SIST ISO 12775:1998
(Main)Guidelines on types of glass of normal bulk-production composition and their test methods
Guidelines on types of glass of normal bulk-production composition and their test methods
Lignes directrices sur les types de verre de composition normale de production en vrac et leurs méthodes d'essai
Navodila za vrste stekel normalne sestave in njihove preskusne metode
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12775
First edition
1997-10-15
Guidelines on types of glass of normal
bulk-production composition and their test
methods
Lignes directrices sur les types de verre de composition normale de
production en vrac et leurs méthodes d’essai
A
Reference number
ISO 12775:1997(E)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 12775:1997(E)
Contents
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition .2
4 Chemical properties of glass and glass articles .2
4.1 General.3
4.2 Glass as a material and glass as-delivered.3
4.3 Test methods.3
4.3.1 Hydrolytic resistance (see ISO 719, ISO 720, ISO 4802-1 and ISO 4802-2) .3
4.3.2 Acid resistance (see ISO 1776).3
4.3.3 Alkali resistance (see ISO 695) .4
4.3.4 Other chemical test methods .4
4.4 Classifications of glass and glass articles according to their chemical properties .4
4.4.1 Principle of classifications.4
4.4.2 Classification table and/or limit values .4
5 Physical properties.7
5.1 Thermal properties .7
5.2 Other physical properties .7
(informative)
Annex A Bibliography .8
© ISO 1997
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet central@iso.ch
X.400 c=ch; a=400net; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central
Printed in Switzerland
ii
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
© ISO
ISO 12775:1997(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 12775 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 48, Laboratory glassware and
related apparatus, Subcommittee SC 5, Quality of glassware.
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
© ISO
ISO 12775:1997(E)
Introduction
Various committees have been working for many years at national and international levels to produce agreed test
methods for measuring the chemical and physical properties of glass as a material and glassware as finished
articles. Because the international standardization part of the work has mostly been carried out under the aegis of
the International Organization for Standardization, through its Technical Committee ISO/TC 48, Laboratory
glassware and related apparatus, the aim of the work has always been slanted towards this type of ware. Even so,
the test methods and classifications proposed to date are equally applicable to other kinds of glass and to
glassware which is not necessarily used only for laboratory purposes.
It has been suggested that a collection of the information produced by the various committees would provide useful
guidance to users and to manufacturers of glassware. This International Standard is, therefore, intended to give
such guidance but it is strongly emphasized that a classification according to one test procedure is not necessarily
related to classification by another test procedure.
Although not concerning normal bulk-production glass, Technical Committee ISO/TC 172, Optics and optical
instruments, has established some International Standards for test procedures for optical glass, for example for acid
resistance (ISO 8424) and for testing the resistance to attack by aqueous alkaline phosphate-containing detergent
solutions (ISO 9689).
To make these guidelines complete, some test methods are also cited which do not have a classification (which is
needed for most physical test methods) but that are sometimes of great interest for the glass user or glass
manufacturer.
iv
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
©
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 12775:1997(E)
Guidelines on types of glass of normal bulk-production
composition and their test methods
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes a survey of glass types and of methods for testing their chemical and
physical properties to give, for example, consumers and producers of glass of normal bulk-production composition
the possibility to compare the different types of glass and test methods and to decide which are of interest for a
special demand or use. For this purpose, these comprehensive guidelines give a classification of the different glass
types of normal bulk-production composition according to the chemical composition and indicate the different test
methods and, where they exist, the classifications according to chemical resistance.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standard are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 695:1991, Glass — Resistance to attack by a boiling aqueous solution of mixed alkali — Method of test and
classification.
ISO 718:1990, Laboratory glassware — Thermal shock and thermal shock endurance — Test methods.
ISO 719:1985, Glass — Hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 98 °C — Method of test and classification.
ISO 720:1985, Glass — Hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 121 °C — Method of test and classification.
ISO 1776:1985, Glass — Resistance to attack by hydrochloric acid at 100 °C — Flame emission or flame atomic
absorption spectrometric method.
ISO 3585:1991, .
Borosilicate glass 3.3 — Properties
ISO 4802-1:1988, Glassware — Hydrolytic resistance of the interior surfaces of glass containers — Part 1:
Determination by titration method and classification.
ISO 4802-2:1988, Glassware — Hydrolytic resistance of the interior surfaces of glass containers — Part 2:
Determination by flame spectrometry and classification.
ISO 4803:1978, Laboratory glassware — Borosilicate glass tubing.
ISO 7459:1984, Glass containers — Thermal shock resistance and thermal shock endurance — Test methods.
ISO 7991:1987, Glass — Determination of cœfficient of mean linear thermal expansion.
1
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
© ISO
ISO 12775:1997(E)
3 Main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition
The main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition are classified in table 1.
NOTE — In many cases it is customary to divide glass into different " types " according to the use or shape (laboratory glass,
bottle glass, optical glass, flat glass, hollow glass) and in a general way this division is a kind of classification. Another
possibility is a classification according to the chemical composition. This leads to the types listed in table 1, which of course
cannot be absolutely pure concerning the composition ranges.
Table 1 — Classification of main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition according to their
chemical composition
Alkali/alkaline Borosilicate glass Alkaline Alkaline
Descriptors earth/silicate earth/alumino- lead
1)
glass Alkaline-earth free Containing alkaline earths silicate glass silicate glass
2) 3)
(Borosilicate glass 3.3) (Known as “neutral glass”
Key oxides % (m/m)Na O, CaO > 10 B O > 8B O > 8Al O > 10 PbO > 10
2 2 3 2 3 2 3
Typical field
of composition
SiO % (m/m) 70 to 75 ≈ 81 ≈ 75 52 to 60 54 to 58
2
Alkali oxides % (m/m) 12 to 16 ≈ 4 4 to 8 — up to 15
(Na O + K O)
2 2
Alkaline-
earth oxides % (m/m)
(MgO + CaO + BaO + SrO) 10 to 15 — up to 5 up to 15 up to 4
Al O % (m/m) 0,5 to 2,5 2 to 3 2 to 7 17 to 25 up to 4
2 3
B O % (m/m) — 12 to 13 8 to 12 — —
2 3
PbO % (m/m) — — — — up to 35
Cœfficient of
8 to 10 3.3 4 to 5 ≈ 4 7 to 9
mean linear
-6 -1
thermal expansion, 10 K
a (20 °C; 300 °C)
Hydrolytic resistance Medium, low Very high Very high High, very high Medium
Acid resistance Very high Very high Very high Low Low, medium
Alkali resistance Medium Medium Medium Low Medium
Main fields of application Container bottle Laboratories for Pharmaceutical containers Purposes with Noble table
(glass); float chemical, demands for high glasses; lamp
glass; drawn pharmaceutical and thermal stems;
Technical purposes with
4)
sheet glass food industries resistance: high- cathode ray
demands for high chemical
temperature tubes;
resistance
thermometers, radiation-
Technical purposes
resistors capable shielding glass
with demands for high
of high thermal
chemical and
and electrical
thermoshock
loading,
resistance
combustion tubes
NOTE — The given compositions are mean levels of typical glass types. They are only for information and shall not be understood as “limit
values. It is known that actual glasses differ to a certain degree, which does not affect the chemophysical properties.
1) This is the oldest glass type, which makes the largest percentage of the worldwide glass production; also belonging to this type are glasses
with higher BaO and SrO contents such as alkaline-earth oxides, with reduced alkali content (e.g. for X-ray protection, as used in cathode ray
tube components), and also certain crystal glasses (drinking glasses).
2) In accordance with ISO 3585.
3) See ISO 4802-1 and ISO 4802-2.
4) See ISO 4803.
2
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
© ISO
ISO 12775:1997(E)
4 Chemical properties of glass and glass articles
4.1 General
The chemical durability, or chemical resistance, of glass as a material or of glass articles is the ability of the
exposed surfaces to withstand attack by acid, neutral or alkaline solutions. In general for silicate glasses this ability
decreases with increasing alkalinity of the attacking medium and test methods are available for measuring these
resistances.
4.2 Glass as a material and glass as-delivered
When properties of glass articles are considered, it must be emphasized that the surface of a finished glass article
can have different properties than the glass itself, called "glass as a material". This glass as a material (i.e. the bulk
glass) has, of course, the same properties as the glass of glass articles when their surface layers are removed, for
instance by grinding, or polishing, or acid etching with hydrofluoric acid. But the properties of glass surfaces can be
modified: for instance, fire-polishing by pressing or blowing creates a slightly different surface layer because of the
evaporation of glass substituents at the glass-forming temperature. Also the glass surface can be treated when the
articles are finished: ion-exchange (salt melts, for instance) can result in a strengthening effect; or acid vapour (such
as SO ) can reduce the alkali concentration in the surface of soda-lime glasses, and thus their surfaces show a
2
better hydrolytic resistance; there are many other examples.
So when glass articles are tested, care shall be taken to define whether the surface is tested "as-delivered" (i.e. with
the original surface layer) or "as a material", which is to be achieved by acid etching, grinding/polishing or breaking.
The qualitative descriptions of the types of glass in tables 2 and 3 concern glass as a material only; tables 4 to 6
concern non-treated glasses/articles except for class HC 2 in ISO 4802 (in tables 4 and 5).
4.3 Test methods
4.3.1 Hydrolytic resistance (see ISO 719, ISO 720, ISO 4802-1
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 12775:1998
01-april-1998
Navodila za vrste stekel normalne sestave in njihove preskusne metode
Guidelines on types of glass of normal bulk-production composition and their test
methods
Lignes directrices sur les types de verre de composition normale de production en vrac
et leurs méthodes d'essai
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 12775:1997
ICS:
81.040.01 Steklo na splošno Glass in general
SIST ISO 12775:1998 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12775:1998
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12775:1998
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12775
First edition
1997-10-15
Guidelines on types of glass of normal
bulk-production composition and their test
methods
Lignes directrices sur les types de verre de composition normale de
production en vrac et leurs méthodes d’essai
A
Reference number
ISO 12775:1997(E)
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12775:1998
ISO 12775:1997(E)
Contents
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition .2
4 Chemical properties of glass and glass articles .2
4.1 General.3
4.2 Glass as a material and glass as-delivered.3
4.3 Test methods.3
4.3.1 Hydrolytic resistance (see ISO 719, ISO 720, ISO 4802-1 and ISO 4802-2) .3
4.3.2 Acid resistance (see ISO 1776).3
4.3.3 Alkali resistance (see ISO 695) .4
4.3.4 Other chemical test methods .4
4.4 Classifications of glass and glass articles according to their chemical properties .4
4.4.1 Principle of classifications.4
4.4.2 Classification table and/or limit values .4
5 Physical properties.7
5.1 Thermal properties .7
5.2 Other physical properties .7
(informative)
Annex A Bibliography .8
© ISO 1997
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet central@iso.ch
X.400 c=ch; a=400net; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central
Printed in Switzerland
ii
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12775:1998
© ISO
ISO 12775:1997(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 12775 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 48, Laboratory glassware and
related apparatus, Subcommittee SC 5, Quality of glassware.
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12775:1998
© ISO
ISO 12775:1997(E)
Introduction
Various committees have been working for many years at national and international levels to produce agreed test
methods for measuring the chemical and physical properties of glass as a material and glassware as finished
articles. Because the international standardization part of the work has mostly been carried out under the aegis of
the International Organization for Standardization, through its Technical Committee ISO/TC 48, Laboratory
glassware and related apparatus, the aim of the work has always been slanted towards this type of ware. Even so,
the test methods and classifications proposed to date are equally applicable to other kinds of glass and to
glassware which is not necessarily used only for laboratory purposes.
It has been suggested that a collection of the information produced by the various committees would provide useful
guidance to users and to manufacturers of glassware. This International Standard is, therefore, intended to give
such guidance but it is strongly emphasized that a classification according to one test procedure is not necessarily
related to classification by another test procedure.
Although not concerning normal bulk-production glass, Technical Committee ISO/TC 172, Optics and optical
instruments, has established some International Standards for test procedures for optical glass, for example for acid
resistance (ISO 8424) and for testing the resistance to attack by aqueous alkaline phosphate-containing detergent
solutions (ISO 9689).
To make these guidelines complete, some test methods are also cited which do not have a classification (which is
needed for most physical test methods) but that are sometimes of great interest for the glass user or glass
manufacturer.
iv
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12775:1998
©
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 12775:1997(E)
Guidelines on types of glass of normal bulk-production
composition and their test methods
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes a survey of glass types and of methods for testing their chemical and
physical properties to give, for example, consumers and producers of glass of normal bulk-production composition
the possibility to compare the different types of glass and test methods and to decide which are of interest for a
special demand or use. For this purpose, these comprehensive guidelines give a classification of the different glass
types of normal bulk-production composition according to the chemical composition and indicate the different test
methods and, where they exist, the classifications according to chemical resistance.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standard are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 695:1991, Glass — Resistance to attack by a boiling aqueous solution of mixed alkali — Method of test and
classification.
ISO 718:1990, Laboratory glassware — Thermal shock and thermal shock endurance — Test methods.
ISO 719:1985, Glass — Hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 98 °C — Method of test and classification.
ISO 720:1985, Glass — Hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 121 °C — Method of test and classification.
ISO 1776:1985, Glass — Resistance to attack by hydrochloric acid at 100 °C — Flame emission or flame atomic
absorption spectrometric method.
ISO 3585:1991, .
Borosilicate glass 3.3 — Properties
ISO 4802-1:1988, Glassware — Hydrolytic resistance of the interior surfaces of glass containers — Part 1:
Determination by titration method and classification.
ISO 4802-2:1988, Glassware — Hydrolytic resistance of the interior surfaces of glass containers — Part 2:
Determination by flame spectrometry and classification.
ISO 4803:1978, Laboratory glassware — Borosilicate glass tubing.
ISO 7459:1984, Glass containers — Thermal shock resistance and thermal shock endurance — Test methods.
ISO 7991:1987, Glass — Determination of cœfficient of mean linear thermal expansion.
1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12775:1998
© ISO
ISO 12775:1997(E)
3 Main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition
The main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition are classified in table 1.
NOTE — In many cases it is customary to divide glass into different " types " according to the use or shape (laboratory glass,
bottle glass, optical glass, flat glass, hollow glass) and in a general way this division is a kind of classification. Another
possibility is a classification according to the chemical composition. This leads to the types listed in table 1, which of course
cannot be absolutely pure concerning the composition ranges.
Table 1 — Classification of main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition according to their
chemical composition
Alkali/alkaline Borosilicate glass Alkaline Alkaline
Descriptors earth/silicate earth/alumino- lead
1)
glass Alkaline-earth free Containing alkaline earths silicate glass silicate glass
2) 3)
(Borosilicate glass 3.3) (Known as “neutral glass”
Key oxides % (m/m)Na O, CaO > 10 B O > 8B O > 8Al O > 10 PbO > 10
2 2 3 2 3 2 3
Typical field
of composition
SiO % (m/m) 70 to 75 ≈ 81 ≈ 75 52 to 60 54 to 58
2
Alkali oxides % (m/m) 12 to 16 ≈ 4 4 to 8 — up to 15
(Na O + K O)
2 2
Alkaline-
earth oxides % (m/m)
(MgO + CaO + BaO + SrO) 10 to 15 — up to 5 up to 15 up to 4
Al O % (m/m) 0,5 to 2,5 2 to 3 2 to 7 17 to 25 up to 4
2 3
B O % (m/m) — 12 to 13 8 to 12 — —
2 3
PbO % (m/m) — — — — up to 35
Cœfficient of
8 to 10 3.3 4 to 5 ≈ 4 7 to 9
mean linear
-6 -1
thermal expansion, 10 K
a (20 °C; 300 °C)
Hydrolytic resistance Medium, low Very high Very high High, very high Medium
Acid resistance Very high Very high Very high Low Low, medium
Alkali resistance Medium Medium Medium Low Medium
Main fields of application Container bottle Laboratories for Pharmaceutical containers Purposes with Noble table
(glass); float chemical, demands for high glasses; lamp
glass; drawn pharmaceutical and thermal stems;
Technical purposes with
4)
sheet glass food industries resistance: high- cathode ray
demands for high chemical
temperature tubes;
resistance
thermometers, radiation-
Technical purposes
resistors capable shielding glass
with demands for high
of high thermal
chemical and
and electrical
thermoshock
loading,
resistance
combustion tubes
NOTE — The given compositions are mean levels of typical glass types. They are only for information and shall not be understood as “limit
values. It is known that actual glasses differ to a certain degree, which does not affect the chemophysical properties.
1) This is the oldest glass type, which makes the largest percentage of the worldwide glass production; also belonging to this type are glasses
with higher BaO and SrO contents such as alkaline-earth oxides, with reduced alkali content (e.g. for X-ray protection, as used in cathode ray
tube components), and also certain crystal glasses (drinking glasses).
2) In accordance with ISO 3585.
3) See ISO 4802-1 and ISO 4802-2.
4) See ISO 4803.
2
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 12775:1998
© ISO
ISO 12775:1997(E)
4 Chemical properties of glass and glass articles
4.1 General
The chemical durability, or chemical resistance, of glass as a material or of glass articles is the ability of the
exposed surfaces to withstand attack by acid, neutral or alkaline solutions. In general for silicate glasses this ability
decreases with increasing alkalinity of the attacking medium and test methods are available for measuring these
resistances.
4.2 Glass as a material and glass as-delivered
When properties of glass articles are considered, it must be emphasized that the surface of a finished glass article
can have different properties than the glass itself, called "glass as a material". This glass as a material (i.e. the bulk
glass) has, of course, the same properties as the glass of glass articles when their surface layers are removed, for
instance by grinding, or polishing, or acid etching with hydrofluoric acid. But the properties of glass surfaces can be
modified: for instance, fire-polishing by pressing or blowing creates a slightly different surface layer because of the
evaporation of glass substituents at the glass-forming temperature. Also the glass surface can be treated when the
articles are finished: ion-exchange (salt melts, for instance) can result in a strengthening effect; or acid vapour (such
as SO ) can reduce the alkali concentration in the surface of soda-lime glasses, and thus their surfaces show a
2
better hydrolytic resistance; there are many other examples.
So when glass articles are tes
...
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