SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
(Main)Determination of flash point - Abel closed-cup method (ISO/ 13736:2021)
Determination of flash point - Abel closed-cup method (ISO/ 13736:2021)
This document specifies a method for the determination of the manual and automated closed cup flash
point of combustible liquids having flash points between –30,0 °C to 75,0 °C. However, the precision
given for this method is only valid for flash points in the range −8,5 °C to 75,0 °C.
This document is not applicable to water-borne paints.
NOTE 1 Water borne paints can be tested using ISO 3679[1].
NOTE 2 See 9.1 for the importance of this test in avoiding loss of volatile materials.
NOTE 3 Liquids containing halogenated compounds can give anomalous results.
NOTE 4 The thermometer specified for the manual apparatus limits the upper test temperature to 70,0 °C.
NOTE 5 See 13.1 for more specific information related to precision.
Bestimmung des Flammpunktes - Verfahren mit geschlossenem Tiegel nach Abel (ISO/ 13736:2021)
Dieses Dokument legt ein Verfahren für die manuelle und automatische Bestimmung des Flammpunktes von brennbaren Flüssigkeiten im geschlossenen Tiegel fest, deren Flammpunkt zwischen −30,0 °C und 75,0 °C liegt. Die Präzisionsangaben für dieses Verfahren gelten jedoch nur für den Flammpunktbereich von −8,5 °C bis 75,0 °C.
Dieses Dokument ist nicht anwendbar auf Wasserlacke.
ANMERKUNG 1 Wasserlacke können nach ISO 3679 [1] geprüft werden.
ANMERKUNG 2 Siehe 9.1 hinsichtlich der Bedeutung dieser Prüfung bei der Vermeidung des Verlusts an flüchtigen Bestandteilen.
ANMERKUNG 3 Flüssigkeiten, die halogenierte Verbindungen enthalten, können anormale Ergebnisse liefern.
ANMERKUNG 4 Das für das manuelle Flammpunktprüfgerät festgelegte Thermometer begrenzt die obere Prüftemperatur auf 70,0 °C.
ANMERKUNG 5 Für spezifischere Information zu Präzision siehe 13.1.
WARNUNG - Die Anwendung dieses Dokuments kann die Anwendung gefährlicher Stoffe, Arbeitsgänge und Geräte mit sich bringen. Dieses Dokument beansprucht nicht, alle damit verbundenen Sicherheitsprobleme zu behandeln. Es liegt in der Verantwortung des Anwenders dieses Dokuments, vor der Anwendung dieser Norm geeignete Maßnahmen für die Sicherheit und den Gesundheitsschutz des Personals zu ergreifen und die Geltung weiterer diesbezüglicher Auflagen zu prüfen.
Détermination du point d'éclair - Méthode Abel en vase clos (ISO/ 13736:2021)
Le présent document spécifie une méthode manuelle et automatisée de détermination du point d’éclair en vase clos des combustibles liquides dont les points d’éclair sont compris entre −30,0 °C et 75,0 °C. La fidélité donnée pour la méthode ne s’applique toutefois qu’aux points d’éclair compris entre −8,5 °C et 75,0 °C.
Le présent document n’est pas applicable aux peintures à base d’eau.
NOTE 1 Les peintures à base d'eau peuvent être soumises à essai en utilisant l’ISO 3679[1].
NOTE 2 Voir 9.1 concernant l’importance, lors de cet essai, d’éviter la perte de composés volatils.
NOTE 3 Les liquides contenant des composés halogénés peuvent donner des résultats anormaux.
NOTE 4 Le thermomètre spécifié pour l’appareillage manuel limite la température d’essai supérieure à 70,0 °C.
NOTE 5 Voir 13.1 pour plus d’informations sur la précision.
Določevanje plamenišča - Metoda z zaprto posodo po Abelu (ISO 13736:2021)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
01-junij-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 13736:2013
Določevanje plamenišča - Metoda z zaprto posodo po Abelu (ISO 13736:2021)
Determination of flash point - Abel closed-cup method (ISO/ 13736:2021)
Bestimmung des Flammpunktes - Verfahren mit geschlossenem Tiegel nach Abel (ISO/
13736:2021)
Détermination du point d'éclair - Méthode Abel en vase clos (ISO/ 13736:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 13736:2021
ICS:
75.080 Naftni proizvodi na splošno Petroleum products in
general
SIST EN ISO 13736:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
EN ISO 13736
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
April 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 75.080 Supersedes EN ISO 13736:2013
English Version
Determination of flash point - Abel closed-cup method
(ISO 13736:2021)
Détermination du point d'éclair - Méthode Abel en vase Bestimmung des Flammpunktes - Verfahren mit
clos (ISO 13736:2021) geschlossenem Tiegel nach Abel (ISO 13736:2021)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 March 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 13736:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
EN ISO 13736:2021 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
EN ISO 13736:2021 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 13736:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28 "Petroleum
and related products, fuels and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources" in collaboration with
Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of
petroleum, synthetic and biological origin.” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2021, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by October 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 13736:2013.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 13736:2021 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 13736:2021 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13736
Fourth edition
2021-03
Determination of flash point — Abel
closed-cup method
Détermination du point d'éclair — Méthode Abel en vase clos
Reference number
ISO 13736:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
ISO 13736:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
ISO 13736:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Chemicals and materials . 2
6 Apparatus . 2
7 Apparatus preparation . 3
7.1 Location of the apparatus . 3
7.2 Cleaning the test cup . 3
7.3 Apparatus examination . 3
7.4 Heating and cooling . 3
7.4.1 Liquid baths . 3
7.4.2 Solid metal baths . 3
7.4.3 Test cup and cover . 3
7.5 Apparatus verification . 4
8 Sampling . 4
9 Sampling handling . 5
9.1 General . 5
9.2 Subsampling . 5
9.3 Samples containing undissolved water . 5
9.4 Sample mixing . 5
10 Procedure. 5
11 Calculation . 6
12 Expression of results . 7
13 Precision . 7
13.1 General . 7
13.2 Repeatability, r . 7
13.3 Reproducibility, R . 8
14 Test report . 8
Annex A (normative) Abel flash point apparatus . 9
Annex B (normative) Positioning and fixing of test cup and heating vessel thermometers
into thermometer collar .16
Annex C (normative) Temperature measuring device specifications .18
Annex D (normative) Apparatus verification .20
Annex E (informative) Flash point values of chemicals .23
Bibliography .24
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
ISO 13736:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28, Petroleum products and lubricants, in
collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC
19, Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin
in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 13736:2013), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the Subclause 7.5 has been further elaborated;
[3]
— under 13.2 and 13.3, the precision definitions have been updated in line with ISO 4259-1 ;
— in Annex C the digital contact thermometers have been introduced and furthermore explanation on
the generic liquid-in-glass thermometers has been introduced;
— Annex D has been revised (especially the evaluation subclause) and changed to normative status;
— a new Annex E on flash point values of chemicals has been introduced.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
ISO 13736:2021(E)
Introduction
Flash point values are used in shipping, storage, handling and safety regulations, as a classification
property to define “flammable” and “combustible” materials. Precise definition of the classes is given in
each particular regulation.
A flash point value can indicate the presence of highly volatile material(s) in a relatively non-volatile or
non-flammable material, and flash point testing can be a preliminary step to other investigations into
the composition of unknown materials.
Flash point determinations are not appropriate for potentially unstable, decomposable, or explosive
materials, unless previously established that heating the specified quantity of such materials in contact
with the metallic components of the flash point apparatus, within the temperature range required for
the method, does not induce decomposition, explosion or other adverse effects.
Flash point values are not a constant physical-chemical property of materials tested. They are a
function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and the operational procedure
carried out. Flash point can therefore be defined only in terms of a standard test method, and no general
valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different test methods or with test
apparatus different from that specified.
[7]
ISO/TR 29662 gives useful advice on carrying out flash point tests and interpreting results.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13736:2021(E)
Determination of flash point — Abel closed-cup method
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure
the safety and health of personnel prior to the application of the standard, and to determine the
applicability of any other restrictions for this purpose.
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the determination of the manual and automated closed cup flash
point of combustible liquids having flash points between –30,0 °C to 75,0 °C. However, the precision
given for this method is only valid for flash points in the range −8,5 °C to 75,0 °C.
This document is not applicable to water-borne paints.
[1]
NOTE 1 Water borne paints can be tested using ISO 3679 .
NOTE 2 See 9.1 for the importance of this test in avoiding loss of volatile materials.
NOTE 3 Liquids containing halogenated compounds can give anomalous results.
NOTE 4 The thermometer specified for the manual apparatus limits the upper test temperature to 70,0 °C.
NOTE 5 See 13.1 for more specific information related to precision.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling
ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling
ISO 15528, Paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes — Sampling
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
flash point
lowest temperature of the test portion, adjusted to account for variations in atmospheric pressure from
101,3 kPa, at which application of an ignition source causes the vapour of the test portion to ignite and
the flame to propagate across the surface of the liquid under the specified conditions of test
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
ISO 13736:2021(E)
4 Principle
The test portion is placed in the test cup of an Abel apparatus and heated to give a constant temperature
increase with continuous stirring. An ignition source is directed through an opening in the test
cup cover at regular temperature intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring. The lowest
temperature at which application of the ignition source causes the vapours of the test portion to ignite
and propagate over the surface of the liquid is recorded as the flash point at the ambient barometric
pressure. The temperature is adjusted to account for variation in atmospheric pressure from 101,3 kPa,
using a formula.
5 Chemicals and materials
5.1 Cleaning solvent, for the removal of traces of sample from the test cup and cover.
The choice of solvent depends upon the previous material tested, and the tenacity of the residue. Low
volatility aromatic (benzene-free) solvents may be used to remove traces of oil, and mixed solvents can
be efficacious for the removal of gum-type deposits.
5.2 Coolant, mixture of equal volumes of 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) and water, or mixture of
equal volumes of glycerol and water, or silicone oil (optional), for use in an external cooling bath (6.5) or
in the Abel apparatus (6.1).
5.3 Lubricant (optional), to reduce the formation of ice crystals on the cover and shutter mechanism
when carrying out tests at temperatures below 5,0 °C (7.4.3, Note 1).
5.4 Verification liquids, certified reference materials (CRM) and secondary working standards (SWS)
as described in Annex D.
5.5 Ignitor and pilot light gas, which may be propane, butane or natural gas (not required if an
electric ignitor is used).
6 Apparatus
6.1 Flash point apparatus, as specified in Annex A.
If automated equipment is used, ensure that the test cup and cover assembly conform to the key
dimensions specified in A.2 and that the procedure described in Clause 10 is followed. The user shall
ensure that all of the manufacturer’s instructions for adjusting and operating the instrument are
followed.
In cases of dispute, unless explicitly agreed otherwise, the manual determination of the flash point,
using a flame ignition source, shall be considered the referee test.
6.2 Thermometers
6.2.1 Test cup thermometer, installed as in Annex B and conforming to the specification given in
Annex C.
6.2.2 Heating vessel thermometer, installed as in Annex B and conforming to the specification given
in Annex C.
Other types of temperature-measuring device may be used, provided that they meet the requirements
for accuracy and have the same response as the thermometers specified in Annex C.
6.3 Timing device, stopwatch or electronic timer with an accuracy better than 5 %.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
ISO 13736:2021(E)
6.4 Barometer, absolute pressure reading, accurate to 0,5 kPa. Barometers pre-corrected to give sea-
level readings, such as those used at weather stations and airports, shall not be used.
6.5 External cooling bath (optional), for assisting in the cooling of the Abel apparatus and test sample
(7.4.1 and 7.4.2).
6.6 Test cup thermal insulating cap (optional), to reduce the formation of ice crystals on the cup and
cover assembly during sub-ambient testing.
7 Apparatus preparation
7.1 Location of the apparatus
Support the Abel apparatus (6.1) on a level and steady surface in a draught-free position.
NOTE When draughts cannot be avoided, it is good practice to surround the apparatus with a shield.
When testing materials that produce toxic vapours, the apparatus should be located in a fume hood
with an individual control of air flow, adjusted such that vapours can be withdrawn without causing air
currents around the test cup during the test.
7.2 Cleaning the test cup
Wash the test cup with an appropriate solvent (5.1) to remove any traces of gum or residue remaining
from a previous test. Dry using a stream of clean air or other proven procedure to ensure complete
removal of the solvent used.
WARNING — Any remaining cleaning solvent can significantly affect the measured flash point of
a sample.
7.3 Apparatus examination
Examine the test cup, the cover and other parts to ensure that they are free from signs of damage
and deposits. If any damage is found, either rectify the problem or, if this is not possible, obtain a
replacement. If deposits are found remove them.
7.4 Heating and cooling
7.4.1 Liquid baths
Use water or, for less than or near 0 °C bath temperatures, a coolant (5.2), to completely fill the heating
vessel and to fill the inner air chamber that surrounds the test cup to a depth of at least 38 mm.
Adjust the temperature of the heating vessel using an external cooling bath (6.5) if required, to at least
9,0 °C below the expected flash or to –35,0 °C, whichever is the higher.
7.4.2 Solid metal baths
Follow the manufacturers’ instructions to adjust the temperature of the bath to at least 9,0 °C below the
expected flash point or to –35,0 °C, whichever is the higher.
7.4.3 Test cup and cover
Loosely assemble the cover and test cup. Adjust their temperature, using an external cooling bath (6.5)
or refrigerator if required, to at least 17,0 °C below the expected flash point or to –35,0 °C, whichever is
the higher.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST EN ISO 13736:2021
ISO 13736:2021(E)
Use the thermal insulating cap (6.6) at lower temperatures.
Ensure that neither cooling liquid nor vapour from the cooling bath, that could affect the flash point of
the product under test, enters the test cup.
NOTE 1 Cooling a cover or test cup that is wet with water to below 0 °C can cause sticking due to ice (e.g.
sticking of the slide). Wiping the apparatus dry with a duster or a piece of absorbent paper before cooling to
below 0 °C is usually sufficient to prevent icing but, alternatively, icing can be minimized by the use of a thermal
insulating cap (6.6) and by lubricating the outer face of the lip of the test cup and the slide with a lubricant (5.3).
NOTE 2 A low humidity laboratory environment helps minimize the formation of ice crystals at test
temperatures of below 5 °C.
7.5 Apparatus verification
7.5.1 Check the temperature measuring devices and barometer at least once a year to ensure that they
are in accordance with 6.2 and 6.4 requirements respectively.
7.5.2 Ensure the correct operation of ignition sources, in accordance with the manufacturers’
instructions and this test method.
7.5.3 Verify the accuracy of the apparatus at least once a year by testing a certified reference material
(CRM) (see 5.4 and Annex D). It is recommended that more frequent verification checks are made using
CRM or SWS.
The result of a single test obtained for either CRM or SWS shall be equal to or less than R/√2 from
the certified value of the CRM or from the accepted reference value (ARV) of the SWS, where R is the
reproducibility of the test method.
NOTE These reference materials and in-house quality control samples can also be used to monitor stability
[13]
and establish statistical control limits, in accordance with ASTM D6299 or equivalent standard, if required.
7.5.4 Do not use the numerical values obtained during verification checks to correct subsequent flash
point results or provide a bias statement.
7.5.5 When the flash point is not within the required limits, check the condition and operation of the
apparatus to ensure conformity with the details listed in A.1 especially with regard to tightness of the
lid, the action of the shutter, the position and operation of the ignition source, and the angle and position
of the temperature measuring device. After any adjustment, repeat the test in Annex D using a fresh test
portion, with special attention to the procedural details prescribed in this test method.
8 Sampling
8.1 Obtain samples in accordance with the procedures given in ISO 3170, ISO 3171, ISO 15528 or an
equivalent national standard, unless otherwise agreed.
8.2 Place sufficient sample volume for testing in a tightly sealed container appropriate to the material
being sampled and, for sample integrity and safety purposes, ensure that the sample container is filled to
between 85 % and 95 % of its capacity.
8.3 Store the samples in conditions that minimize vapour loss and pressure build-up.
IMPORTANT — Erroneously high flash points can be obtained if precautions are not taken
to avoid the loss of volatile material. Do not open containers unnecessarily, to prevent loss of
volatile material or possible introduction of moisture.
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 13736:2020
01-junij-2020
Določevanje plamenišča - Metoda z zaprto posodo po Abelu (ISO/DIS 13736:2020)
Determination of flash point - Abel closed-cup method (ISO/DIS 13736:2020)
Bestimmung des Flammpunktes - Verfahren mit geschlossenem Tiegel nach Abel
(ISO/DIS 13736:2020)
Détermination du point d'éclair - Méthode Abel en vase clos (ISO/DIS 13736:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 13736
ICS:
75.080 Naftni proizvodi na splošno Petroleum products in
general
oSIST prEN ISO 13736:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 13736:2020
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oSIST prEN ISO 13736:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 13736
ISO/TC 28 Secretariat: NEN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2020-04-15 2020-07-08
Determination of flash point — Abel closed-cup method
Détermination du point d'éclair — Méthode Abel en vase clos
ICS: 75.080
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 13736:2020(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2020
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oSIST prEN ISO 13736:2020
ISO/DIS 13736:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 13736:2020
ISO/DIS 13736:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Chemicals and materials . 2
6 Apparatus . 2
7 Apparatus preparation . 3
7.1 Location of the apparatus . 3
7.2 Cleaning the test cup . 3
7.3 Apparatus examination . 3
7.4 Heating and cooling . 3
7.4.1 Liquid baths . 3
7.4.2 Solid metal baths . 3
7.4.3 Test cup and cover . 3
7.5 Apparatus verification . 4
8 Sampling . 4
9 Sampling handling . 5
9.1 General . 5
9.2 Subsampling . 5
9.3 Samples containing undissolved water . 5
9.4 Sample mixing . 5
10 Procedure. 5
11 Calculation . 6
12 Expression of results . 7
13 Precision . 7
13.1 General . 7
13.2 Repeatability, r .7
13.3 Reproducibility, R .8
14 Test report . 8
Annex A (normative) Abel flash point apparatus . 9
Annex B (normative) Positioning and fixing of test cup and heating vessel thermometers
into thermometer collar .16
Annex C (normative) Temperature measuring device specifications .18
Annex D (normative) Apparatus verification .21
Annex E (informative) Flash-point values of chemicals .24
Bibliography .25
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28, Petroleum products and lubricants.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 13736:2013), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— 7.5 (Verification) has been further elaborated
[18]
— Under 13.2 and 13.3 the precision definitions have been updated in line with ISO 4259-1
— In Annex C the digital contact thermometers have been introduced and furthermore explanation on
the generic liquid-in-glass thermometers has been introduced
— Annex D has been revised (especially in the evaluation sub-clause) and changed to normative
— New Annex E Flash point values of chemicals has been introduced
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Introduction
Flash point values are used in shipping, storage, handling and safety regulations, as a classification
property to define “flammable” and “combustible” materials. Precise definition of the classes is given in
each particular regulation.
A flash point value can indicate the presence of highly volatile material(s) in a relatively non-volatile or
non-flammable material, and flash point testing can be a preliminary step to other investigations into
the composition of unknown materials.
Flash point determinations are not appropriate for potentially unstable, decomposable, or explosive
materials, unless previously established that heating the specified quantity of such materials in contact
with the metallic components of the flash point apparatus, within the temperature range required for
the method, does not induce decomposition, explosion or other adverse effects.
Flash point values are not a constant physical-chemical property of materials tested. They are a
function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and the operational procedure
carried out. Flash point can therefore be defined only in terms of a standard test method, and no general
valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different test methods or with test
apparatus different from that specified.
[1]
ISO/TR 29662 gives useful advice on carrying out flash point tests and interpreting results.
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 13736:2020(E)
Determination of flash point — Abel closed-cup method
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure
the safety and health of personnel prior to the application of the standard, and to determine the
applicability of any other restrictions for this purpose.
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the determination of the manual and automated closed cup flash
point of combustible liquids having flash points between –30,0 °C to 75,0 °C . However, the precision
given for this method is only valid for flash points in the range −8,5 °C to 75,0 °C.
This document is not applicable to water-borne paints.
[2]
NOTE 1 Water borne paints can be tested using ISO 3679 .
NOTE 2 See 9.1 for the importance of this test in avoiding loss of volatile materials.
NOTE 3 Liquids containing halogenated compounds can give anomalous results.
NOTE 4 The thermometer specified for the manual apparatus limits the upper test temperature to 70,0 °C.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling
ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling
ISO 15528, Paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes — Sampling
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
flash point
lowest temperature of the test portion, adjusted to account for variations in atmospheric pressure from
101,3 kPa, at which application of an ignition source causes the vapour of the test portion to ignite and
the flame to propagate across the surface of the liquid under the specified conditions of test
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4 Principle
The test portion is placed in the test cup of an Abel apparatus and heated to give a constant temperature
increase with continuous stirring. An ignition source is directed through an opening in the test
cup cover at regular temperature intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring. The lowest
temperature at which application of the ignition source causes the vapours of the test portion to ignite
and propagate over the surface of the liquid is recorded as the flash point at the ambient barometric
pressure. The temperature is adjusted to account for variation in atmospheric pressure from 101,3 kPa,
using an equation.
5 Chemicals and materials
5.1 Cleaning solvent, for the removal of traces of sample from the test cup and cover.
The choice of solvent depends upon the previous material tested, and the tenacity of the residue. Low
volatility aromatic (benzene-free) solvents may be used to remove traces of oil, and mixed solvents may
be efficacious for the removal of gum-type deposits.
5.2 Coolant, mixture of equal volumes of ethanediol (ethylene glycol) and water, or mixture of equal
volumes of glycerol and water, or silicone oil (optional), for use in an external cooling bath (6.5) or in the
Abel apparatus (6.1).
5.3 Lubricant (optional), to reduce the formation of ice crystals on the cover and shutter mechanism
when carrying out tests at temperatures below 5,0 °C (7.4.3, Note 1).
5.4 Verification liquids, certified reference materials (CRM) and secondary working standards (SWS)
as described in annex D.
5.5 Ignitor and pilot light gas, which may be propane, butane or natural gas (not required if an
electric ignitor is used).
6 Apparatus
6.1 Flash point apparatus, as specified in Annex A.
If automated equipment is used, ensure that the test cup and cover assembly conform to the key
dimensions specified in A.2 and that the procedure described in Clause 10 is followed. The user shall
ensure that all of the manufacturer’s instructions for adjusting and operating the instrument are
followed.
In cases of dispute, unless explicitly agreed otherwise, the manual determination of the flash point,
using a flame ignition source, shall be considered the referee test.
6.2 Thermometers
6.2.1 Test cup thermometer, installed as in Annex B and conforming to the specification given in
Annex C.
6.2.2 Heating vessel thermometer, installed as in Annex B and conforming to the specification given
in Annex C.
Other types of temperature-measuring device may be used, provided that they meet the requirements
for accuracy and have the same response as the thermometers specified in Annex C.
6.3 Timing device, stopwatch or electronic timer with an accuracy better than 5 %.
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6.4 Barometer, absolute pressure reading, accurate to 0,5 kPa. Barometers pre-corrected to give sea-
level readings, such as those used at weather stations and airports, shall not be used.
6.5 External cooling bath (optional), for assisting in the cooling of the Abel apparatus and test sample
(7.4.1 and 7.4.2).
6.6 Test cup thermal insulating cap (optional), to reduce the formation of ice crystals on the cup and
cover assembly during sub-ambient testing.
7 Apparatus preparation
7.1 Location of the apparatus
Support the Abel apparatus (6.1) on a level and steady surface in a draught-free position.
NOTE When draughts cannot be avoided, it is good practice to surround the apparatus with a shield.
When testing materials that produce toxic vapours, the apparatus should be located in a fume hood
with an individual control of air flow, adjusted such that vapours can be withdrawn without causing air
currents around the test cup during the test.
7.2 Cleaning the test cup
Wash the test cup with an appropriate solvent (5.1) to remove any traces of gum or residue remaining
from a previous test. Dry using a stream of clean air or other proven procedure to ensure complete
removal of the solvent used.
WARNING — Any remaining cleaning solvent can significantly affect the measured flash point of
a sample.
7.3 Apparatus examination
Examine the test cup, the cover and other parts to ensure that they are free from signs of damage
and deposits. If any damage is found, either rectify the problem or, if this is not possible, obtain a
replacement. If deposits are found remove them.
7.4 Heating and cooling
7.4.1 Liquid baths
Use water or, for less than or near 0 °C bath temperatures, a coolant (5.2), to completely fill the heating
vessel and to fill the inner air chamber that surrounds the test cup to a depth of at least 38 mm.
Adjust the temperature of the heating vessel using an external cooling bath (6.5) if required, to at least
9,0 °C below the expected flash or to –35 °C, whichever is the higher.
7.4.2 Solid metal baths
Follow the manufacturers’ instructions to adjust the temperature of the bath to at least 9,0 °C below the
expected flash point or to –35 °C, whichever is the higher.
7.4.3 Test cup and cover
Loosely assemble the cover and test cup. Adjust their temperature, using an external cooling bath (6.5)
or refrigerator if required, to at least 17,0 °C below the expected flash point or to –35 °C, whichever is
the higher.
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Use the thermal insulating cap (6.6) at lower temperatures.
Ensure that neither cooling liquid nor vapour from the cooling bath, that could affect the flash point of
the product under test, enters the test cup.
NOTE 1 Cooling a cover or test cup that is wet with water to below 0 °C can cause sticking due to ice (e.g.
sticking of the slide). Wiping the apparatus dry with a duster or a piece of absorbent paper before cooling to
below 0 °C is usually sufficient to prevent icing but, alternatively, icing can be minimized by the use of a thermal
insulating cap (6.6) and by lubricating the outer face of the lip of the test cup and the slide with a lubricant (5.3).
NOTE 2 A low humidity laboratory environment helps minimize the formation of ice crystals at test
temperatures of below 5 °C.
7.5 Apparatus verification
7.5.1 Check the temperature measuring devices and barometer at least once a year to ensure that they
are in accordance with 6.2 and 6.4 requirements respectively.
7.5.2 Ensure the correct operation of ignition sources, in accordance with the manufacturers’
instructions and this test method.
7.5.3 Verify the accuracy of the apparatus at least once a year by testing a certified reference material
(CRM) (5.4 and Annex D). It is recommended that more frequent verification checks are made using
CRM or SWS.
The result of a single test obtained for either CRM or SWS shall be equal to or less than R /√2 from
the certified value of the CRM or from the accepted reference value (ARV) of the SWS, where R is the
reproducibility of the test method.
NOTE These reference materials and in-house quality control samples can also be used to monitor stability
[4]
and establish statistical control limits, in accordance with ASTM Practice D6299 or equivalent standard, if
required.
7.5.4 Do not use the numerical values obtained during verification checks to correct subsequent flash
point results or provide a bias statement.
7.5.5 When the flash point is not within the required limits, check the condition and operation of the
apparatus to ensure conformity with the details listed in Annex A.1 especially with regard to tightness
of the lid, the action of the shutter, the position and operation of the ignition source, and the angle and
position of the temperature measuring device. After any adjustment, repeat the test in Annex D using a
fresh test portion, with special attention to the procedural details prescribed in this test method.
8 Sampling
8.1 Obtain samples in accordance with the procedures given in ISO 3170, ISO 3171, ISO 15528 or an
equivalent national standard, unless otherwise agreed.
8.2 Place sufficient sample volume for testing in a tightly sealed container appropriate to the material
being sampled and, for sample integrity and safety purposes, ensure that the sample container is filled to
between 85 % and 95 % of its capacity.
8.3 Store the samples in conditions that minimize vapour loss and pressure build-up.
IMPORTANT — - Erroneously high flash points can be obtained if precautions are not taken
to avoid the loss of volatile material. Do not open containers unnecessarily, to prevent loss of
volatile material or possible introduction of moisture. Avoid storage of samples at temperatures
in excess of 30 °C.
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8.4 For samples, for storage, ensure that the sample container is tightly closed and leak free. Do not
make a transfer unless the sample temperature is at least 17 °C below the expected flash point or to -35
°C, whichever is the higher, before opening the container.
8.5 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers, since volatile material can diffuse through the
walls of the enclosure. Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a source of valid results.
9 Sampling handling
9.1 General
Since the presence of small proportions of highly volatile materials needs to be detected, this test
should be the first determination on a received sample to reduce the loss of these volatile materials.
9.2 Subsampling
9.2.1 Subsample at a sample temperature that is at least 17 °C below the expected flash point or to
-35 °C, whichever is the higher, before opening the container.
Cool liquids that crystallize on cooling to just above their melting points.
9.2.2 Successive test portions may be taken from the same sample container when the second test
portion is taken with the sample container at least 50 % filled.
NOTE Results of flash point determinations can be affected if the sample volume falls below 50 % of the
container’s capacity.
9.3 Samples containing undissolved water
Flash point results can be affected by the presence of water. If a sample contains water as a separate
phase, decant an aliquot from the water prior to mixing.
For certain fuels it is not always possible to decant the sample from the free water. In such cases, the
water should be separated from the aliquot physically, prior to mixing, or, if this is not possible, the
[2]
material should be tested in accordance with ISO 3679 .
9.4 Sample mixing
Mix samples by gentle manual shaking prior to the removal of the test portion, taking care to minimize
the loss of volatile components, and proceed in accordance with Clause 10.
10 Procedure
10.1 Using a barometer (6.4), record the ambient pressure in the vicinity of the apparatus at the time
of test.
NOTE It is not necessary to correct the barometric pressure for ambient temperature, although some
barometers are designed to make this correction automatically.
10.2 Follow apparatus preparation (Clause 7) and sample handling (Clause 9) to adjust the temperature
of the Abel bath, cup and cover respectively.
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10.3 Place the test cup in position in the apparatus and insert the test cup thermometer (6.2.1). Remove
the cover and pour in the test portion without undue agitation, avoiding as far as possible the formation
of air bubbles, until the level just reaches the point of the index gauge on the wall of the test cup.
The sample may be poured into the test cup before it is placed in position in the apparatus. Place the
cover on the test cup and push it down into position. Make any necessary mechanical or electrical
connections to the cover and, if a gas ignition source is used, ignite the ignition source flame, adjust its
size to conform to the size of the reference bead mounted on the cover of the test cup, and maintain it at
that size throughout the test.
A pre-test dip of the ignition source is strongly recommended, before commencing heating of the
test portion, as th
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