SIST EN 19694-3:2017

Stationary source emissions - Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industries - Part 3: Cement industry

Determination of GHG emissions based on a balance mass method for the cement industry. Definition of performance indicators will be included. The objective is the verification process to evaluate and compare the input and output method for determining CO2 emissions from the clinker buring process. The standard will describe a verified determination method.

Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung von Treibhausgasen (THG) aus energieintensiven Industrien - Teil 3: Zementindustrie

Die vorliegende Europäische Norm legt eine harmonisierte Methodik zur Berechnung der Treibhausgasemissionen aus der Zementindustrie fest, und zwar im Hinblick auf die Berichterstattung dieser Emissionen für verschiedene Zwecke und auf unterschiedlicher Bezugsebene, wie zum Beispiel auf Anlagenebene, Unternehmensebene (nach Land oder nach Region) oder sogar auf Konzernebene. Sie behandelt alle im Folgenden genannten direkten und indirekten Quellen von Treibhausgasen [1]:
—   direkte Treibhausgasemissionen (Scope 1) aus Quellen, die im Besitz der Organisation sind oder von dieser kontrolliert werden, z. B. Emissionen aus folgenden Quellen:
—   Prozess: Kalzinierung von Carbonaten und Verbrennung des in Rohmaterialien enthaltenen organischen Kohlenstoffs;
—   Verbrennung der Ofenbrennstoffe (fossile Ofenbrennstoffe, alternative fossile Brennstoffe, Mischbrennstoffe mit biogenem Kohlenstoffanteil, Biomasse und flüssige Biobrennstoffe) im Zusammenhang mit der Klinkerherstellung und/oder dem Trocknen von Rohmaterialien und Brennstoffen;
—   Verbrennung der Nicht-Ofenbrennstoffe (fossile Brennstoffe, alternative fossile Brennstoffe, Mischbrennstoffe mit biogenem Kohlenstoffanteil, Biomasse und flüssige Biobrennstoffe) im Zusammenhang mit Betriebseinrichtungen und auf dem Gelände eingesetzten Fahrzeugen, dem Heizen/Kühlen von Räumen, dem Trocknen von MIC (z. B. Schlacke oder Puzzolan);
—   Verbrennung von Brennstoffen zur Stromerzeugung vor Ort;
—   Verbrennung von in Abwasser enthaltenem Kohlenstoff;
—   energiebedingte indirekte Treibhausgasemissionen (Scope 2) aus der Erzeugung zugekaufter elektrischer Energie, die in den Betriebseinrichtungen verbraucht wird, welche sich im Besitz der Organisation befinden oder von dieser kontrolliert werden;
—   sonstige indirekte Treibhausgasemissionen (Scope 3) aus zugekauftem Klinker. Alle übrigen Scope-3-Emissionen aus der Zementindustrie sind von dieser Norm ausgeschlossen.

Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination des émissions des gaz à effet de serre dans les industries à forte intensité énergétique - Partie 3: Industrie du ciment

La présente Norme européenne spécifie une méthodologie harmonisée pour calculer les émissions de GES provenant de l'industrie du ciment, en vue de déclarer ces émissions à des fins diverses et sur différentes bases telles qu'au niveau d'une usine, d'une entreprise (par pays ou région) ou d'un groupe international. Elle examine toutes les sources suivantes d'émissions directes et indirectes de GES [1] :
-   Émissions directes de GES (type 1) provenant de sources détenues ou contrôlées par l'organisation, les émissions émanant des sources suivantes :
-   procédé : calcination des carbonates et combustion du carbone organique contenu dans les matières premières ;
-   combustion des combustibles alimentant les fours (combustibles fossiles utilisés pour alimenter les fours, combustibles fossiles de substitution, combustibles mixtes contenant du carbone biogénique, biomasse et bioliquides) liés à la production de clinker et/ou au séchage des matières premières et des combustibles ;
-   combustion des combustibles non destinés à alimenter les fours (combustibles fossiles, combustibles fossiles de substitution, combustibles mixtes contenant du carbone biogénique, biomasse et bioliquides) liés aux équipements et aux véhicules utilisés sur site, au chauffage/refroidissement des locaux, au séchage des MIC (laitier ou pouzzolane, par exemple) ;
-   combustion des combustibles pour la production d'électricité sur site ;
-   combustion du carbone contenu dans les eaux usées ;
-   Émissions indirectes de GES des énergies (type 2) provenant de la production de l'électricité achetée et consommée par les équipements détenus ou contrôlés par l'organisation ;
-   Autres émissions indirectes de GES (type 3) provenant du clinker acheté. Toutes les autres émissions de type 3 provenant de l'industrie du ciment sont exclues du domaine d'application de la présente norme.

Emisije nepremičnih virov - Določevanje emisij toplogrednih plinov (TGP) v energetsko intenzivnih industrijah - 3. del: Proizvodnja cementa

Določevanje emisij toplogrednih plinov na podlagi metode masne bilance pri proizvodnji cementa. Zajete bodo definicije in indikatorji učinkovitosti. Cilj je postopek preverjanja, s katerim se oceni in primerja vhodna in izhodna metoda za določanje emisij CO2 pri postopku proizvodnje klinkerja. Standard bo opisoval potrjeni postopek določanja.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 04-Dec-2014
• Publication Date: 11-Jun-2017
• ICS: 13.020.40 - Pollution, pollution control and conservation
• ICS: 13.040.40 - Stationary source emissions
• ICS: 91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
• Technical Committee: KAZ - Air quality
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 02-Feb-2017
• Due Date: 09-Apr-2017
• Completion Date: 12-Jun-2017
• Mandate: M/478 - Standardisation mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI for the development of EU technical standards in the field of greenhouse gas emissions
• Ref Project: EN 19694-3:2016 - Stationary source emissions - Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industries - Part 3: Cement industry

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 19694-3:2017
01-julij-2017
(PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY'RORþHYDQMHHPLVLMWRSORJUHGQLKSOLQRY7*3Y
HQHUJHWVNRLQWHQ]LYQLKLQGXVWULMDKGHO3URL]YRGQMDFHPHQWD
Stationary source emissions - Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in
energy-intensive industries - Part 3: Cement industry
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung von Treibhausgasen (THG) aus
energieintensiven Industrien - Teil 3: Zementindustrie
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination des émissions des gaz à effet de serre dans
les industries à forte intensité énergétique - Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 19694-3:2016
ICS:
13.020.40 Onesnaževanje, nadzor nad Pollution, pollution control
onesnaževanjem in and conservation
ohranjanje
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
91.100.10 Cement. Mavec. Apno. Malta Cement. Gypsum. Lime.
Mortar
SIST EN 19694-3:2017 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 19694-3:2017

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SIST EN 19694-3:2017


EN 19694-3
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

July 2016
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.040.40
English Version

Stationary source emissions - Determination of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive
industries - Part 3: Cement industry
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination des Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung von
émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans les Treibhausgasen (THG) aus energieintensiven
industries énergo-intensives - Partie 3: Industrie du Industrien - Teil 3: Zementindustrie
ciment
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2016.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 19694-3:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN 19694-3:2017
EN 19694-3:2016 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 12
5 Determination of GHGs based on the mass balance method . 13
5.1 General . 13
5.2 Major GHG in cement . 14
5.3 Determination based on mass balance . 14
5.4 Determination by stack emission measurements . 14
5.5 Gross and net emissions . 14
6 System boundaries . 21
6.1 General . 21
6.2 Operational boundaries . 21
6.3 Organizational boundaries . 22
7 Direct GHG emissions and their determination . 25
7.1 General . 25
7.2 CO from raw material calcinations . 28
2
7.3 Reporting of CO emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker output:
2
summary of IPCC and CSI recommendations and default emission factor for clinker . 37
7.4 Determining the FD calcination rate . 38
7.5 Direct determination of the CO emission factor of FD from analysis of CO content . 39
2 2
7.6 Cement specific issues for fuels . 39
7.7 GHG from fuels for kilns . 41
7.8 GHG from non-kiln fuels . 41
7.9 GHG from the combustion of wastewater . 42
7.10 Non-CO GHG emissions from the cement industry . 42
2
8 Energy indirect and other indirect GHG emissions and their determination . 43
8.1 General . 43
8.2 CO from external electricity production . 43
2
8.3 CO from bought clinker . 44
2
9 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments . 44
10 Reporting . 45
10.1 General . 45
10.2 Corporate environmental reporting . 45
10.3 Reporting periods . 46
10.4 Performance indicators . 47
11 Uncertainty of GHG inventories . 53
11.1 Introduction to uncertainty assessment . 53
11.2 Uncertainty of activity data . 56
11.3 Uncertainties of fuel and material parameters . 56
2

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11.4 Uncertainties of continuous stack emission measurements . 57
11.5 Evaluation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory . 58
11.6 Application of default values instead of analysing results . 58
12 Considerations for applying this standard (verification procedure) . 59
Annex A (informative) Findings from the field tests (analytical interferences). 61
Annex B (informative) Emission factors . 65
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of activity data . 67
Annex D (informative)  Overview on terms in a cement plant . 73
Bibliography . 75

3

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SIST EN 19694-3:2017
EN 19694-3:2016 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 19694-3:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air
quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2017, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by January 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate M/478 given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association.
EN 19694, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-
intensive industries is a series of standards that consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: General aspects
— Part 2: Iron and steel industry
— Part 3: Cement industry
— Part 4: Aluminium industry
— Part 5: Lime industry
— Part 6: Ferroalloy industry
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
4

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EN 19694-3:2016 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard for the cement industry has been based on the WBCSD/CSI and WRI: “CO and
2
Energy Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Cement Industry” [1].
Overview of cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) preparing of raw materials and fuels;
b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials;
c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cement.
There are two main sources of direct CO emissions in the production process: calcination of raw
2
materials in the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described in
more detail below. Other CO sources include direct GHG emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g. dryers for
2
cement constituents products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation), and
indirect GHG emissions from, e.g. external power production and transports. Non-CO greenhouse gases
2
1
covered by the Kyoto Protocol , apart from carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH ) and nitrous oxide
4
(N O), are not relevant in the cement context, in the sense that direct GHG emissions of these gases are
2
negligible.

Figure 1 — Process steps in cement manufacture (source: Ellis 2000, based on Ruth et al. 2000)

1
 Methane (CH), nitrous oxide (NO), sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), partly halogenated
4 2 6
fluorohydrogencarbons (HFC) and perfluorated hydrocarbons (PFC)
5

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Table 1 — Overview of input places of materials
Raw meal Input place
Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill
Alternative raw materials Raw mill

Raw material flows for clinker production Input place
Raw meal Kiln feed
Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer
Additional raw materials not part of the kiln Kiln inlet
feed

Fuels flows for clinker and cement Input place
production
Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer

Cement kiln dust Output place
Dust return Preheater
Filter dust Precipitator / filter
By pass dust Bypass filter

Cement constituents based products Output place
Clinker Kiln (cooler)
Cement Cement mill
Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station
Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station
Gypsum Cement mill or grinding station
Cooler dust Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the
clinker silo
Cement kiln dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter
Limestone Cement mill or grinding station
Burnt shale Cement mill or grinding station
Pozzolana Cement mill or grinding station
Silica fume Cement mill or grinding station
6

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CO from calcination of raw materials
2
In the clinker production process, CO is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,
2
magnesium and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime:
CaCO + heat → CaO + CO
3 2
MgCO + heat → MgO + CO
3 2
This process is called "calcining" or "calcination". It results in direct CO emissions through the kiln
2
stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components may be distinguished:
2
— CO2 from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials are fully calcined
in the clinker production process;
— CO from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as
2
normally fully calcined bypass dust.
2
CO from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, , which in turn
2
varies little in time or between different cement plants. As a result, the CO emission factor per tonne of
2
clinker is fairly stable with a default value in this standard of 525 kg CO2/t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg
CO /t clinker, CSI default: 525 kg CO /t clinker [19]).
2 2
The amount of kiln dust leaving the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality
standards, ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The
associated emissions are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations.
CO emissions from calcination of raw materials may be calculated by two methods which are in
2
principle equivalent: Either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker
plus dust leaving the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition
of the raw materials entering the kiln (input methods A1 and A2). See 7.2.1, 7.2.2 for details.
CO from organic carbon in raw materials
2
The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon, which
may be expressed as total organic carbon (TOC) content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted to
CO during pyro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO emissions of a
2 2
cement plant is typically very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials
may, however, vary substantially between locations and between the types of materials used. For
example, the resulting emissions may be relevant if a cement company organization (used in this
standard) consumes large quantities of certain types of fly ash or shale as raw materials entering the
kiln.
CO from fuels for kiln operation
2
The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate cement kilns, including coal,
petroleum coke, fuel oil, and natural gas. Fuels derived from waste materials have become important
substitutes for traditional fossil fuels. These alternative fuels (AF) include fossil fuel-derived fractions
such as, e.g. waste oil and plastics, as well as biomass-derived fractions such as waste wood and
dewatered sludge from wastewater treatment. Furthermore fuels are increasingly used which contain
both fossil and biogenic carbon (mixed fuels), like e.g. (pre-treated) municipal and (pre-treated)
industrial wastes (containing plastics, textiles, paper etc.) or waste tyres (containing natural and
synthetic rubber).

2
 A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used.
7

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Both traditional fossil and alternative fuels result in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack.
2
However, biomass and bioliquids are considered “climate change-neutral“ in accordance with IPCC
definitions. Use of alternative (biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels may, in addition, lead to important
emission reductions elsewhere, for instance from waste incineration plants or landfills.
Mineral components (MIC) are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties.
Examples of MIC include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag, and fly ash. In addition, gypsum is within
this standard labelled as MIC. MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some instances,
pure MICs are directly added to the concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. Use of MICs
leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO emissions associated with clinker production, both from
2
calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are waste materials from other production processes
such as, e.g. steel and coal-fired power production. Related GHG emissions are monitored and reported
by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for clinker or cement substitution does
not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. Consequently, these indirect GHG emissions
shall not be included in the cement production inventory.
The basic mass balance methods used in this standard are compatible with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
[4], and with the revised WRI / WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol [9]. Default emission factors suggested
in these documents are used, except where more recent, industry-specific data has become available.
The 2006 IPCC Guidelines [4] introduced a Tier 3 method for reporting CO emissions from the cement
2
production based on the raw material inputs (Vol. III, Chapter 2.2.1.1, Formula 2.3). However, a large
number of raw material inputs and the need to continuously monitor their chemical composition make
this approach impractical in many cement plants. The different raw materials are normally
homogenized before and during the grinding process in the raw mill. The WRI / WBCSD therefore
recommended alternative methods for input-based reporting of CO emissions from raw material
2
calcination in cement plants. They rely on determining the amount of raw meal consumed in the kiln
system. In many cement plants the homogenized mass flow of raw meal is routinely monitored
including its chemical analysis for the purpose of process and product quality control. The input
methods based on the raw meal consumed are already successfully applied in cement plants in different
countries and seem to be more practical than Tier 3 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines [4]. They were
included in the Cement CO and Energy Protocol Version 3 (Simple Input Method A1 and Detailed Input
2
Method A2, 7.2.1).
8

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1 Scope
This European Standard specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating GHG emissions from the
cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by different basis,
such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international group basis. It
addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included [1]:
— Direct GHG emissions (scope 1) from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization,
such as emissions result from the following sources:
— process: calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw
materials;
— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to clinker production and/or drying of raw
materials and fuels;
— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room
heating/cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— combustion of carbon contained in wastewater.
— Energy indirect GHG emissions (scope 2) from the generation of purchased electricity consumed in
the organization’s owned or controlled equipment;
— Other indirect GHG emissions (scope 3) from bought clinker. Excluded from this standard are all
other scope 3 emissions from the cement industry.
2 Normative references
Not applicable.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
additional raw material
Adrm
additional raw materials are not part of the kiln feed and are fed directly to the calciner or the kiln inlet
3.2
alternative fossil fuel
fossil fuel derived from waste materials without biogenic content and not listed by IPCC
3.3
alternative raw material
Arm
alternative raw materials are raw materials for clinker production derived from artificial resources
9

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3.4
bioliquids
liquid fuel for energy purposes other than for transport, including electricity and heating and cooling,
produced from biomass
3.5
bypass dust
discarded dust from the bypass system dedusting unit of suspension preheater, precalciner and grate
preheater kilns, normally consisting of kiln feed material which is fully calcined or at least calcined to a
high degree
3.6
cement
building material made by grinding clinker together with various mineral components such as gypsum,
limestone, blast furnace slag, coal fly ash and natural volcanic material; includes special cements such as
the ones based on calcium aluminates
3.7
cement (eq.)
calculated cement production value which is determined from clinker produced on-site in an integrated
cement plant applying the plant specific clinker/cement-factor
3.8
cement constituent
main and minor additional constituents of cement plus calcium sulphates and additives in cement
3.9
cement kiln dust
CKD
any discarded dust from dry and wet kiln system dedusting units, consisting of partly calcined kiln feed
material which includes bypass dust or any other dust flows coming from the clinker production
3.10
cement constituents based products
all clinker produced for cement making or direct clinker sale, plus mineral components consumed or
processed for sale excluding pre-processed mineral components imported from another cement plant
3.11
clinker
intermediate product in cement manufacturing and the main substance in cement; clinker is the result
of calcination of limestone in the kiln and subsequent reactions caused through burning (see EN 197-1)
3.12
clinker plant
plant where clinker is produced without having onsite grinding to cement
3.13
concrete addition
finely divided inorganic material with pozzolanic or latent hydraulic properties or nearly inert, used in
concrete in order to improve certain properties or to achieve special properties
10

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3.14
fossil direct emissions
total direct emissions of GHGs within the boundaries excluding GHG emissions from biomass fuels or
biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels
3.15
dust return
dust arising during clinker manufacture that is ultimately returned to the raw mill or kiln system; this
does not include bypass dust
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 6 for an example of mass flows in the clinker production process.
3.16
filter dust leaving the kiln system
cement kiln dust (CKD) leaving the kiln system excluding by pass dust
3.17
fossil fuel
all fossil fuels listed by IPCC
3.18
grinding plant
plant for cement production where cement constituents are ground without having onsite clinker
production
3.19
gross emission
fossil direct GHG emissions excluding GHG emissions from on-site power production
3.20
integrated cement plant
plant where clinker is produced and partly or fully ground to cement
3.21
kiln system
tubular heating apparatus used in the production of clinker, including preheater and/or pre-calciner
3.22
kiln feed
raw materials, often processed as raw meal (including recirculated dust), which are fed to a pre-heater
or directly into the kiln system
3.23
kiln inlet
kiln hood, or entrance to the tubular heating apparatus for materials
3.24
kiln fuel
fuel fed to the kiln system plus fuels that are used for drying or processing of raw materials for the
production of clinker and the preparation of kiln fuels
11

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3.25
mineral components
cement constituents other than clinker plus concrete additions processed in view of changing their
properties
3.26
net emission
gross emissions excluding GHG emissions from alternative fossil fuels and comparable benchmark
emissions from external heat or energy transfer
3.27
non-kiln fuel
fuels which are not included in the definition of kiln fuels
3.28
petcoke
petroleum coke, a carbon-based solid fuel derived from oil refineries
3.29
raw material
materials used for raw meal preparation for clinker production
3.30
raw material preparation
processes applied for converting raw materials to raw meal
3.31
raw meal
raw meal consists of the ground raw materials for clinker production
3.32
raw meal consumed
part of the raw meal, which is consumed for clinker production and the formation of calcined bypass
dust
3.33
recirculated dust
all dust flows that are reused as kiln feed
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 6 for an example of mass flows in the clinker production process.
3.34
total direct GHG emission
all direct emissions of GHGs within the boundaries including GHG emissions from raw materials
from waste water
processing, fossil fuels, biomass and biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels, and CO2
combustion
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
Adrm Additional raw material
AF Alternative fuel
12

-------
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 19694-3:2014
01-november-2014
(PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY'RORþHYDQMHHPLVLMWRSORJUHGQLKSOLQRY7*3Y
HQHUJHWVNRLQWHQ]LYQLKLQGXVWULMDKGHO3URL]YRGQMDFHPHQWD,62',6

Stationary source emissions - Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in
energy-intensive industries - Part 3: Cement industry (ISO/DIS 19694-3:2014)
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination des émissions des gaz à effet de serre dans
les industries à forte intensité énergétique - Partie 3: Industrie du ciment (ISO/DIS 19694
-3:2014)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 19694-3
ICS:
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
oSIST prEN ISO 19694-3:2014 en,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO 19694-3:2014

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oSIST prEN ISO 19694-3:2014
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 19694-3
ISO/TC 146/SC 1 Secretariat: NEN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2014-08-21 2015-01-21
Stationary source emissions — Determination of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Part 3:
Cement industry
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions des gaz à effet de serre dans les industries à
forte intensité énergétique —
Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
ICS: 13.040.40
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This draft has been developed within the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), and processed under the ISO lead mode of collaboration
as defined in the Vienna Agreement.
This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member
bodies for a parallel five month enquiry.
Should this draft be accepted, a final draft, established on the basis of comments
received, will be submitted to a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
formal vote in CEN.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
committee secretariat. ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
composition will be undertaken at publication stage.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 19694-3:2014(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2014

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oSIST prEN ISO 19694-3:2014


Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as
permitted under the applicable laws of the user’s country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract
from it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
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Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

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oSIST prEN ISO 19694-3:2014
General information regarding the preparation of EN ISO 19694 Part 1 to 6

By end of 2010 the European Commission/EFTA gave Mandate M/478 to CEN entrusting CEN
to produce and adopt Standards, in particular containing harmonized methods for:

a. Measuring, testing and quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sector-
specific sources

b. Assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over
time, at production sites;

c. Establishing and providing reliable, accurate and quality information for reporting and
verification purposes.

Based on a gap analysis it was agreed to describe the assessment methodologies of the five
energy-intensive industry sectors steel-, cement -, aluminum-, lime- and ferroalloy industry as
well as general aspects in the six standards. As sector-specific knowhow was essential, the
concerned industry sectors (companies and associations) have been engaged extensively in the
development of the methodologies as well as the draft standards.
The methods of determination of green house gases (GHG) in these five energy intensive
industries were subject to comprehensive verification exercises (field tests) which were
financially supported by EC/EFTA and which reflect especially the uncertainties obtained.

The scope of the six standards is limited to the above described mandated frame and cannot be
arbitrarily enlarged.

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oSIST prEN ISO 19694-3:2014
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Contents
Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .3
1 Scope .7
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 10
5 Determination of GHGs based on the mass balance method . 12
8 Boundaries . 18
9 Direct emissions and their determination . 22
10 Indirect emissions and their determination . 40
11 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments . 41
12 Reporting . 42
14 Uncertainty of GHG inventories . 48
15 Considerations for applying the standard (verification procedure) . 57
Annex A (informative) Analytical interferences . 58
Annex B (normative) Emission factors. 59
Annex C (normative) List of minimum QA/QC procedures . 64
Annex D (normative) List of performance indicators (informative) . 68
Annex E (informative) Relationship with EU Directives . 74
Bibliography . 75


2

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Foreword
This document (TC 264 WI 00264144) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”,
the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex E, which is an integral part of this document.
Introduction
This standard for the cement industry has been based on Version 3.0 of the WBCSD/CSI and WRI: “CO2 and
Energy Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Cement Industry” [1].
Overview of cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) preparing of raw materials and fuels;
b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials;
c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cement.
There are two main sources of direct CO emissions in the production process: calcination of raw materials in
2
the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described in more detail
sources include direct emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g. dryers for cement constituents
below. Other CO
2
products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation), and indirect emissions from e.g.
)
1
external power production and transports. Non-CO greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol are
2
not relevant in the cement context, in the sense that direct emissions of these gases are negligible.

)
1
 Methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), and fluorinated hydrocarbons (PFCs, HFCs)
4 2 6
3

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Figure 1 — Process steps in cement manufacture (source: Ellis 2000, based on Ruth et al. 2000)

Table 1 — Overview of input places of materials
Raw meal Input place
Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill
Alternative raw materials Raw mill

Raw material flows for clinker production Input place
Raw meal Kiln feed
Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer
Additional raw materials not part of the kiln Kiln inlet
feed

Fuels flows for clinker and cement Input place
production
Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
4

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Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer

Cement kiln dust Output place
Dust return Preheater
Filter dust Precipitator / filter
By pass dust Bypass filter

Cement constituents products Output place
Clinker Kiln (cooler)
Cement Cement mill
Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station
Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station
Gypsum Cement mill or grinding station
Cooler dust Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the clinker
silo
Cement Kiln Dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter

CO from calcination of raw materials
2
In the clinker production process, CO is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium, magnesium
2
and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime:
CaCO + heat → CaO + CO .
3 2
MgCO + heat → MgO + CO .
3 2
This process is called "calcining" or "calcination". It results in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack.
2
When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components can be distinguished:
2
 CO from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials are fully calcined in the
2
clinker production process;
 CO from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as normally
2
fully calcined bypass dust.
5

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)
2
CO from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, which in turn varies little
2
in time or between different cement plants. As a result, the CO emission factor per tonne of clinker is fairly
2
stable with a default value in this standard of 525 kg CO /t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg CO /t clinker, CSI
2 2
default: 525 kg CO /t clinker).
2
The amount of kiln dust leaving the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality standards,
ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The associated emissions
are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations.
CO emissions from calcination of raw materials can be calculated by two methods which are in principle
2
equivalent: Either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker plus dust leaving
the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition of the raw materials
entering the kiln (input methods A1 and A2). See 9.1.1, 9.1.2 and Annex C for details.
CO from organic carbon in raw materials
2
The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon, which can be
expressed as total organic carbon (TOC) content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted to CO during
2
pyro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO emissions of a cement plant is typically
2
very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials can, however, vary substantially
between locations and between the types of materials used. For example, the resulting emissions can be
relevant if a company consumes large quantities of certain types of fly ash or shale as raw materials entering
the kiln.
from fuels for kiln operation
CO
2
The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate cement kilns, including coal, petroleum
coke, fuel oil, and natural gas. In recent years, fuels derived from waste materials have become important
substitutes. These alternative fuels (AF) include fossil fuel-derived fractions such as, e.g. waste oil and
plastics, as well as biomass-derived fractions such as waste wood and dewatered sludge from wastewater
treatment. Furthermore fuels are increasingly used which contain both fossil and biogenic carbon (mixed
fuels), like, e.g. (pre-treated) municipal and (pre-treated) industrial wastes (containing plastics, textiles, paper
etc.) or waste tyres (containing natural and synthetic rubber).
Both conventional and alternative fuels result in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack. However,
2
biomass fuels are considered “climate change-neutral“ in accordance with IPCC definitions. Use of alternative
(biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels may, in addition, lead to important emission reductions elsewhere, for
instance from waste incineration plants or landfills.
Mineral components (MIC) are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties. Examples of MIC
include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag, and fly ash. Also gypsum is within this standard labelled as MIC.
MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some instances, pure MICs are directly added to the
concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. MIC use leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO
2
emissions associated with clinker production, both from calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are
waste materials from other production processes such as, e.g. steel and coal-fired power production. Related
GHG emissions are monitored and reported by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for
clinker or cement substitution does not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. As a
consequence, these indirect emissions must not be included in the cement production inventory.
The basic mass balance methods used in this standard are compatible with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and
with the revised WRI / WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol [9]. Default emission factors suggested in these
documents are used, except where more recent, industry-specific data has become available.
The 2006 IPCC Guidelines introduced a Tier 3 method for reporting CO emissions from the cement
2
production based on the raw material inputs (Vol. III, Chapter 2.2.1.1, Equation 2.3). However, a large number

)
2
 A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO- and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used.
6

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of raw material inputs and the need to continuously monitor their chemical composition make this approach
impractical in many cement plants. The different raw materials are normally homogenized before and during
the grinding process in the raw mill. The WRI / WBCSD therefore recommended alternative methods for input-
based reporting of CO emissions from raw material calcination in cement plants. They rely on determining the
2
amount of raw meal consumed in the kiln system. In many cement plants the homogenized mass flow of raw
meal is routinely monitored including its chemical analysis for the purpose of process and product quality
control. The input methods based on the raw meal consumed are already successfully applied in cement
plants in different countries and seem to be more practical than Tier 3 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines [4]. They
were included in the Cement CO and Energy Protocol Version 3 (Simple Input Method A1 and Detailed Input
2
Method A2, 9.1.1).
1 Scope
This standard provides an harmonised methodology for calculating GHG emissions from the cement industry,
with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by different basis, such as, plant basis,
company basis (by country or by region) or even international group basis. It addresses all the following direct
and indirect sources of GHG included [1]:
 Scope 1 – Direct GHG emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company, such as
emissions result from the following sources:
 process: calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials;
 combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon
content, biomass fuels and biofuels) related to clinker production and/or drying of raw materials and
fuels;
 combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon
content, biomass fuels and biofuels) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating/cooling,
drying of MIC (eg. slag or pozzolana);
 combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
 combustion of carbon contained in wastewater.
 Scope 2 – Indirect GHG emissions from the generation of purchased electricity consumed in the
company’s owned or controlled equipment
 Scope 3 – Indirect GHG emissions from bought clinker. Excluded from this standard are all other scope 3
emissions from the cement industry
2 Normative references
The following referenced document is indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/DIS xxxxx:2013, Stationary source emissions — Determination of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in
energy intensive industries — Part 1: General aspects
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
additional raw materials (Adrm)
7

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additional raw materials are not part of the kiln feed and are fed directly to the calciner or the kiln inlet

3.2
alternative fossil fuels
fossil fuels derived from waste materials without biogenic content and not listed by IPCC

3.3
alternative fuels
fuels which include pure biomass, mixed fuels and alternative fossil fuels

3.4
alternative raw materials (Arm)
alternative raw materials are raw materials for clinker production derived from artificial resources

3.5
biomass emissions
CO emissions originating from combustion of biomass fuels plus the ones originating from biomass fraction of
2
mixed fuels

3.6
biomass fuels
fuels with only biogenic carbon

3.7
bypass dust
discarded dust from the bypass system dedusting unit of suspension preheater, precalciner and grate
preheater kilns, normally consisting of kiln feed material which is fully calcined or at least calcined to a high
degree

3.8
cement
building material made by grinding clinker together with various mineral components such as gypsum,
limestone, blast furnace slag, coal fly ash and natural volcanic material; includes special cements such as the
ones based on calcium aluminates

3.9
cement (eq.)
calculated cement production value which is determined from clinker produced on-site in an integrated cement
plant applying the plant specific clinker/cement-factor

3.10
cement constituents
hydraulic binders other than clinker used in cement to replace clinker.

3.11
cement kiln dust (CKD)
any discarded dust from dry and wet kiln system dedusting units, consisting of partly calcined kiln feed
material which includes bypass dust or any other dust flows coming from the clinker production

3.12
cement constituents products
all clinker produced for cement making or direct clinker sale, plus gypsum, limestone, CKD and all cement
constituents consumed in the plant or produced for sale

3.13
clinker
intermediate product in cement manufacturing and the main substance in cement; clinker is the result of
calcination of limestone in the kiln and subsequent reactions caused through burning (ref. to EN 197-1)

8

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3.14
clinker plant
plant where clinker is produced without having onsite grinding to cement

3.15
direct emissions
absolute direct emissions of GHGs within the boundaries excluding GHG emissions from biomass fuels or
biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels

3.16
dust return
the dust flows that are taken out from the kiln system

3.17
filter dust leaving the kiln system
cement kiln dust (CKD) leaving the kiln system excluding by pass dust

3.18
fossil fuels
all fossil fuels listed by IPCC

3.19
grinding plant
plant for cement production where cement constituents are ground without having onsite clinker production

3.20
gross emissions
absolute direct emissions excluding GHG emissions from on-site power production

3.21
integrated cement plant
plant where clinker is produced and partly or fully ground to cement

3.22
kiln system
tubular heating apparatus used in the production of clinker, including preheater and/or pre-calciner

3.23
kiln feed
raw materials, often processed as raw meal (including recirculated dust), which are fed to a pre-heater or
directly into the kiln system

3.24
kiln inlet
kiln hood, or entrance to the tubular heating apparatus for materials

3.25
kiln fuel
fuels fed to the kiln system plus fuels that are used for drying or processing of raw materials for the production
of clinker and the preparation of kiln fuels

3.26
Loss on Ignition (LoI)
mass percentage of material that is evaporated during the LoI test (see EN xxxxx)
3.27
mineral components
natural or artificial mineral materials with hydraulic properties, used as a clinker or cement substitutes (e.g.
blast furnace slag, limestone, fly ash, pozzolana)
9

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3.28
mixed fuels
fuels which contains partial biogenic carbon

3.29
net GHG emissions
gross GHG emissions excluding GHG emissions from alternative fossil fuels and comparable benchmark
emissions from external heat or energy transfer

3.30
non-kiln fuel
fuels which are not included in the definition of kiln fuels

3.31
petcoke
petroleum coke, a carbon-based solid fuel derived from oil refineries

3.32
raw material
materials used for raw meal preparation for clinker production

3.33
raw material preparation
processes applied for converting raw materials to raw meal

3.34
raw meal
raw meal consists of the ground raw materials for clinker production

3.35
raw meal consumed
part of the raw meal, which is consumed for clinker production and the formation of calcined bypass dust

3.36
recirculated dust
all dust flows that are reused as kiln feed

3.37
total direct emissions
all direct emissions of GHGs within the boundaries including GHG emissions from raw materials processing,
from waste water combustion
fossil fuels, biomass fuels and biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels, and CO
2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply
Adrm Additional Raw Materials
AF Alternative Fuels
AFR Alternative Fuels and Alternative Raw Materials
Arm Alternative Raw Materials
BPD Bypass dust
cem eq. cement (eq.)
10

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cem prod. cement constituents products

CKD Cement Kiln Dust
cli clinker
CSI Cement Sustainablity Initiative of the WBCSD
EF Emission Factor
EU ETS The CO Emissions Trading Scheme of the European Union
2
FD Filter dust
GCV Gross Calorific Value (synonym for higher heat value, HHV)
GHG Greenhouse Gases
GWP Global Warming Potential
HHV Higher Heat Value (synonym for gross calorific value, GCV)
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
KF Kiln Feed
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LHV Lower heat value (synonym for net calorific value, NCV)
LOI Loss On Ignition
MIC Mineral Components

normal cubic meters (at 1013 hPa and 0 °C)
NCV Net Calorific Value (synonym for lower heat value, LHV)
OPC Ordinary Portland Cement
RM Raw Meal

TC Total Carbon (the sum of TOC and TIC)
TIC Total Inorganic Carbon
TOC Total Organic Carbon
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development
WRI World Resources Institute
11

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5 Determination of GHGs based on the mass balance method
The volume of GHG emissions can be determined by the mass balance method (see 5.1) or by (continuous)
stack measurements (see 5.2).
5.1 Major GHG in cement
For the mass balance the emissions have been related to carbon assuming that all carbon is converted into
, with exclusion of all other GHG components assuming that these are negligible.
CO
2
The measurements should include measurements of CH and N O as these are now assumed to be the only
4 2
important non-CO GHG emissions.
2
5.2 Determination based on mass balance
The GHG emissions of an installation may be determined based on mass balance. Emissions from source
streams are calculated from input or production data, obtained by means of measurement systems, and
additional parameters from laboratory analyses including calorific factor, carbon content and biomass content.
Standard factors may also be used; these are provided in the General Aspects Standard (see normative
references).
5.3 Determination by stack emission measurements
The GHG emissions of an installation may also be determined by measurement. Emissions from an emission
source are determined based on continuous measurement of the concentration of the relevant greenhouse
gas in the flue gas and of the flue gas flow.
5.4 Gross and net GHG emissions
For the purpose of comparison of GHG emissions of plants/installations from different sectors within the
energy-intensive industries it is essential that the boundaries for monitoring and reporting of these emissions
are identical on plant level, even when being different in detail for each sector. Within this view the GHG
emissions from pure biomass fuels and from the biogenic carbon content of mixed fuels are being recognized
as climate change neutral and therefore treated as zero direct emissions.

Figure 2 — Site / Facility / Plant / Installation
12

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For a plant this leads to the so called “direct emissions”, to the value of which can to be compared with
comparable volumes from sites within different sectors. It is an absolute volume of reported GHGs by a plant,
site, or company see Figure 2 and definitions.
But…. this volume of “direct emissions” cannot be used for comparison of the performances of installations
within the cement industry secto
...