oSIST prEN 14437:2020

Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing - Roof system test method

This document specifies a test method to establish the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing, complying with the relevant product standard, EN 490 or EN 1304, which are unfixed or mechanically fixed to the substructure.
NOTE   The test method has been developed for clay or concrete tiles for roofing, but can apply to other discontinuously laid small elements, such as: slates; fibre cement slates; stones; and, adopted accordingly, to photovoltaic and solar thermal panels.
The test method is applicable to mechanical fixings such as clips, hooks, screws and nails.
The method is not applicable to fixed tiles having fixing patterns with less than every third tile fixed.
The test method is not applicable to under and over tiles. Examples of these tiles are given in Annex G.

Bestimmung des Abhebewiderstandes von verlegten Dachziegeln oder Dachsteinen (Dachpfannen) - Prüfverfahren für Dachsysteme

Dieses Dokument legt ein Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung des Abhebewiderstandes von Dacheindeckungen mit Dachpfannen nach EN 490 bzw. EN 1304, die entweder unbefestigt oder mechanisch an der Unter-konstruktion befestigt sind, fest.
ANMERKUNG   Das Prüfverfahren wurde für Dachpfannen entwickelt, es ist jedoch auch für andere überlappend verlegte kleine Dachelemente anwendbar wie z. B. Schiefer, Faserzementplatten, Natursteine, und, entsprechend angepasst, auch für Photovoltaikmodule und thermische Sonnenkollektoren.
Das Prüfverfahren gilt für mechanische Befestigungen wie Klammern, Haken, Schrauben und Nägel.
Das Prüfverfahren gilt nicht für befestigte Dachpfannen mit Befestigungsschemata, bei denen weniger als jede dritte Dachpfanne befestigt ist.
Das Prüfverfahren ist nicht anwendbar für Mönch  und Nonnenziegel. Beispiele für solche Ziegel sind in Anhang G angegeben.

Détermination de la résistance au soulèvement des tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton mises en œuvre sur la toiture - Méthode d'essai par système de toiture

Le présent document prescrit une méthode d'essai pour déterminer la résistance au soulèvement de tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton conformes à la norme de produit applicable, EN 490 ou EN 1304. Ces tuiles peuvent être soit fixées mécaniquement sur un support, soit ne pas être fixées du tout.
NOTE   La méthode d'essai a été développée pour les tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton ; toutefois elle peut aussi s'appliquer à d'autres petits éléments posés en discontinu tels que : ardoises, plaques en fibrociment, pierres, et, après adaptation appropriée, panneaux solaires photovoltaïques et thermiques.
La méthode d'essai est applicable aux fixations mécaniques telles que clips, crochets, vis, ou pointes.
La méthode ne s'applique pas aux tuiles fixées avec une densité de fixation inférieure à une tuile sur trois.
La méthode d'essai ne s'applique pas aux tuiles Canal. L'Annexe G montre des exemples de ce type de tuiles.

Ugotavljanje dvižne odpornosti vgrajenih opečnih ali betonskih strešnikov - Preskusna metoda

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 14-Sep-2020
• ICS: 91.060.20 - Roofs
• ICS: 91.100.25 - Terracotta building products
• ICS: 91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
• Technical Committee: IKER - Ceramics
• Current Stage: 4020 - Public enquire (PE) (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 13-Jul-2020
• Due Date: 30-Nov-2020
• Completion Date: 13-Oct-2020
• Directive: 305/2011 - Regulation (eu) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 march 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing council directive 89/106/eec
• Ref Project: prEN 14437 - Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing - Roof system test method

RELATIONS

• Revised: SIST EN 14437:2005 - Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing - Roof system test method
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2020

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 14437:2020
01-september-2020
Ugotavljanje dvižne odpornosti vgrajenih opečnih ali betonskih strešnikov -
Preskusna metoda

Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing - Roof

system test method
Bestimmung des Abhebewiderstandes von verlegten Dachziegeln oder Dachsteinen
(Dachpfannen) - Prüfverfahren für Dachsysteme

Détermination de la résistance au soulèvement des tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton

mises en œuvre sur la toiture - Méthode d'essai par système de toiture
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 14437
ICS:
91.060.20 Strehe Roofs
91.100.25 Gradbeni izdelki iz terakote Terracotta building products
91.100.30 Beton in betonski izdelki Concrete and concrete
products
oSIST prEN 14437:2020 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN 14437:2020
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oSIST prEN 14437:2020
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 14437
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2020
ICS 91.060.20 Will supersede EN 14437:2004
English Version
Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or
concrete tiles for roofing - Roof system test method

Détermination de la résistance au soulèvement des Bestimmung des Abhebewiderstandes von verlegten

tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton mises en œuvre sur la Dachziegeln oder Dachsteinen (Dachpfannen) -

toiture - Méthode d'essai par système de toiture Prüfverfahren für Dachsysteme

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 128.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations

which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without

notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14437:2020 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page

European foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 4

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 6

3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 6

4 Symbols and abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 7

5 Sampling ................................................................................................................................................... 7

6 Test conditions ...................................................................................................................................... 7

7 Test material .......................................................................................................................................... 7

8 Apparatus ................................................................................................................................................ 8

9 Test procedure ....................................................................................................................................... 8

10 Test report ............................................................................................................................................. 13

Annex A (informative) Test rig .................................................................................................................... 14

A.1 Example of the test rig ....................................................................................................................... 14

Annex B (normative) Examples of the specification of the arrangements of the tiles on the

test rig and the arrangement of the tiles to be loaded .......................................................... 15

B.1 Single lap interlocking tiles in straight bond ............................................................................ 15

B.2 Single lap interlocking tiles in broken bond ............................................................................. 15

B.3 Tiles with double lap ......................................................................................................................... 16

Annex C (informative) Fixing patterns to be tested............................................................................. 17

C.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 17

C.2 Single lap interlocking tiles laid in straight bond ................................................................... 18

C.3 Single lap interlocking tiles laid in broken bond. ................................................................... 19

C.4 Tiles with double lap ......................................................................................................................... 21

Annex D (informative) Calculation of mean, standard deviation, characteristic and design

value ........................................................................................................................................................ 22

D.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 22

D.2 Expression of results ......................................................................................................................... 22

D.3 Ultimate and serviceability modes ............................................................................................... 22

D.4 Single failure mode (all failure modes equivalent) ................................................................ 25

Annex E (informative) Calculation of the uplift resistance of clay or concrete tiles for

roofing at various roof pitches, for a tested configuration .................................................. 27

E.1 Correction for the influence of the weight of the roofing tiles ........................................... 27

E.2 Characteristic value of the strength of fixings .......................................................................... 28

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E.3 Uplift resistance of partially or fully fixed roofing tiles for various roof pitches ........ 29

E.4 Design uplift resistance for partially or fully fixed roofing tiles for various roof

pitches ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

Annex F (informative) Examples of roof tiles for which the test method is not applicable .. 31

Annex G (informative) Test rig commissioning and periodic calibrations................................. 32

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 33

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European foreword

This document (prEN 14437:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 128 “Roof

covering products for discontinuous laying and products for wall cladding”, the secretariat of which is

held by NBN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 14437:2004.

In comparison with the previous edition, the following technical modifications have been made: the test

method has not changed, but the interpretation of the results includes the introduction of serviceability

and ultimate failure loads in accordance with Eurocode EN 1990.
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Introduction

This document gives a test method and failure criteria for determining the uplift resistance of clay or

concrete tiles for roofing.

The results of this test may be used to determine the uplift force which can be withstood by the fixing,

e.g. to withstand wind force.
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1 Scope

This document specifies a test method to establish the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles

for roofing, complying with the relevant product standard, EN 490 or EN 1304, which are unfixed or

mechanically fixed to the substructure.

NOTE The test method has been developed for clay or concrete tiles for roofing, but can apply to other

discontinuously laid small elements, such as: slates; fibre cement slates; stones; and, adopted accordingly, to

photovoltaic and solar thermal panels.

The test method is applicable to mechanical fixings such as clips, hooks, screws and nails.

The method is not applicable to fixed tiles having fixing patterns with less than every third tile fixed.

The test method is not applicable to under and over tiles. Examples of these tiles are given in Annex G.

2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/ui
3.1
discontinuously laid small elements

elements to be used for roof covering and wall cladding which are installed as separate elements and

collectively form the roof covering
3.2
roof pitch
pitch of the roof structure, e.g. the rafters, counter battens, panels
3.3
characteristic value

value of roof system or product having a prescribed probability of not being attained in a hypothetical

unlimited test series. This value generally corresponds to a specified fractile of the assumed statistical

distribution of the particular property of the material
3.4
roof system

comprises the structure of the battens, mechanical fixings (clips, hooks, nails and screws) as well as the

clay and concrete tiles and fittings together with their laying specification
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3.5
ultimate limit states

states associated with collapse or with other similar forms of structural failure

Note 1 to entry: They generally correspond to the maximum load-carrying resistance of a structure or structural

member.
[SOURCE: EN 1990:2002/A1:2005, Eurocode – Basis of structural design; 1.5.2.13]
3.6
serviceability limit states

states that correspond to conditions beyond which specified service requirements for a structure or

structural member are no longer met
[SOURCE: EN 1990:2002/A1:2005, Eurocode – Basis of structural design; 1.5.2.14]
4 Symbols and abbreviations

For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply.

d the maximum permissible displacement;
max
F force exerted on 16 tiles;
L the hanging length of the tile;
R uplift resistance of 16 tiles in test i;
W mean weight of a roofing tile;

Additional symbols and abbreviations are used in the annexes and they are listed and defined at the point

of use.
5 Sampling

The tiles, battens and fixings selected shall be representative of the system to be used.

In selecting the number of elements, refer to Clause 7 and Clause 9, taking into consideration the number

of fixing patterns. At least 3 tests shall be conducted for each pattern, one of which can be a trial test.

The specification of the battens may include a reference to a national code of practice.

6 Test conditions

Unless otherwise specified, the roofing tiles, fixings and the test frame shall be conditioned for at least

24 h in an environment of (20 ± 10) °C, and (55 ± 25) % relative humidity, prior to the test. The manner

of storage shall not interfere with the free exchange of moisture from or into the materials. The test shall

be conducted in the same conditions as the storage.
7 Test material
The test materials shall be randomly chosen from the samples.
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8 Apparatus
8.1 Test rig

The test rig consists of a roof structure and auxiliary equipment to exert a force on the clay or concrete

tiles for roofing. The roof structure shall have a roof pitch of (45 ± 2)°.

The test rig shall be able to exert a nominally equal uplift force on 16 roofing tiles from a minimum

distance of 0,9 m to the surface of the roof covering and at an angle of (90 ± 2)° to the roof structure, at

the start of the test.

The test rig shall have sufficient capacity and stiffness for the test as not to influence the test result. The

test rig shall be capable of applying an uplift force at a rate of not more than 50 N/s.

NOTE Annex A includes an example test rig meeting the specification.
8.2 Cables

The uplift force shall be exerted by using a cable. The cable shall be flexible, such that it minimizes any

overturning moment on the connection point, where the force is applied.
8.3 Force measuring device

A calibrated force measuring device shall be used to determine the total uplift force on the 16 roofing

tiles (refer to 9.3), having a maximum inaccuracy in combination with the reading equipment of 1 % of

the measured value or 10 N, whichever is larger.
8.4 Monitoring device for displacement of the roofing tiles

A calibrated displacement monitoring device shall be used to determine the displacement of the roofing

tiles and shall have a maximum inaccuracy of 0,5 mm. The displacement monitoring device shall not exert

forces larger than 1 % of the uplift force measured on the 16 roofing tiles.

This may be achieved by rigidly attaching a small flat plate to the measuring head, such that it always

contacts the highest point on the roofing tile.

If serviceability failure occurs before ultimate failure, the monitoring device may be removed to protect

it from damage when ultimate failure occurs.
8.5 Measuring device for weight

A calibrated weighing device shall be used to determine the weight of roofing tiles with a maximum

inaccuracy of 1 % of the measured value.
9 Test procedure
9.1 Measurement of the weight

Determine the mean tile weight W by measuring at least 10 roofing tiles, after the conditioning described

in Clause 6.
9.2 Installation of battens, roofing tiles and fixings

The battens shall be fixed to the test rig in a manner that does not influence the test result.

The roofing tiles shall be installed on the battens in the layout intended to be tested. The overlap of the

roofing tiles shall be the maximum specified for the intended use in the codes of practice or by the

manufacturer.
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The test tiles shall be surrounded by at least 2 courses and 2 columns of identical roofing tiles. The test

requires a set of roofing tiles, sufficient to cover at least 8 courses high and 8 columns wide, or at least

1,5 m high and 1,5 m wide, whichever is larger.

NOTE 1 For interlocking single lap clay or concrete tiles, the lowest course on the test rig can be omitted without

loss of accuracy of the test result.

The fixings shall be installed representatively of the intended use of the fixings and shall take into account

the layout of the roofing tiles.
NOTE 2 Various fixing patterns might need to be tested, refer to Annex C.
9.3 Determination of the location of the forces on the test roof

A total of 16 roofing tiles to be lifted shall be selected and placed on the test roof. These 16 roofing tiles

shall be located as defined in Annex B. The fixing pattern shall be chosen such that the roofing tile in the

lower right corner of the 16 is fixed. Annex C gives examples of suitable fixing patterns.

The connection point is within 5 mm of the centre of the projected visible area of the roofing tile, normal

to the roof surface (see Figure 1).

The cable may be connected to the tile by feeding the cable through a hole to be made at the location of

the connection point and locking the cable at the back side of the roofing tile and may include a load

spreading device to prevent an unrepresentative failure mode of the roofing tile.

NOTE Figure 1 shows a typical example of a tile in the centre of the roof, overlapping along its edge and head

regions. Some tiles might not have a side lap, e.g. double lap tiles and some single lap verge tiles.

The connection point of beaver tiles in double-lap tiling (see Figure 2a) or crown covering (see Figure 2b)

should be on the centre line of the tile and at 40 % of the visible length of the tile from the tail of the tile.

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Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 location of connection point
2 overlapped part of tile
3 visible part of tile
Figure 1 — Location of the connection or loading point on a rectangular tile
a) b)
Key
L visible length

Figure 2 — Location of the connection point of beaver tiles laid a) double-lap or b) crown

covered
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9.4 Measurement of the uplift resistance
9.4.1 Calibration of the test equipment

The test equipment shall be calibrated when the equipment is commissioned and periodically in

accordance with the frequency of use. Guidance on calibration methods is given in Annex G.

9.4.2 Zero the measuring equipment
Eliminate the effect of the load application frame and cables.

Depending on the design of the rig, the weight of the application frame and cables may be counter

balanced.
9.4.3 Test series

A series of least 3 tests shall be conducted for each pattern, one of which can be a trial test. The roofing

tiles shall be reinstalled randomly between each test and new fixings shall be used. Any damaged roofing

tiles and battens shall be replaced. The tiles shall be installed in a manner that ensures the fixings do not

coincide with previous fixing positions within 30 mm.

Using the trial test as part of a series of 3 tests requires an estimate of the uplift resistance of a tile and

hence F .

If suitable prior knowledge or experience is not available, then a trail test should be conducted in addition

to the three tests.
9.4.4 Application of the force

The total force acting on the 16 roofing tiles shall be increased in a first step of maximum 0,7 Ft and in

subsequent steps of maximum 1/20 F . Release the load after a minimum of 5s. The total force shall be

increased at a rate not more than 50 N/s.
The load may show some relaxation during the 5 s pause.

At the maximum value of the force during a loading step, the maximum displacement identified by the

monitoring device (8.4) shall be assessed at an angle of (90 ± 2)° to the roof structure.

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Key
1 step
2 step
F force
t time
Figure 3 — Application of the force
9.4.5 Determining the maximum uplift resistance

The maximum uplift resistance, R , where i is the number of the test, is defined as the total force on the

16 roofing tiles when one of the following events occurs:
a) breakage of the mechanical fixing from tile to batten;

b) pulling out of the connection of the mechanical fixing of the tile to the batten;

c) breakage of covering elements;
d) the nib(s) of the tiles disengage from the batten;
(mm), given by:
e) the maximum displacement of any roofing tile exceeds the value dmax
d = 75 x L / 400
max h
where
d is the maximum permissible displacement, in mm;
max
L is the hanging length of the tile, in mm;

NOTE 1 The hanging length of the tile is the distance between the lower (free) end of the tile and the inner surface

of the hanging nib, refer to Figure E1.
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f) the remaining displacement of any roofing tile due to deformations of the fixings after releasing

the force to zero exceeds 5 mm.

A remaining displacement may occur on the release of the pulling force; if the remaining displacement

exceeds 5 mm after releasing the force to zero, the roofing elements may be pushed at right angles to the

surface of the tiles by hand.

The fixings shall not be influenced when returning elements. If, after returning all the elements, a value

less than 5 mm is not achieved, failure will be deemed to have occurred according to condition f.

When events e) or f) occur before any of a) to d), continue to incrementally increase the load until one of

events a) to d) does occur.

Maximum measured value shall be used for events a), b), c) and e). The value at the last completed step

shall be used for events d) and f).

On determining event e), check on unloading if events d) and f) have occurred. If d) and f) do not occur,

take the measured value at d as the value for e).
max
Record R for each mode of failure, a) to f), for each of the tests.

When events e) or f) occur before events a) to d) and it is required to distinguish between the ultimate

limit state and the serviceability limit state, continue to incrementally increase the load until one of the

events a) to d) occurs.

NOTE 2 Where it is required to distinguish between ultimate and serviceability limit states, guidance is given in

Annex D.
10 Test report
The test report shall provide the following information:
a) the title, reference number and date of publication of this document;
b) the place, date and time of sampling;

c) the identification of the roofing tile according to the relevant standard, and the commercial

identification of the roofing tiles, including material specifications, surface characteristics and

name of the manufacturer;

d) the head and side lap and the layout pattern of the installed roofing tiles (see Annex B for

examples of layout patterns);

e) the type, name and dimensions of the fixing and any associated nail, including the material

specification;

f) the number of tiles that have been fixed and distribution of fixings (fixing patterns, refer to

Annex C);

g) a suitable and sufficient description of the battens, including, for example, dimensions, timber

class;
h) the date of testing;
i) the test results (individual values and mode of failure);
j) any other factor that could have influenced the result.
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Annex A
(informative)
Test rig
A.1 Example of the test rig
Key
1 hydraulic pull / push provision
2 force application
3 frame
4 force measuring
5 rafter
6 cable
7 frame
8 frame
A frame
Figure A.1 — Example of the test rig
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Annex B
(normative)
Examples of the specification of the arrangements of the tiles on the test rig
and the arrangement of the tiles to be loaded
B.1 Single lap interlocking tiles in straight bond

For single lap interlocking tiles laid in straight bond, the loading shall be applied to 16 tiles, laid in a

rectangular shape of 4 × 4 tiles, as shown in the Figure below.
Key
L loaded tiles

Figure B.1 — Loading pattern for single lap interlocking tiles laid in straight bond

B.2 Single lap interlocking tiles in broken bond

For single lap interlocking tiles laid in broken bond, the loading shall be applied to 16 tiles, 4 tiles per

row. The loading pattern shall be similar to that shown in Figure B.2.
Key
L loaded tiles

Figure B.2 — Loading pattern for single lap interlocking tiles laid in straight bond

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B.3 Tiles with double lap

For tiles with double-lap, the loading pattern is given in Figure B.3. It is similar to that of tiles laid in

broken bond.
a) rectangular tiles
b)beaver tiles
Key
L loaded tiles

Figure B.3 — Loading pattern for tiles with double overlap for a) rectangular tiles and b) beaver

tiles
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Annex C
(informative)
Fixing patterns to be tested
C.1 General

This annex gives examples of specifications of fixing patterns, which are possible in different

configurations. The pattern used should be specified in the test report. It is recommended to include a

sketch similar to the Figures C.1 to C.4 in the test report.

NOTE Tests results have shown that different fixing patterns can give substantial differences in the test results.

The following codes are used to identify the fixing patterns:
— SB2 – 1 Single lap, straight bond, 2:1 fixing, pattern 1
— SB2 – 2 Single lap, straight bond, 2:1 fixing, pattern 2
— SB3 – 1 Single lap, straight bond, 3:1 fixing, pattern 1
— SB3 – 2 Single lap, straight bond, 3:1 fixing, pattern 2
— BB2 – 1 Single lap, broken bond, 2:1 fixing, pattern 1
— BB2 – 2 Single lap, broken bond, 2:1 fixing, pattern 2
— BB2 – 3 Single lap, broken bond, 2:1 fixing, pattern 3
— BB3 – 1 Single lap, broken bond, 3:1 fixing, pattern 1
— BB3 – 2 Single lap, broken bond, 3:1 fixing, pattern 2
— BB3 – 3 Single lap, broken bond, 3:1 fixing, pattern 3
— DO2 – 1 Double lap, 2:1 fixing, pattern 1
— DO2 – 2 Double lap, 2:1 fixing, pattern 2
— DO2 – 3 Double lap, 2:1 fixing, pattern 3
— DO3 – 1 Double lap, 3:1 fixing, pattern 1
— DO3 – 2 Double lap, 3:1 fixing, pattern 2
— DO3 – 3 Double lap, 3:1 fixing, pattern 3
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C.2 Single lap interlocking tiles laid in straight bond

For single lap interlocking tiles laid in straight bond and fixings applied in alternate diagonals (1:2 fixing

or checkerboard), the fixing pattern shown in Figure C.1 shall be used. For single lap interlocking tiles

laid in straight bond and fixings applied in alternate courses in a 1:2 fixing, the fixing pattern shown in

Figure C.2 shall be used.
Key
L loaded tiles
F fixed tiles
FL fixed loaded tiles

Figure C.1— Alternate diagonal (1:2) fixing pattern for single lap interlocking tiles laid in

straight bond – Fixing pattern SB2 – 1
Key
L loaded tiles
F fixed tiles
FL fixed loaded tiles

Figure C.2 — Alternate course (1:2) fixing pattern for single lap interlocking tiles laid in straight

bond – Fixing pattern SB2 – 2
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For single lap interlocking tiles laid in straight bond and each 3rd tile fixed (1:3 fixing), Figure C.3 shows

examples of fixing patterns.
Fixing pattern SB3 – 1 Fixing pattern SB3 – 2
Key
L loaded tiles
F fixed tiles
FL fixed loaded tiles

Figure C.3 — Fixing patterns for single lap interlocking tiles laid in straight bond in a 1:3 fixing

C.3 Single lap interlocking tiles laid in broken bond.

For single lap interlocking tiles laid in broken bond, various 1:2 fixing patterns are possible. Examples

are given below in Figure C.4.
Fixing pattern BB2 – 1 Fixing pattern BB2 – 2
Key
L loaded tiles
F fixed tiles
FL fixed loaded tiles

Figure C.4 — Fixing patterns for single lap interlocking tiles laid in broken bond in a 1:2 fixing

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oSIST prEN 14437:2020
prEN 14437:2020 (E)
Key
L loaded tiles
F fixed tiles
FL fixed loaded tiles
...