SIST-TS CEN/TS 16163:2014
(Main)Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Guidelines and procedures for choosing appropriate lighting for indoor exhibitions
Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Guidelines and procedures for choosing appropriate lighting for indoor exhibitions
CEN/TS 16163 defines the procedures as well as the means to implement adequate lighting, with regard to the conservation policy. It takes visual, exhibition and conservation aspects into account and it also discusses the implications of the lighting design on the safeguarding of cultural property. This Technical Specification gives recommendations on values of minimum and maximum illumination levels. It aims to provide a tool for setting up a common European policy and a guide to help curators, conservators and project managers to assess the correct lighting that can assure the safeguarding of the exhibits. This Technical Specification covers lighting for heritage objects on exhibition in both public and private sites and does not consider lighting in other cultural heritage contexts such as open-air collections, etc.
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Leitlinien und Verfahren für die Auswahl geeigneter Beleuchtung für Innenausstellungen
Die vorliegende Norm legt sowohl die Verfahren als auch die Mittel zur Umsetzung guter Beleuchtung im Hinblick auf Grundsätze der Konservierung, ohne dabei die Bedingungen für Sichtbarkeit und Ausstellungsgestaltung zu vernachlässigen, fest. Ziel ist die Bereitstellung eines Hilfsmittels zur Aufstellung gemeinsamer europäischer Grundsätze und einer Anleitung, um Kuratoren, Konservatoren und Projektleitern zu helfen, den Architekten und Gestaltern ein richtiges Beleuchtungsprogramm mit einem Europäischen Referenzdokument anzubieten.
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Lignes directrices et procédures concernant le choix d'un éclairage adapté pour les expositions en intérieur
Le présent document définit les modes opératoires ainsi que les moyens pour mettre en oeuvre un éclairage
adéquat tenant compte de la politique de conservation, mais également des conditions de visibilité et de
scénographie d'exposition. Son objectif est de fournir un outil qui permettra d'élaborer une politique
européenne commune et un guide pour aider les conservateurs, les restaurateurs et les chargés de projet à
présenter aux architectes et aux concepteurs un programme d'éclairage convenable suivant une référence
européenne.
Ohranjanje kulturne dediščine - Smernice in postopki za izbiro ustrezne razsvetljave za razstave v zaprtih prostorih
CEN/TS 16163 določa postopke in načine uporabe ustrezne razsvetljave v skladu s politiko ohranjanja. Upošteva vizualne, razstavne vidike in vidike ohranjanja ter obravnava posledice načrtovanja razsvetljave na ohranjanje kulturne dediščine. Ta tehnična specifikacija daje priporočila glede največje in najmanjše ravni osvetljenosti. Prizadeva si zagotoviti orodje za oblikovanje skupne evropske politike in vodnika za pomoč kuratorjem, konservatorjem in vodjem projektov pri ocenjevanju ustrezne razsvetljave, ki bi zagotovila ohranjanje eksponatov. Ta tehnična specifikacija obravnava razsvetljavo predmetov kulturne dediščine, ki so razstavljeni v javnih in zasebnih prostorih, ter ne vključuje razsvetljave v drugih okoliščinah kulturne dediščine, kot so razstave na prostem itd.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16163:2014
01-julij-2014
2KUDQMDQMHNXOWXUQHGHGLãþLQH6PHUQLFHLQSRVWRSNL]DL]ELURXVWUH]QH
UD]VYHWOMDYH]DUD]VWDYHY]DSUWLKSURVWRULK
Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Guidelines and procedures for choosing appropriate
lighting for indoor exhibitions
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Leitlinien und Verfahren für die Auswahl geeigneter
Beleuchtung für Innenausstellungen
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Lignes directrices et procédures concernant le
choix d'un éclairage adapté pour les expositions en intérieur
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 16163:2014
ICS:
91.160.10 Notranja razsvetljava Interior lighting
97.195 Umetniški in obrtniški izdelki Items of art and handicrafts
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16163:2014 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS CEN/TS 16163:2014
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 16163
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
April 2014
ICS 97.195
English Version
Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Guidelines and procedures
for choosing appropriate lighting for indoor exhibitions
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Lignes directrices et Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Leitlinien und Verfahren
procédures concernant le choix d'un éclairage adapté pour für die Auswahl geeigneter Beleuchtung für
les expositions en intérieur Innenausstellungen
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 14 October 2013 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 16163:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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CEN/TS 16163:2014 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .4
Introduction .5
1 Scope .6
2 Normative references .6
3 Terms and definitions .6
4 Symbols . 11
5 Sensitivity of cultural property to light . 12
5.1 General . 12
5.2 Mechanisms of damage . 12
5.2.1 General . 12
5.2.2 Photochemical . 12
5.2.3 Radiant heating . 13
5.2.4 Biological effects . 13
5.3 Sensitivity and classification for cultural property . 14
5.4 Limitations for total luminous exposure . 14
6 Light measurement . 15
6.1 Measurement of illuminance . 15
6.2 Measurement of UV radiation . 16
7 Exhibition lighting. 16
7.1 General . 16
7.2 Viewing conditions . 16
7.3 Visual adaptation . 16
7.4 Contrast ratios . 17
7.5 Colour appearance . 17
7.6 Colour rendering . 17
7.7 Backgrounds to exhibits . 18
7.7.1 General . 18
7.7.2 Luminance of backgrounds . 18
7.7.3 Colour of backgrounds . 18
7.8 Glare . 19
7.9 Modelling . 20
7.10 Historic furnishings & interiors . 21
7.11 Simulation and mock-ups . 21
Annex A (informative) Characteristics of light sources . 22
A.1 Daylight . 22
A.2 Electric sources . 22
A.2.1 General . 22
A.2.2 Incandescent lamps . 23
A.2.3 Fluorescent lamps . 24
A.2.4 Solid State Lighting . 24
A.2.5 Metal Halide lamps. 26
Annex B (informative) Glasses and films characteristics . 27
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B.1 Glasses . 27
B.2 Window films . 27
B.3 Other protection . 27
Annex C (informative) Filters . 28
Annex D (informative) Relative damage . 29
Annex E (informative) Lamps and lighting attachments . 30
Bibliography . 31
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Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 16163:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346
“Conservation of Cultural Heritage”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
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CEN/TS 16163:2014 (E)
Introduction
Lighting is needed for many specific functions in museums and other cultural heritage buildings, for example,
for research, conservation and permanent or temporary exhibitions. Lighting is one of the most important
factors enabling visitors to fully enjoy works of art and other cultural property. In fact, lighting is a key medium
in which visitors interpret and appreciate cultural heritage. Enough light is needed to see well but this may
present a challenge when what is being viewed will deteriorate in the presence of light. Where cultural
heritage is judged to be worth preserving for future generations it is essential to consider the controlled use of
light. Indeed, light is an environmental factor, which is a threat to many objects. Alone or in combination with
other environmental factors (temperature, humidity, pollution, etc.) light causes fading, discoloration and
embrittlement of a wide range of materials. This damage is cumulative and irreversible: no conservation
treatment can restore change of colour or loss in strength of materials damaged by light. Therefore, the
challenge of museum exhibition lighting is to find an appropriate compromise between the long term
preservation of the exhibit and the needs of visitors to view them within a suitable exhibition design. As an
integral part of exhibition lighting, the following aspects should be considered:
— the conservation aspect, related to the sensitivity of the exhibit at different wavelengths of the incident
radiant energy, the spectral composition of the light source and the total luminous exposure,
— the visual aspect, related to the impact of lighting on the visitor experience: lighting has to allow visitors to
see exhibits on display, with the correct colour perceptions without glare, reflections or insufficient
illumination,
— the design aspect related to the concept and position of the exhibition architecture, the point of view of
the curator and all others involved in the scenographic and/or didactic objectives of the exhibition.
Due to its non-technical nature the last mentioned aspect cannot be dealt with in this Technical Specification.
This Technical Specification uses terms defined in European (EN 12665 and EN 15898) and International
(CIE International lighting vocabulary) terminology standards, but their definitions have been adapted to the
intended users of this specification.
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1 Scope
This Technical Specification defines the procedures as well as the means to implement adequate lighting, with
regard to the conservation policy. It takes visual, exhibition and conservation aspects into account and it also
discusses the implications of the lighting design on the safeguarding of cultural property. This Technical
Specification gives recommendations on values of minimum and maximum illumination levels. It aims to
provide a tool for setting up a common European policy and a guide to help curators, conservators and project
managers to assess the correct lighting that can assure the safeguarding of the exhibits. This Technical
Specification covers lighting for heritage objects on exhibition in both public and private sites and does not
consider lighting in other cultural heritage contexts such as open-air collections, etc.
2 Normative references
Not relevant.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
accent lighting
lighting focused on an exhibit or a group of exhibits to emphasize them
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011]
3.2
annual luminous exposure
H
m
total luminous exposure per year (unit: lux hours per years, lx h / a)
Note 1 to entry: One year of museum display is approximately 3 000 h. See also 3.35.
3.3
blue wool test: test for light fastness
certified set of eight pieces of wool each dyed with a different specific blue dye graded to fade after a set
exposure to light
[SOURCE: ISO 105-B08:1995]
Note 1 to entry: This system is usually referred as Blue Wool Standard (BWS) and it is used in museums to assess the
radiation exposure of materials. The eight wool pieces are numbered #1 to #8, each about 2 to 3 times as sensitive as the
next. High sensitivity is defined as materials rated #1, #2, or #3; medium as #4, #5, or #6; and low as #7, #8. A panel of
selected blue wool samples is left at the measurement point and after a period it can be seen which samples have faded
and the dose of light received determined.
3.4
colour rendering
effect of an illuminant on the colour appearance of exhibits by conscious or subconscious comparison with
their colour appearance under a reference illuminant
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV:1987, 845-02-059]
3.5
colour rendering index
R
a
derived from the colour rendering indices for a specified set of 8 test colour samples
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Note 1 to entry: Ra has a maximum of 100, which generally occurs when the spectral distributions of the light source
and the reference light source are substantially identical.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV:1987-845-02-61 and CIE 015:2004]
3.6
colour temperature
T
c
temperature of a Planckian radiator whose radiation has the same chromaticity as that of a given stimulus
(unit: kelvin, K)
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV:1987, 845-03-049; see also CIE 015:2004]
3.7
cultural heritage
tangible and intangible entities of significance to present and future generations
Note 1 to entry: The term “exhibit” is used in this standard for cultural heritage. In specific professional contexts, other
terms are used: e.g. "artefact", “cultural property", “item”.
[SOURCE: EN 15898]
3.8
damage potential
Pdm
ratio of effective damaging irradiance and the illuminance at a point on the surface for a specific light source
(unit : W/lm)
3.9
daylight
visible part of global solar radiation
Note 1 to entry: When dealing with actinic effects of optical radiation, this term is commonly used for radiations
extending beyond the visible region of the spectrum.
[SOURCE: IEC-IEV:1987, 845-09-84]
3.10
daylighting
lighting for which daylight is the light source
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011]
3.11
daylight factor
D
ratio of the illuminance at a point on a given plane due to the light received directly or indirectly from a sky of
assumed or known luminance distribution, to the illuminance on a horizontal plane due to an unobstructed
hemisphere of this sky, excluding the contribution of direct sunlight to both illuminances
Note 1 to entry: Glazing, dirt effects, etc. are included.
Note 2 to entry: When evaluating the lighting of interiors, the contribution of direct sunlight needs to be considered
separately.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 and IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-09-087]
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3.12
dosimeter
indicator measuring total irradiant exposure during a given time
Note 1 to entry: The above definition is valid in the context of the present Technical Specification and concerns with
the light measurement only.
3.13
effective damaging irradiance
E
dm
radiant flux per unit area at a point on the surface weighted by the relative damage action spectrum (unit: watt
-
per square metre, W m ²)
3.14
effective irradiance
E : E = ∫ Ε s(λ) dλ
eff eff e,λ
irradiance weighted on the spectral sensitivity of the materials constituting the exhibit
3.15
exhibit
object on display illuminated by natural and/or artificial light
3.16
filter
any device that modifies or reduces a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
Note 1 to entry: Common filters are: coloured and neutral filters, conversion temperature blue (CTB) and conversion
temperature orange (CTO) filters, UV or IR absorbing filters. Neutral-density filters decrease the transmitted light by a
known amount without selecting any particular wavelength.
3.17
illuminance (at a point of a surface)
E
ratio of the luminous flux dΦ incident on an element of the surface containing the point, to the area dΑ of that
-2
element (unit: lux, lx = lm⋅m )
Note 1 to entry: It represents the quantity of light impinging on a surface.
[SOURCE: IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-038]
3.18
infrared radiation
IR
part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelength longer than those of the visible radiation, from about
780 nm to tens of micrometres
3.19
irradiance
E
e
-
radiometric quantity; the radiant flux per unit area at a point on the surface (unit: watt per square metre, W m ²)
3.20
lamp
source made in order to produce an optical radiation, usually visible
Note 1 to entry: This term is also sometimes used for certain types of luminaires (see below).
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 and IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-07-003]
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3.21
light
radiation that is considered from the point of view of its ability to excite the visual system
Note 1 to entry: It corresponds to the so-called visible radiation in the range between 380 nm and 780 nm.
Note 2 to entry: In the field of conservation, this term sometimes extends the range outside the visible portion,
including parts of the ultraviolet (UV) and near infrared (IR) regions.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011]
3.22
luminaire
apparatus which distributes, filters or transforms the light transmitted from one or more lamps and which
includes, except the lamps themselves, all the parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps and, where
necessary, circuit auxiliaries together with the means for connecting them to the electric supply
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV 1987-845-10-001]
3.23
luminance
L
quantity defined by the formula:
dΦ
L=
dAcosϑdΩ
where
is the luminance in a given direction or at a given point of a surface
L
is the luminous flux transmitted by an elementary beam passing through the given point and propagating in the
dΦ
solid angle dΩ containing the given direction
is the area of a section of that beam containing the given point
dA
is the solid angle
dΩ
is the angle between the normal to that section and the direction of the beam
ϑ
–2 –2 –1
(unit: cd·m = lm·m ·sr )
Note 1 to entry: It corresponds to the light coming from a surface.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-035]
3.24
luminous flux
Φ
photometric quantity derived from the radiometric quantity radiant flux (radiant power) by evaluating the
radiation according to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye (as defined by the CIE standard photometric
observer) (unit: lumen, lm)
Note 1 to entry: It is the luminous power emitted by a source or received by a surface.
Note 2 to entry: For the practical use of this document, in this definition, the values used for the spectral sensitivity of
the CIE standard photometric observer are those of the spectral luminous efficiency function V(λ) (photopic vision).
Note 3 to entry: See CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-22 for the definition of spectral luminous efficiency,
845-01-23 for the definition of the CIE standard photometric observer and 845-01-56 for the definition of luminous efficacy
of radiation and ISO 23539:2005(E)/CIE S 010/E:2004.
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3.25
luminous intensity
I
-1
luminous flux per unit solid angle in that direction (unit: candela, cd = lm sr ; sr = steradian)
Note 1 to entry: It is the luminous flux on a small surface, divided by the solid angle that the surface subtends at the
source (CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-31).
Note 2 to entry: The candela is the base SI photometric unit. For its definition, see CIE S 17/E:2011 or IEC-IEV, 1987,
845-01-050 or the BIPM SI Brochure.
3.26
lux
symbol lx; SI unit of illuminance
Note 1 to entry: For more information see CIE S 17/E:2011 or IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-052 or the BIPM SI Brochure.
3.27
photometric quantities
quantities that are based on the perception of radiation by the human eye and are valid only for visible
radiation
3.28
radiant flux
Φ
e
radiometric quantity representing the radiant energy transported per unit time into a region of space by
electromagnetic waves (unit: watt, W)
3.29
reflectance
ρ
ratio of the reflected radiant or luminous flux to the incident flux in the given conditions
[SOURCE: IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-04-058]
3.30
relative damage potential
ratio of the damage potential of a specific light source and the damage potential of the CIE standard Illuminant
A (2 856 K) (equals to the incandescent lamp); it is dimensionless and assumes values between 0 and 1
3.31
relative damage action spectrum
s(λ)
dm,rel
describes the wavelength dependence of the photochemical damage properties, such as fading; it is
dimensionless and assumes values between 0 and 1
1
s(λ) =α(λ)⋅ ⋅ f(λ)
dm,rel
λ
where
is the spectral absorbance
α(λ)
is a function of wavelength determined by the receiving material
f(λ)
Note 1 to entry: It is normalised at 300 nm so that s(λ) = 1 for λ = 300 nm (see also Figure 1).
dm,rel
[SOURCE: CIE 157:2004]
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3.32
sensitive exhibits
museum exhibits, which can be more or less affected by electromagnetic radiations and/or other
environmental factors
3.33
source
object that produces light or other radiant flux
[SOURCE: CIE S 17/E:2011]
3.34
spectral sensitivity
s(λ)
describes the wavelength dependence of the material properties, such as fading; it is dimensionless and
assumes values between 0 and 1
3.35
total luminous exposure
H
photometric quantity; it is the product of the illuminance by the time of the exhibit exposure; it is measured in
lux·hours [lx·h]
3.36
ultraviolet radiation
UV
part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths from 10 nm to 380 nm
Note 1 to entry: In the museum context UV is usually considered to include wavelengths up to 400 nm.
4 Symbols
The notations adopted in this TS are summarized below.
Table 1 — Symbols
a
Symbol Quantity
Unit
H lux-hours per year, lx⋅h per year Annual luminous exposure
m
R 1 Colour Rendering Index
a
T kelvin, K Colour temperature
c
P watt/lumen, W/lm Damage potential
dm
D 1 Daylight factor
-2
E watt per square metre, W⋅m Effective damaging irradiance
dm
-2
E watt per square metre, W⋅m Effective irradiance
eff
-2
E lux, lx=lm⋅m Illuminance
-2
E watt per square metre, W⋅m Irradiance
e
-2 -2 -1
L candela per square metre, cd⋅m =lm⋅m ⋅sr Luminance
Φ lumen, lm Luminous flux
-1
I Luminous intensity
candela, cd= lm⋅sr
Φ watt, W Radiant flux
e
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ρ 1 Reflectance
s(λ) 1 Relative damage action spectrum
dm,rel
s(λ) 1 Spectral sensitivity
H lux⋅hours, lx⋅h Total luminous exposure
a
non dimensional units are indicated by 1
5 Sensitivity of cultural property to light
5.1 General
Light is one of several environmental factors to be considered in establishing a conservation policy.
A prerequisite for optimal lighting is good knowledge of present environmental conditions in the exhibition
area. This can be obtained by regularly monitoring lighting conditions by means of regular measurements to
account for daily and seasonal variations. Regular monitoring is recommended also after the first set up to
provide information on the environmental conditions, so that corrective actions can be taken if necessary.
5.2 Mechanisms of damage
5.2.1 General
Light may damage vulnerable exhibits by three mechanisms:
— Photochemical,
— Radiant heating effect,
— Growth of biological organisms.
The extent to which materials deteriorate under given lighting conditions depends on their chemical
composition, the characteristics of the light source, the illuminance levels and the length of exposure.
5.2.2 Photochemical
The absorption of light by a molecule or an ion can induce chemical changes, which result in changes of the
mechanical properties and the colour of the material, thus altering the exhibit in an irreversible way. For the
majority of light sensitive exhibits the damage is caused by the quantity of light (luminous exposure) and its
spectral distribution. The effectiveness of damage exponentially increases with the decreasing wavelength.
This means that usually the energy radiation of UV is much more damaging than blue light; blue light is more
damaging than green light, and so on (see Figure 1).
Accordingly, it is recommended to minimize the presence of UV in display lighting. The maximum acceptable
relative level of UV is 75μW/lm. This figure was originally chosen as it represented the amount of UV
produced by tungsten lamps which were at that time regarded as safe for lighting exhibits. Indeed, lower
relative levels of UV (such as 10μW/lm) can be attained either by using UV absorbers, on windows and
electric light sources, or by employing sources with minimal or zero UV output, such as most white LEDs.
However, the elimination of UV for sensitive exhibits is not sufficient to avoid damage if visible light is not
controlled and maintained below the values given in Table 3.
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Key
X wavelength in nm
-0.012 (λ/[nm] -300)
Y s(λ) = e
dm,rel
Figure 1 — Relative damage Y to photochemically sensitive surfaces versus wavelength X of incoming
radiation
NOTE This graph is applicable for all Cat 2,3 and 4 exhibits (except newspapers), see also Table 2.
It has to be stressed that molecules, which make up th
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 16163:2010
01-december-2010
2KUDQMDQMHNXOWXUQHGHGLãþLQH2VYHWOMHYDQMHUD]VWDYNXOWXUQHGHGLãþLQH
Conservation of cultural property - Exhibition lighting of cultural property
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Beleuchtung von Ausstellungen des kulturellen Erbes
Conservation des biens culturels - Eclairage d'exposition des biens culturels
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 16163
ICS:
91.160.10 Notranja razsvetljava Interior lighting
97.195 Umetniški in obrtniški izdelki Items of art and handicrafts
oSIST prEN 16163:2010 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 16163:2010
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oSIST prEN 16163:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 16163
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
October 2010
ICS 97.195
English Version
Conservation of cultural property - Exhibition lighting of cultural
property
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Beleuchtung von
Ausstellungen des kulturellen Erbes
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 346.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 16163:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .3
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Terms and definitions .4
4 Damage to cultural property caused by optical radiations .7
4.1 Mechanisms of damage .7
4.1.1 Photochemical action of optical radiation .7
4.1.2 Radiant heating effect of optical radiation .7
4.2 Sensitivity and classification for cultural property .7
4.3 Total luminous exposure .8
5 Optical radiations measurement .8
5.1 Visible radiation measurement .8
5.2 UV measurement.9
6 Visual ergonomics rules for exhibition lighting .9
6.1 Quality of light .9
6.2 Illumination level .9
6.3 Visual noise . 10
7 Exhibition lighting design . 11
7.1 Natural or artificial lighting . 11
7.2 Content of exhibition lighting design . 11
7.2.1 Types of lighting for exhibition (room, hall or gallery) . 11
7.2.2 Lighting project stages . 11
7.3 Preventive conservation on lighting project . 11
7.3.1 Illumination levels . 11
7.3.2 UV protection . 12
7.3.3 Heating . 12
Annex A (informative) Characteristics of the light sources . 13
A.1 Daylight . 13
A.2 Artificial sources . 13
A.2.1 Incandescent lamps . 13
A.2.2 Fluorescent lamps . 13
Annex B (informative) Glasses and films typology and characteristics . 15
B.1 Glasses . 15
B.2 Window films . 15
B.3 Other protection . 17
Annex C (informative) Lamps and lighting attachments . 18
Annex D (informative) Filters . 19
Bibliography . 20
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Foreword
This document (prEN 16163:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of
cultural property”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
Introduction
Lighting is needed for many specific functions in museums and other cultural heritage organisations, for
example for research, conservation and permanent or temporary exhibition. This standard deals only with
lighting for permanent and temporary exhibitions in museums and galleries and does not consider lighting in
other cultural heritage contexts such us hypogeal sites.
Lighting is one of the most important factors enabling visitors to fully enjoy works of art and other cultural
property. In fact, light is the key element for the links with our environment: humans need light and their need
increases with ageing. On the other hand conservation consideration must be taken to care for the objects for
future generations since light is an environmental factor, which is a threat to many objects. Alone or in
combination with other environmental factors (temperature, humidity, pollution, etc.) light causes fading,
discoloration and embrittlement to a wide range of materials. This damage is cumulative and irreversible: no
conservation treatment can restore change of colour or loss in strength of materials damaged by light.
Accordingly, the challenge of museum display lighting is to find an appropriate compromise between the
requirements of the conservation and the needs of visitors and of a suitable exhibition design. As an integral
part of an exhibition, display lighting contains both objective and subjective aspects:
the conservation aspect – sensitivity of the object, spectral composition of the light source and total
luminous exposure,
the visual aspect – the impact of lighting on the visitor experience: lighting must give visitors a good view
of presented objects, without glare, reflects or insufficient illumination,
the exhibition design aspect – the lighting design must participate with the interpretation and be
meaningful.
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1 Scope
This document defines the procedures as well as the means to implement good lighting, with regard to the
conservation policy, but still regarding the conditions of visibility and exhibition design. It aims at providing a
tool for setting up a European common policy and a guide for help curators, conservators and project
managers to give to the architects and designers a correct lighting program with a European reference.
2 Normative references
Not applicable.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
annual light exposue
illuminance level multiplied by the time for which the object is exposed at that level. It is expressed in lux-
hours per year (lxh/y). One year of museum display is approximately 3000 hours. See also total luminous
exposure
3.2
blue wool scale
scale of light-fastness, which comprises eight categories of standard dyed wools. The first is the most
responsive to light; the second is approximately half as responsive as the first; and so on to the eighth, which
is the least responsive
3.3
colour rendering index (CRI)
measure of the degree to which the psychophysical colour of an object illuminated by the test source
conforms to that of the same object illuminated by the reference illuminant, suitable allowance having been
made for the state of chromatic adaptation
NOTE The general colour rendering index (Ra) is calculated on eight Munsell samples, all of which have low to
moderate chromatic saturation. Theoretically, CRI spans between 100 (best conditions) and 0 (worst conditions). Usually
for white sources CRI spans between 100 and 60.
3.4
colour temperature
temperature of a Planckian radiator whose radiation has the same chromaticity as that of given stimulus
NOTE The reason this measurement is called a "temperature" is because it was derived from a theoretical ideal
object called a "black body radiator". When the radiator is heated, it changes from black to red to yellow to white to blue.
The lower the Kelvin rating, the "warmer" or more yellow the light, while the higher the rating, the "cooler" or more blue the
light. The unit is the Kelvin (K).
3.5
daylight
part of global solar radiation capable of causing a visual sensation. Daylight colour temperature can span from
about 2500 K (at sunrise and sunset) to 20000 K (blue sky) and depends on day hour and season of the year
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3.6
daylighting
lighting for which daylight is the light source. Formerly the term “natural light” was used, but “daylighting” is
now in use in analogy with the term “electric lighting”
3.7
daylight factor
ratio of the illuminance at a point on a given plane due to the light received directly and indirectly from a sky of
assumed or known luminance distribution, to the illuminance on a horizontal plane due to an unobstructed
hemisphere of this sky. The contribution of direct sunlight to both illuminances is excluded
3.8
dosimeter
device or apparatus for total luminous exposure measurement during a given period of time
3.9
effective irradiance
results from weighting the irradiance with the spectral sensitivity at the different wavelengths
3.10
exhibition design
spatial interpretation of the curatorial purpose. It contains the design of showcases, colour setting, panels,
sound and lighting
3.11
filter
any device that selects a more or less wide portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (coloured and neutral
filters, conversion temperature blue (CTB) and conversion temperature orange (CTO) filters, anti-UV or anti-IR
filters). Neutral-density filters decrease the transmitted light by a known amount without selecting any
wavelength
3.12
illuminance
photometric quantity that corresponds to the radiometric quantity irradiance. Ratio between the luminous flux d
Φ incident on an element of the surface containing the point, and the area dA of that element. It is measured
in lux (lx)
3.13
illuminant
radiation with a relative spectral power distribution defined over the wavelength range that influences object
colour perception. It is a mathematical function, which defines a specific spectral power distribution incident on
the object. It cannot always be exactly realized with a source
3.14
infrared radiations (IR)
part of the electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those of the visible radiation, from about
780 nm to tens of micrometers
3.15
irradiance
radiometric quantity that is the ratio between the radiant flux d Φ incident on an element of the surface
e
2
containing the point, and the area dA of that element. It is measured in watt per square meter W/m
3.16
light
light is the portion of the electromagnetic radiation to which the human eye is sensitive (c. 380 nm – 780 nm).
In the field of conservation, this term extends the range outside the visible portion, including the ultraviolet
(UV) and near infrared (IR) regions
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3.17
lighting
art, devices or techniques used for illumination
3.18
light meter
apparatus for illuminance measurement
3.19
luminous flux
photometric quantity that corresponds to the radiometric quantity radiant flux. It is measured in lumen, lm
3.20
lux
2
lx. Unit of illuminance. Illuminance produced on a 1 m surface by a luminous flux of 1 lumen uniformly
-2
distributed over that surface. 1 lx = 1 lm.m
3.21
lux meter
see light meter
3.22
photometric quantities
quantities that are based on the perception of radiation by the human eye and are valid only for visible
radiations
3.23
optical radiation
see light
3.24
radiant flux
radiometric quantity. It is the radiant energy transported per unit time into a region of space by the
electromagnetic wave. It is measured in Watt, W
3.25
radiometric quantities
quantities that are based on purely objective physical measures
3.26
source
object that produces a radiant flux, visible (light) and/or not visible (e.g. UV, IR)
3.27
Spectral Reflectance Factor
characteristic of a material surface. It is the ratio of spectral reflected light by the object to spectral irradiance
emitted by the illuminating source
3.28
spectral sensitivity
describes the wavelength dependence of the material properties as the result of a radiant exposure under
otherwise equivalent conditions of exposure. It is dimensionless and assumes values between 0 and 1
3.29
total luminous exposure
photometric quantity. It is the sum of the illuminance level over a given period of time. It is measured in lux
hours [lxh]
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3.30
ultraviolet radiation (UV)
part of the electromagnetic radiations with wavelengths shorter than those of the visible radiation, from 10 nm
to 380 nm
4 Damage to cultural property caused by optical radiations
4.1 Mechanisms of damage
Light may damage vulnerable objects with two mechanisms:
photochemical action,
radiant heating effect.
Moreover, optical radiations, particularly in combination with high relative humidity, can favour the growth of
biological organisms, such as mould.
4.1.1 Photochemical action of optical radiation
The absorption of light by a molecule or an ion can induce chemical changes, thus changing the mechanical
properties and colour of the material, altering the object in an irreversible way. The activation energy for the
change is supplied by the absorbed light, which brings the physical system to an excited state. The start does
not depend on the surrounding environment, but the subsequent chemical processes can be affected by
environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and possible presence of photo sensitizers.
4.1.2 Radiant heating effect of optical radiation
The energy supplied by light raises the temperature of the surface on which light impinges, depending on the
amount of light that is absorbed, heat diffusivity within the object, and convective exchanges. Apart from
thermal stress induced on the artefact, and desiccation, which can be caused by a decrease in local relative
humidity due to the temperature rise, the higher temperature level accelerates chemical reactions and
photochemical processes.
4.2 Sensitivity and classification for cultural property
The table below lists materials in four categories according to their sensitivity to light.
Table 1 — Classification of sensitive cultural property from CIE 157:2004
Category Description
1. No sensitivity The object is entirely composed of materials that are insensitive to light.
Examples; most metals, stone, most glass, genuine ceramic, enamel, most
minerals.
2. Low sensitivity The object includes durable materials that are slightly light responsive.
Examples; oil and tempera painting, fresco, undyed leather and wood, horn, bone,
ivory, lacquer, some plastics.
3. Medium sensitivity The object includes fugitive materials that are moderately light responsive.
Examples; most textiles, watercolours, pastels, prints and drawings, manuscripts,
miniatures, paintings in distemper media, wallpaper, and most natural history
objects, including botanical specimens, fur and feathers.
4. High sensitivity The object includes highly light responsive materials. Examples; silk, colorants
known to be highly fugitive, graphic art and photographic documents.
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4.3 Total luminous exposure
The photochemical effect is closely related to the cumulative radiation received by the object. According to
the reciprocity law, the net photochemical effect is the result of the total exposure which an object receives. In
other words, it is the total energy hitting the object in its lifetime, which matters:
Total luminous exposure = illuminance x time expressed as lx hours/year (photometric units)
The following table gives the recommended values of maximum total luminous exposure for the different
classes of light sensitive objects.
Table 2 — Total luminous exposure for different classes of light sensitive object interpreted from CIE
157:2004
Material classification Blue wool scale Total luminous exposure
1. Insensitive - no limit (for conservation)
2. Low sensitivity 7 & 8 600 000 lxh/y
3. Medium sensitivity 4, 5 & 6 150 000 lxh/y
4. High sensitivity 1, 2 & 3 15 000 lxh/y
When more classes of materials are simultaneously present, the limit to be considered corresponds to the
most protected class. It should be taken into account that other physical or chemical factors (relative humidity,
temperature, pollutants) can enhance the effects of light, so that in adverse environmental conditions the
reported limits are mandatory.
5 Optical radiations measurement
5.1 Visible radiation measurement
The illuminance shall be measured with lux-meters sensitive in the 380 - 760 nm range. Several types of
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devices are available to measure indoor light levels. The measuring range shall be from 0.1 lx to 10 lx.
When measuring light, the lux-meter should be placed as close as possible to the most light exposed part of
the object’s surface. The sensor surface is oriented parallel to the object. If the object is not flat, the sensor
should be parallel to the most exposed or vulnerable surface.
The effective illuminance on a surface depends on its orientation to the light source, being proportional to the
cosine of the angle of incidence of light on the surface (Cosine law). When light comes from different sources,
or when the surface of the object is not perpendicular to the incoming light, measurements should be
performed with lux-meters having the cosine correction function, so as to provide a correct evaluation of actual
illuminance on the target.
If the room is lit with artificial light only, one run of measurements is sufficient. Special lighting during cleaning
works and similar must also be measured and taken account of in the total luminous exposure.
If the room is lit with natural light, one set of measurements is not enough, because light levels change with
the weather, time of day and season. It is essential to position the lux-meter exactly and always in the same
sampling points, in order to avoid distortion of the information. The monitoring should be done during one year
to take into account the daily and seasonal variations.
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Many devices can supply instantaneous illuminance as well as total luminous exposure by integrating the data
over time, so called data loggers. Moreover, a semi-quantitative evaluation of the total luminous exposure can
be obtained by disposable sensors such as Blue Wool Standard or similar dosimeters, which fade or change
their colour when exposed to light. These allow a user-friendly and satisfactory indication of the light dose
received, expressed in terms of lxh/y.
Alternatively, it is possible to use the concept of prevision of the quantity of light over one year or over the
duration of the exhibition. It can be evaluated by the method of the "daylight factor". An annual illuminance is
available by the weather agency of each country. In order to predict the quantity of light indoors, it is
necessary to measure, at the same time, illumination both outdoors and indoors.
5.2 UV measurement
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is more energetic than visible light. It cannot be perceived by the human eye and is
therefore not needed for our vision. As it can cause objects to deteriorate, it must be eliminated or, at least,
reduced at the lowest possible level. There are two ways to measure, or more precisely, to prove the
presence of UV.
The first method is using a UV-meter, a device which gives quantitative values in microwatt per square
2
centimetre (µw/cm ). Different manufacturers produce their own UV sensors. The result is a multitude of UV
sensors showing different curves. For UV measurements, the only choice is 365 nm at the maximum of the
sensibility curve.
The second method is using the “UV monitor” especially developed for museum use. It measures the
proportion of UV radiation present in the light. It is measured in microwatts per lumen (µw/lm) which is not part
of the international system of measurements.
To verify the presence of UV radiation with an ultraviolet meter, two measurements are necessary. The first
with a UV filter in front of the sensor, the second without. If the difference is significant (i.e. not less than 50%),
the light source contains UV and shall be eliminated.
With the special “UV monitor” for museum use, the elimination of the UV source is necessary if the value
exceeds 75 µw/lm (value measuring on incandescent light source).
The elimination of UV for vulnerable objects and collections will have effect only if at the same time visible
light is controlled.
6 Visual ergonomics rules for exhibition lighting
6.1 Quality of light
The choice of a source for museum lighting should provide a good colour rendering. Usually the CIE colour
rendering index (CRI) is adopted to classify light sources. The best sources are daylight and incandescent
lamps with a CRI close to 100. It is possible to use luminescence lamps, specially fluorescent lamps with 95-
98 CRI. If the colour of the object is not an important factor it is possible to use lamps with 80-85 CRI. In
general, the spectral irradiance of the source should carry all wavelengths that are reflected from the object
with an intensity as wide as that perceived by the human eye. The colour temperature of the source is another
factor that influences object vision. Generally, low level of illumination request low colour temperature, about
3000 K and high level of illumination request high colour temperature.
6.2 Illumination level
To see displayed objects properly, not only an excellent quality of light is required, but also a certain level of
illumination. The necessary level is subjective and related to the age of the observer, because the
performance of the human vision diminishes with increasing age. However, it also depends on the background
illumination level (contrast), i.e. a clear detail appears more luminous on a dark background compared to a
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pale one. In the former case a lower level of illumination is needed. Moreover, human vision adjusts its
sensibility when passing from a high to a low illumination level. However, in no case illuminance levels higher
than 200 lux are allowed.
6.3 Visual noise
Visual noise can be caused by reflections on surface varnish or protection glass, or by a bright source or a big
contrast of luminance dazzling the viewer. In the most cases a good position of the spotlight (see Figure 1.) is
the solution. If still dazzling occurs, antireflection glasses or indirect illumination must be used. Another more
significant visual noise is ambient light levels or light levels in adjacent spaces which affect the ability of the
viewer to perceive colour and details. Accordingly, proper adjustment of the surrounding illumination can
markedly modify the light levels that are needed for the best perception of the objects.
Figure 1 — Spotlight good position
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7 Exhibition lighting design
7.1 Natural or artificial lighting
This choice is linked to architecture. In a classical setting, galleries are lit from the top by glass roofs and the
galleries of sculptures by lateral windows. A recommended design with natural lighting must be the result of a
study of illumination including solar and UV protection, and knowledge of the daylight factor. The choice of
natural illumination does not exempt us from artificial illumination. It must be added and complemented as the
light of the day changes. Daylight has a high content of UV and IR radiation and its irradiance strongly
depends on the hour and season. Devices such as filters, films, variable transparency glasses, curtains and
so on, must be used, to control the visible and infrared components and eliminate, as much as possible, the
UV component.
7.2 Content of exhibition lighting design
7.2.1 Types of lighting for exhibition (room, hall or gallery)
Exhibition lighting contains also the following components:
work lighting, for exhibition installation, cleaning and maintenance,
safety lighting, compulsory for all public spaces, contains:
emergency exit lighting,
circulation lighting, for the safety of
...
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