the definition of kiln fuels
3.28
petcoke
petroleum coke, a carbon-based solid fuel derived from oil refineries
3.29
raw material
materials used for raw meal preparation for clinker production
3.30
raw material preparation
processes applied for converting raw materials to raw meal
3.31
raw meal
raw meal consists of the ground raw materials for clinker production
3.32
raw meal consumed
part of the raw meal, which is consumed for clinker production and the formation of calcined bypass
dust
3.33
recirculated dust
all dust flows that are reused as kiln feed
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 6 for an example of mass flows in the clinker production process.
3.34
total direct GHG emission
all direct emissions of GHGs within the boundaries including GHG emissions from raw materials
from waste water
processing, fossil fuels, biomass and biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels, and CO2
combustion
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
Adrm Additional raw material
AF Alternative fuel
AFR Alternative fuel and alternative raw material
Arm Alternative raw material
BPD Bypass dust
cem eq. cement (eq.)
cem prod. cement constituents based product
CKD Cement kiln dust
cli clinker
CSI Cement sustainablity initiative of the WBCSD
EF Emission factor
EU ETS The CO Emissions Trading Scheme of the European Union
FD Filter dust
GCV Gross calorific value (synonym for higher heat value, HHV)
GHG Greenhouse gas
GWP Global warming potential
HHV Higher heat value (synonym for gross calorific value, GCV)
IPCC Intergovernmental panel on climate change
KF Kiln feed
KPI Key performance indicator
LHV Lower heat value (synonym for net calorific value, NCV)
LOI Loss on ignition
MIC Mineral component
m normal cubic meters (at 1013 hPa and 0 °C)
N
NCV Net calorific value (synonym for lower heat value, LHV)
OPC Ordinary Portland Cement
RM raw meal
TC Total carbon (the sum of TOC and TIC)
TIC Total inorganic carbon
TOC Total organic carbon
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development
WRI World Resources Institute
5 Determination of GHGs based on the mass balance method
5.1 General
The volume of GHG emissions may be determined by the mass balance method (see 5.3) or by
(continuous) stack emission measurements (see 5.4).
5.2 Major GHG in cement
For the mass balance the emissions have been related to carbon assuming that all carbon is converted
into CO , with exclusion of all other GHG components assuming that these are negligible.
and N O as these are assumed to be the only
The measurements should include measurements of CH4 2
important non-CO GHG emissions.
5.3 Determination based on mass balance
The GHG emissions of an installation may be determined based on mass balance. Emissions from source
streams are calculated from input or production data, obtained by means of measurement systems, and
additional parameters from laboratory analyses including calorific factor, carbon content and biomass
content. Standard factors may also be used; see Annex B for hints regarding emission factors.
5.4 Determination by stack emission measurements
The GHG emissions of an installation may also be determined by measurement. Emissions from an
emission source are determined based on continuous measurement of the concentration of the relevant
greenhouse gas in the flue gas and of the flue gas flow.
5.5 Gross and net emissions
5.5.1 General
For the purpose of comparison of GHG emissions of plants/installations from different sectors within
the energy-intensive industries it is essential that the boundaries for monitoring and reporting of these
emissions are identical on plant level, even when being different in detail for each sector. Within this
view the GHG emissions from pure biomass and from the biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels are
being recognized as climate change neutral and therefore treated as zero direct GHG emissions.
Figure 2 — Site / Facility / Plant / Installation
For a plant this leads to the so called “fossil direct GHG emissions”, to the value of which may be
compared with comparable volumes from sites within different sectors. It is an absolute volume of
reported GHGs by a plant, site or organization, see Figure 2 and definitions.
But this volume of “fossil direct GHG emissions” cannot be used for comparison of the performances of
installations within the cement industry sector. A site that is producing its own electricity (power) will
have higher fossil direct GHG emissions than a nearly identical site which gets the electricity from the
external grid as emissions of external electricity production are reported as indirect GHG emissions. For
comparison reasons the emissions from on-site power productions have to be excluded from the fossil
direct GHG emissions leading to the so called “gross emissions”.
This concept of gross emissions enables a comparison of GHG emissions on plant, site or organization
level.
Table 2 — Definitions of direct emissions
Direct emissions Minus Emissions group
Total direct GHG
emissions
Total direct GHG - Emissions from pure biomass = Fossil direct GHG emissions
emissions and from the biogenic
carbon content of mixed
fuels
Fossil direct GHG - Emissions from on-site = Gross emissions
emissions power production
The concept of gross emissions enables comparison of direct GHG emissions on plant level within the
cement industry. This concept does not enable fair comparison of performance of plants and
installations for their effect on global climate change – see Tables 2 and 3.
This standard offers the incentive of taking advantage of indirect GHG savings from the use of
alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) by reporting gross (including alternative fossil fuels) and net
(excluding alternative fossil fuels) emissions.
Some waste materials may substitute traditional fossil fuels and minerals in cement production. The
recovered wastes are called alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR). As a result, direct CO emissions
from traditional fuels are reduced but direct CO emissions from wastes (“waste-to-energy conversion”)
occur. The direct CO emissions from waste combustion can be higher or lower than the displaced
emission, depending on the emission factors of the fuels involved. Moreover, wastes can be of fossil or
biomass origin.
In addition to those direct effects, utilization of AFR results in indirect GHG savings at landfills and
incineration plants where these wastes may otherwise be disposed. These savings can partly, fully or
more than fully offset the direct CO emissions from waste combustion at the cement plant, depending
on local conditions (type of waste, reference disposal path), see Figure 3.
Gross emissions are the total direct GHG emissions (excl. on-site power generation) from a cement plant
or organization, including GHG from fossil wastes (but excluding CO from biomass wastes, which is
treated as a memo item). Advantages from indirect GHG savings reflect the GHG emission reductions
achieved at waste disposal sites as a result of AFR utilization. The actual reductions will usually be
difficult to determine with precision; hence the countable savings will to some degree have to be agreed
upon by convention, rather than based on “precise” GHG impact assessments.
Table 3 — Gross and net emissions
Direct GHG emissions Minus Emissions group
Gross emissions - Emissions from alternative — —
fossil fuels and non-
— —
biogenic content of
— —
mixed fuels
— — Net emissions
- Comparable benchmark
emissions for external
heat transfer
Net emissions are the gross emissions minus the advantages for indirect GHG savings. As far as
practicable, reported AFR advantages should take into account local circumstances (e.g. national
agreements, life cycle analyses of local AFR use, etc.). When reporting to third parties, supporting
evidence for the savings should be provided and verified as appropriate. As a default, this standard
assumes indirect savings to be equal to the direct GHG emission from fossil AFR use.
This approach is a simplification of the AFR issue. It is however, in the medium-term, the least onerous
and most practicable approach, where transparency is achieved through disclosure of gross and net
emissions.
Figure 3 — Indirect saving of GHG emissions by the use of waste as alternative fuel in a cement
plant
5.5.2 Gross emissions
5.5.2.1 General
Table 4 — Emission sources included within “Total direct GHG emissions”
GHG from raw materials
+ GHG from traditional fossil fuels
+ GHG from alternative fossil fuels (fossil
wastes)
+ GHG from fossil carbon of mixed (alternative)
fuels covering GHG from all kiln fuels and all
non-kiln fuels including GHG from on-site
power generation
+ GHG emissions from biomass and biogenic
carbon of mixed fuels
+ GHG from combustion of wastewater
= Total Direct GHG emissions
Memo items
• Indirect GHG (bought electricity &
clinker)
Table 5 — Emission sources to be reported within “fossil direct GHG emissions”
GHG from raw materials
+ GHG from traditional fossil fuels
+ GHG from alternative fossil fuels (fossil
wastes)
+ GHG from fossil carbon of mixed fuels
covering GHG from all kiln fuels and all non-
kiln fuels including GHG from on-site power
generation
+ GHG from combustion of wastewater
= Fossil direct GHG emissions
Memo items
• GHG from biomass fuels
• GHG from biogenic carbon of mixed
fuels
• Indirect GHG (bought electricity &
clinker)
Table 6 — Emission sources to be reported within “gross emissions”
GHG from raw materials
+ GHG from traditional fossil kiln fuels
+ GHG from alternative fossil kiln fuels (fossil
wastes)
+ GHG from waste water combustion
+ GHG from fossil carbon of mixed kiln fuels
and non-kiln fuels (excluding on-site power
generation)
= Gross emissions
Memo items
• GHG from biomass fuels
• GHG from biogenic carbon of mixed
(alternative) fuels
• GHG from fossil carbon of mixed fuels used
for on-site power generation
• Indirect GHG (bought electricity & clinker)
5.5.2.2 Accounting of CO emissions from the biomass content of fuels
The CO emissions originating from the biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels are not accounted as
part of the gross emissions. Biomass CO from these fuels is added up with the CO from pure biomass
2 2
to give the total biomass CO and reported as memo item. It is subtracted when calculating absolute
direct CO emissions.
5.5.2.3 Net emissions and indirect GHG savings related to utilization of wastes as alternative
fuels
The cement industry recovers large quantities of waste materials for use as fuel and/or raw material.
These recovered wastes are also referred to as alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR). By utilizing
AFR, cement companies reduce their consumption of traditional fossil fuels while at the same time
helping to avoid conventional disposal of the waste materials by landfill or incineration.
Increased utilization of AFR can have an influence on the direct GHG emissions of a cement organization
because the emission factors of the AFR can differ from those of the displaced fuels. Moreover, the
carbon contained in the AFR can be of fossil and/or biomass origin. As mentioned above, utilization of
AFR by the cement industry typically results in GHG emission reductions at landfills and incineration
plants where these wastes would otherwise be disposed. The combination of direct GHG emissions
impacts, indirect GHG emission reductions, and resource efficiency makes the substitution of AF for
traditional fossil fuels an effective way to reduce global GHG emissions (see e.g. IEA 1998, CSI / ECRA
2009 and WBCSD / IEA 2009).
The balance sheet approach described in 5.5.2 ensures completeness, rigor and transparency of
reporting.
— Direct GHG emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil AF shall always be included in the
organization’s gross emissions, in accordance with 7.6.
With the following concept this standard provides a framework for reporting also indirect GHG
emission reductions achieved by using alternative fuels.
— Indirect GHG emission reductions at landfills and incineration plants are accounted by subtracting
from the gross emissions the fossil GHG emissions of alternative fuels.
See 10.2 for the reporting requirements with respect to net emissions.
5.5.3 Other indirect GHG emission reductions
Utilization of waste heat
Some cement plants export waste heat to external consumers as a substitute for conventional energy
sources. In analogy to the indirect effects related to the use of alternative fuels, a cement organization
may account for the indirect GHG emission reductions resulting from such waste heat exports.
Key
1 Raw gas from preheater 2 Bypass of preheater boiler
3 Bypass of cooler boiler 4 Cooler exhaust air
5 Cooler vent filter 6 Clinker cooler
7 Rotary kiln 8 Tertiary air duct
9 Conditioning tower 10 Preheater tower
11 Preheater boiler 12 To raw grinding
13 Turbine 14 Generator
15 Cooking tower 16 Condenser
17 Cooler boiler 18 De-duster
Figure 4 — Schematic of application of Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) and electrical power
generation in cement manufacture
Similar advantages may be applied for other forms of waste heat utilization [7]. So this standard offers
the possibility of reporting voluntarily waste heat utilization within the plant (e.g. for raw material or
slag drying or power generation) in order to allow a fair comparison between plants exporting heat and
plants using the heat internally. This requires additional calculation taking into account waste energy
utilized only for clinker or cement production and the total energy flow in GJ/a may be reported. The
reporting is voluntary.
Further, in the case of electrical power generation from waste heat originating from the kiln system
(Figure 4) any additional fuel used in the kiln system is accounted as kiln fuel and consequently
emissions are accounted as direct GHG emissions of the kiln system. In order to provide more detailed
information, this standard distinguishes between waste heat recovery and separate on-site power
generation. In any case, when applying in their voluntary reporting, companies should consider
whether their actions indeed contribute to a global reduction in GHG emissions, or merely to a shift of
emissions between different entities.
6 System boundaries
6.1 General
Drawing appropriate boundaries is one of the key tasks in an emissions inventory process.
6.2 Operational boundaries
Operational boundaries refer to the types of sources covered by an inventory. A key distinction is
between direct and indirect GHG emissions:
a) Direct GHG emissions are emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting
organization. For example, emissions from fuel combustion in a cement kiln are direct emissions of
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