SIST EN 764-1:2015+A1:2016
(Main)Pressure equipment - Part 1: Vocabulary
Pressure equipment - Part 1: Vocabulary
This European Standard specifies terms and definitions to be used for pressure equipment and assemblies within the scope of European Directives on pressure equipment.
NOTE It can be applied to other pressure equipment.
Druckgeräte - Teil 1: Vokabular
Diese Europäische Norm legt Begriffe für Druckgeräte und Baugruppen fest, die durch die Europäische Richtlinieüber Druckgeräte („Druckgeräterichtlinie“, DGRL) abgedeckt sind.
ANMERKUNG Sie kann für andere Druckgeräte auch angewandt werden.
Equipement sous pression - Partie 1: Vocabulaire
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les termes et définitions à utiliser pour les équipements sous pression et les ensembles visés par la Directive européenne relative aux équipements sous pression.
NOTE Elle peut s’appliquer à d’autres équipements sous pression.
Tlačna oprema - 1. del: Slovar (vključno z dopolnilom A1)
Ta evropski standard določa izraze in definicije, ki se uporabljajo za tlačno opremo in sklope v okviru uporabe evropskih direktiv o tlačni opremi.
OPOMBA: Standard je mogoče uporabiti za drugo tlačno opremo.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2016
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 764-1:2015
7ODþQDRSUHPDGHO 6ORYDU YNOMXþQR]GRSROQLORP$
Pressure equipment - Part 1: Vocabulary
Druckgeräte - Teil 1: Vokabular
Equipement sous pression - Partie 1: Vocabulaire
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 764-1:2015+A1:2016
ICS:
01.040.23 7HNRþLQVNLVLVWHPLLQVHVWDYQL Fluid systems and
GHOL]DVSORãQRUDER 6ORYDUML components for general use
(Vocabularies)
23.020.32 7ODþQHSRVRGH Pressure vessels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 764-1:2015+A1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
August 2016
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.23; 23.020.30 Supersedes EN 764-1:2015
English Version
Pressure equipment - Part 1: Vocabulary
Equipement sous pression - Partie 1: Vocabulaire Druckgeräte - Teil 1: Vokabular
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 February 2015 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 5 June
2016.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 764-1:2015+A1:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
1 Scope . 4
2 Normative references . 4
3 Terms and definitions . 4
3.1 General terms . 4
3.2 Terms related to design . 5
3.3 Terms related to manufacturing . 20
3.4 Terms related to testing . 21
3.5 Terms related to interested parties . 23
Annex A (informative) Additional information on notions of maximum allowable pressure (PS)
and maximum / minimum allowable temperatures (TS / TS ) . 25
max min
Annex B (informative) Multilingual list of terms . 27
Bibliography . 36
European foreword
This document (EN 764-1:2015+A1:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 “Unfired
pressure vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by February 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 2016-06-05.
This document supersedes !EN 764-1:2015".
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !".
!deleted text"
An informative annex on notions of allowable pressures and temperatures has been added.
An annex containing translations of terms to several other languages is in the course of preparation.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
EN 764, Pressure equipment comprises the following parts:
— Part 1: Vocabulary;
— Part 2: Quantities, symbols and units;
— Part 3: Definition of parties involved;
— Part 4: Establishment of technical delivery conditions for metallic materials;
— Part 5: Inspection documentation of metallic materials and compliance with the material specification;
— Part 6: Structure and content of operating instructions;
— Part 7: Safety systems for unfired pressure equipment.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies terms and definitions to be used for pressure equipment and assemblies
within the scope of European Directives on pressure equipment.
NOTE It can be applied to other pressure equipment.
2 Normative references
Not applicable.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
If a term or definition only applies to a special area or is different in different areas, the relevant area is
shown within brackets <….>.
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
ambient temperature
temperature of the surrounding atmosphere in the immediate vicinity of the pressure component
3.1.2
assembly
several pieces of pressure equipment assembled by a manufacturer to constitute an integrated and
functional whole
3.1.3
cryogenic applications
applications at low temperature
Note 1 to entry: Normally involving liquefied gases.
3.1.4
design validation
examination of the design documents to verify that the design conforms to the relevant product standard
3.1.5
fluid
gas, liquid and vapour in its pure phase as well as mixtures thereof
3.1.6
hazard category
category of the pressure equipment taking into account the potential hazards
3.1.7
joint coefficient
reduction coefficient (e.g. for a welded joint) related to the testing group and which is applied to the nominal
design stress
3.1.8
main pressure bearing parts
parts which constitute the envelope under pressure, essential for the integrity of the equipment
3.1.9
maximum allowable temperature
TS
max
maximum temperature for which the pressure equipment is designed as specified by the manufacturer
3.1.10
minimum allowable temperature
TS
min
minimum temperature for which the pressure equipment is designed as specified by the manufacturer
3.1.11
pipelines
piping or piping system designed for the conveyance of any fluid or substance to or from an installation
(onshore or offshore) starting from and including the first isolation device located within the installation and
including all the annexed equipment designed specifically for pipelines
3.1.12
piping
tubing, fittings, expansion joints, hoses or other pressure-bearing components, intended for the transport of
fluid, connected together and integrated into a pressure system
3.1.13
piping class
category in which piping is classified in accordance with the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC
3.1.14
piping system
pipe or system of pipes for the conveyance of fluids within an industrial site
Note 1 to entry: A piping system can be regarded as one single system, provided it conveys substances having the
same properties and it is a whole designed for the same allowable pressure.
Note 2 to entry: Interruption by different components such as pumps, machines, vessels, etc. does not preclude the
integration to one single piping.
3.1.15
pressure vessel
housing and its direct attachments up to the coupling point connecting it to other equipment, designed and
built to contain fluids under pressure
3.1.16
repair
process of rectifying a defect in either base material or weld
3.2 Terms related to design
3.2.1
action
imposed mechanical, thermal or thermo-mechanical influence which causes stress and/or strain in a
structure, e.g. an imposed pressure, force, displacement or temperature
3.2.2
action type
classification of action based on statistical properties and duration
3.2.3
analysis thickness
e
a
effective thickness available to resist the loading depending on the load case
3.2.4
anchor
rigid device, which may itself be subject to imposed displacement, used to prevent all relative pipe rotation
and displacement at the point of application, under the design conditions of temperature and loading
3.2.5
annular plate
flat end of annular form, connected to one cylindrical shell at its outside diameter and another at its inside
diameter, and subject predominantly to bending and not shear
3.2.6
application rule
generally recognized rule that follows the principles of the relevant product standard and satisfies their
requirements
3.2.7
assembly condition
condition applying when the gasket or joint contact surface is seated during assembly of the joint at ambient
temperature and the only loading comes from the bolts
3.2.8
assumed thickness
thickness assumed by the designer between the minimum required shell thickness and the shell analysis
thickness
3.2.9
bending stress
equivalent linear distributed stress through the wall of the pressure part, proportional to the distance from
the neutral axis
3.2.10
blind flange
blank flange
flat closure connected by bolts
3.2.11
bolted domed end
cover or blind flange consisting of a flange and a dome of constant radius of curvature
3.2.12
calculation pressure
differential pressure used for the purpose of the design calculations for a component
3.2.13
calculation temperature
temperature used for the purpose of the design calculations for a component
3.2.14
chamber
fluid space within a unit of pressure equipment
3.2.15
chamber volume
internal volume of a chamber, including the volume of nozzles to the first connection (flange, coupling, weld)
and excluding the volume of internal permanent parts (e.g. baffles, agitators)
3.2.16
characteristic function
characteristic function of an action is a representative function (of time) for the action
Note 1 to entry: Required for actions for which, in specific design checks, the time-dependence is of importance, e.g.
temperature/pressure transients during start-up or shut-down.
3.2.17
characteristic value
characteristic value of an action is a representative value which takes account of the variation of an action
3.2.18
coefficient of variation
measure of statistical dispersion (standard deviation divided by mean value)
3.2.19
collar
abutment for the flange
cylinder attached to the end tangent
3.2.20
combination factor
factor applied to design values of variable actions with stochastic properties if combined with pressure, or if
two or more of these actions are included in one load case
3.2.21
compliance
inverse of the axial stiffness of the assembly, symbol Y, units mm/N
3.2.22
component
part of pressure equipment which can be considered as an individual item for the calculation
3.2.23
constant hanger
constant support
pipe support with constant characteristic to carry vertical loads whilst permitting vertical displacements,
base mounted or suspended
3.2.24
continuous weld
weld extending along the entire length of a joint
3.2.25
convolution
corrugation
flexible unit of an expansion bellows
3.2.26
creep range
temperature range in which material characteristics used in design are time dependent
3.2.27
critical area
an area where the total fatigue damage index exceeds a maximum value
3.2.28
critical zone
highly stressed area where a fracture is expected to occur in a burst test or
where surface fatigue cracks are expected to be initiated due to fluctuating pressure loads
3.2.29
cut-off limit
cyclic stress range below which fatigue damage is disregarded
3.2.30
deposited thickness
weld throat thickness
thickness in the weld metal excluding any reinforcement
Note 1 to entry: The preferred term in ISO/TR 25901 is penetration depth.
3.2.31
design check
investigation of a component's safety under the influence of specified combinations of actions with respect
to specified limit states
3.2.32
design model
structural model used in the determination of effects of actions
3.2.33
design pressure
pressure chosen for the derivation of the calculation pressure of each component
Note 1 to entry: The design pressure normally refers to the top of the equipment and does not include pressure
generated by the weight of its content.
Note 2 to entry: If the equipment consists of several compartments, each compartment may have its own design
pressure.
3.2.34
design reference temperature
TR
temperature used for determining the impact energy requirements
3.2.35
design stress range spectrum
histogram of the number of occurrences of all stress cycles of various ranges anticipated during the design
lifetime
3.2.36
design temperature
temperature chosen for the derivation of the calculation temperature of each component
3.2.37
differential pressure
pressure whose algebraic value is equal to the pressure difference on either side of a separation wall
3.2.38
discontinuity
shape or material change which affects the stress distribution
3.2.39
dished end
end of pressure vessel formed to have its open end cylindrical
Note 1 to entry: Normally manufactured from plate.
Note 2 to entry: Earlier called "dished head".
3.2.40
effect
response (e.g. stress, strain, displacement, resultant force or moment, equivalent stress resultant) of a
component to a specific action, or combination of actions
3.2.41
effective notch stress
stress which governs fatigue behaviour at a notch
3.2.42
effective stress concentration factor
ratio of effective notch stress (total stress), to structural stress at same point
3.2.43
ellipsoidal end
dished end having a truly ellipsoidal form
3.2.44
end tangents
straight unconvoluted portions at the ends of an expansion bellows
3.2.45
endurance limit
cyclic stress range below which, in the absence of any previous loading, no fatigue damage is
assumed to occur under constant amplitude loading
3.2.46
equalizing ring
T-shaped device that is tightly fitted into the root of the convolutions (corrugations) of expansion bellows in
order to equalize the movement of the different convolutions
3.2.47
equivalent full pressure cycles
number of full pressure cycles that cause the same damage as the applied pressure cycles of range ΔP
3.2.48
equivalent stress
uniaxial stress which produces the same damage as the applied multi-axial stresses
3.2.49
expansion bellows
flexible element consisting of one or more corrugations and the end tangents
3.2.50
external loads
forces and/or moments applied to a component due to actions other than internal or external pressure, or
static head of contained fluid, e.g. weight, wind loading, earthquake loading or loads from attached piping or
equipment
3.2.51
fatigue design curves
curves showing stress amplitude versus number of cycles
3.2.52
fixed tubesheet heat exchanger
heat exchanger with two tubesheets, each attached to the shell and channel
3.2.53
flat end
unstayed flat plate of generally constant thickness, connected to a shell by either welding or bolting, not
supported by stays or stay-tubes, not strengthened by beams, and supported only at its periphery so that it
is subject predominantly to bending
3.2.54
flexibility modulus
inverse of the stiffness modulus of a component, excluding the elastic constants of the material; axial: symbol
X, units 1/mm; rotational: symbol Z, units 1/mm
3.2.55
floating tubesheet heat exchanger
heat exchanger with a stationary tubesheet attached to the shell and channel and a floating tubesheet which
can move axially
3.2.56
full face flange
flange in which the face contact area, either direct or through a gasket or spacer, extends outside the circle
enclosing the bolts
3.2.57
full pressure cycles
pressure cycles of range ΔP =P
max
3.2.58
gasketed tubesheet
tubesheet attached to the shell and/or channel by bolting
3.2.59
global axial force
force acting along the axis of a shell
3.2.60
global bending moment
moment acting in a plane containing the axis of a shell
3.2.61
global shear force
transverse force acting perpendicular to the axis of a shell
3.2.62
governing weld joint
main full penetration butt joint, the design of which, as a result of membrane stresses, governs the thickness
of the component
3.2.63
gross discontinuity
structural or material discontinuity which affects the stress or strain distribution across the entire wall
thickness over a region of significant area
Note 1 to entry: Examples of gross structural discontinuities are end-to-cylindrical shell or conical shell-to-
cylindrical shell junction, flange-to-cylindrical shell junction, an opening in a shell, the junction of two cylindrical shells
of different diameter, thickness or material, or a stiffener-to-shell junction.
3.2.64
heavy stiffener
circumferential stiffener for external pressure, designated as 'heavy' by the designer
3.2.65
hub
cylindrical or conical projection on a flat end or flange provided so that the end or flange may be butt welded
to a cylindrical shell
3.2.66
integral flange
flange either integral with or welded to the shell
3.2.67
integral tubesheet
tubesheet attached to the shell and/or channel by welding
3.2.68
intermittent weld
series of weld elements made at intervals along a joint
3.2.69
interstiffener collapse
collapse of a section of cylinder between two stiffening rings, or between a stiffening ring and a vessel end
3.2.70
Kloepper type end
torispherical end in which the crown radius is equal to the external diameter and the knuckle radius is 10 %
of the external diameter
3.2.71
Korbbogen type end
torispherical end in which the crown radius is 80 % of the external diameter and the knuckle radius is 15,4
% of the external diameter
3.2.72
lap joint
flange assembly in which the bolt load is transmitted through a loose backing flange onto a stub
flange
3.2.73
lifetime monitoring
requirements for control and examination as stated in the operating instructions with the minimum
requirement for continuous recording of pressure and temperature and retention of records
3.2.74
ligament check
evaluation of the reinforcement between two adjacent openings
3.2.75
light stiffener
circumferential stiffener for external pressure, designated as ‘light’ by the designer
3.2.76
limit state
structural condition beyond which the design performance requirements of a component are not satisfied
Note 1 to entry: Limit states are classified into ultimate and serviceability limit states.
3.2.77
line stop
device to restrain axial displacement of the piping, defined by the restrained direction of motion
3.2.78
load case
combination of coincident actions
Note 1 to entry: Load cases are classified into normal operating load cases, special load cases and exceptional load
cases.
3.2.79
load change
change of load condition
3.2.80
load condition
set of applied simultaneous loads; designated by an identifier
3.2.81
load ratio
calculated load or moment applied to a component divided by the allowable load or moment
3.2.82
local load
direct force, shear force or bending moment applying at a nozzle or attachment and due to a loading other
than the pressure in the vessel
3.2.83
local stress/strain concentration
stress/strain distribution related to very local geometric or material stress/strain raisers or temperature
fields, which affect the stress or strain distribution only through a fraction of the thickness
Note 1 to entry: Local stress/strain distributions are associated solely with localized types of deformation or strain,
have no significant non-local effect. Examples are stress concentrations at small fillet radii, small attachments, welds,
etc.
3.2.84
local discontinuity
discontinuity which only very locally affects the stress or strain distribution, across a fraction of the
thickness of the wall
Note 1 to entry: Stresses resulting from such a discontinuity can only cause highly localized strains and consequently
have no significant influence on the global behaviour of the wall.
Note 2 to entry: Examples of local structural discontinuities are small radius fillets, weld toes, non penetrated zones
in partial penetration welds.
3.2.85
loose flange
separate flange-ring abutting a stub or collar
3.2.86
main joint
welded joint assembling main pressure bearing parts
3.2.87
maximum allowable pressure
PS
maximum pressure for which the pressure equipment is designed as specified by the manufacturer
3.2.88
maximum permissible pressure
P
max
maximum pressure obtained from the design by formulae or relevant procedures for a given component in a
given load case, or for the whole pressure equipment the minimum of these maximum permissible pressures
of all components
3.2.89
membrane stress
equivalent average stress through the wall of the pressure equipment
3.2.90
minimum metal temperature
TM
lowest temperature determined for normal operations, start up and shut down procedures, possible process
upsets, such as flashings of fluid, which have an atmospheric boiling point below 0 °C, or during pressure or
leak testing
3.2.91
minimum possible fabrication thickness
smallest allowable thickness after fabrication
3.2.92
multiple creep load case
case where more than one period occurs in the whole lifetime of the vessel
3.2.93
narrow face flange
flange in which the gasket is entirely inside the circle enclosed by the bolts and there is no contact outside
the bolt circle
3.2.94
nominal design stress
stress value to be used in the formulae for the calculation of pressure components
3.2.95
nominal elastic limit
elastic limit applied for design of pressure equipment under external pressure
3.2.96
nominal stress
stress which would exist in the absence of a discontinuity
3.2.97
nominal thickness
thickness as specified on the drawings
3.2.98
nominal throat thickness
design value of the height of the largest isosceles triangle that can be inscribed in the section of a fillet weld
3.2.99
notch stress
total stress located at the root of a notch, including the non-linear part of the stress distribution
3.2.100
obround opening
opening with a shape given by two semicircles connected by two parallel straight lines
3.2.101
opening
through penetration of the shell which may or may not be fitted with a reinforcing plate, a reinforcing ring or
a nozzle
3.2.102
operating condition
condition when the hydrostatic end force due to the calculation pressure (internal or external)
acts on the flange
3.2.103
outer tube limit
circle which just circumscribes all the tubes
3.2.104
overall check
evaluation of the reinforcement in the cross-section including the walls on each side of each opening and the
reinforcing length of the adjacent shell
3.2.105
overall collapse
collapse of a section of cylinder which includes a light or heavy stiffener
3.2.106
partial safety factor
factor which is applied to a characteristic value of an action or a material parameter in order to obtain the
corresponding design value
3.2.107
peak stress
part of stress which is additive to the respective primary and secondary stresses, to form the total stress
Note 1 to entry: Peak stresses do not cause any noticeable distortion and are only important to fatigue and brittle
fracture in conjunction with primary and secondary stresses.
3.2.108
period
duration of a load case with constant loading and constant temperature inside the creep range
3.2.109
pipe guide, piping guide
device which permits pipe movement in a pre-determined direction whilst preventing movement in one or
more other directions
3.2.110
plane of substantial support
vessel end or a plane dividing a vessel into two parts, each of which is treated separately for external
pressure design purposes
3.2.111
primary stress
stress which satisfies the laws of equilibrium of applied loads (pressure, forces and moments)
Note 1 to entry: General primary membrane stresses are distributed in the structure such that no essential stress
redistribution occurs as a result of yielding. As plasticity develops, a stage is reached where the structure fails.
Note 2 to entry: Local primary stresses will be redistributed on yielding and will thus cause no immediate failure, but
will cause major (unacceptable) distortion of the structure.
3.2.112
pseudo-elastic stress range
stress range calculated assuming purely linear elastic material behaviour
3.2.113
reference thickness
thickness of a component to be used to relate the design reference temperature of the component with its
required impact test temperature
3.2.114
reinforced opening
opening where the reinforcement includes a contribution from the shell, a nozzle, a reinforcing plate or a
reinforcing ring
3.2.115
reinforcement
loaded cross-sectional area of metal considered to provide resistance to the pressure at an opening
3.2.116
reinforcing plate
plate which is fillet welded to the shell and contributes to the reinforcement
3.2.117
reinforcing rib
rectangular plate located along the radius of a circular flat end, located perpendicularly to its
plane and welded to it from both sides
3.2.118
reinforcing ring
set-in ring which contributes to the reinforcement
device that is tightly fitted into the root of the convolutions/corrugations in order to
reinforce expansion bellows against internal pressure
3.2.119
relief groove
peripheral groove in a flat end to be butt welded to a cylindrical shell
3.2.120
required thickness
thickness excluding corrosion or any other allowances specified in the relevant product standard
Note 1 to entry: The minimum thickness that the component can have in service to fulfil the standard.
3.2.121
reverse flange
flange attached at its outside diameter to the shell
3.2.122
rigid strut
device to restrain the piping in a single direction, generally during dynamic loading
3.2.123
rigid support, rigid hanger
device to carry vertical loads whilst restraining vertical downward movement
3.2.124
roller support
base support with one or more roles having extremely small axial movement resistance
3.2.125
safety factor
ratio of the lower bound expected collapse pressure to the calculation pressure
3.2.126
secondary stress
stress developed by constraints due to geometric discontinuities, by the use of materials of different elastic
moduli under external loads, or by constraints due to differential thermal expansions
Note 1 to entry: With respect to the mechanical behaviour of the structure, the basic characteristic of a secondary
stress is that it is self-limiting, i.e. local flow deformation leads to a limitation of the stress. Secondary stresses lead to
plastic deformation when equalizing different local distortions in the case of excess of the yield strength.
Note 2 to entry: Only stresses that are distributed linearly across the cross-section are considered to be secondary
stresses. For non-linearly distributed stresses, the secondary stresses are those of the equivalent linear distribution.
3.2.127
set-in nozzle
nozzle which at least partly passes through the shell but does not extend beyond the inside surface
3.2.128
set-on nozzle
nozzle which is welded only to the outside of the shell
3.2.129
set-through nozzle
nozzle which passes through the shell and projects beyond the inside surface, and which is welded to it on
the inside and outside of the shell
3.2.130
shell
cylinder, sphere, cone or dished end
3.2.131
shell discontinuity
junction between any two of the following: cylinder, cylinder on a different axis, cone, dished end, spherical
end, flange or flat end
3.2.132
shock arrestor, snubber
device which is self-locking, or self-braking, to limit in one or more directions the rapid displacement of
pipework subject to dynamic loadings, whilst permitting slow movements (such as those due to thermal
expansion) in these directions
3.2.133
single creep load case
case where only one period occurs in the whole lifetime of the vessel
3.2.134
sliding support, shoe
device to carry the vertical load component whilst restraining vertical downward movement but not
significantly limiting planar displacements or rotations
3.2.135
small opening
isolated opening which does not require reinforcement
3.2.136
snubber
see shock arrestor
3.2.137
spring hanger, spring support
pipe support with variable characteristic to carry vertical loads whilst permitting vertical displacements,
base mounted or suspended
3.2.138
stiffener tripping
sideways twisting of a stiffener about its point of connection to the shell
3.2.139
stress factor
factor for determination of the maximum stress that may occur in a vessel detail, due to the geometrical
configuration of component(s)
3.2.140
stress on the weld throat
average stress on the throat thickness in a fillet or partial penetration butt weld
3.2.141
stress range
value from maximum to minimum in the cycle (twice the stress amplitude)
3.2.142
structural strain
strain in a stress-concentration-free model of the structure, i.e. the strain determined in an idealized model
which takes into account the real geometry of the structure with the exception of the local details which
cause only local stress/strain concentrations
Note 1 to entry: Structural strain includes the effects of gross structural details (e.g. branch connections, cone-
cylinder intersections, vessel-end junctions, thickness discontinuities, presence of attachments, deviations from design
shape with global effect, such as out-of-roundness of cylindrical shells). However it excludes the notch effects of local
structural details, such as small fillet radii, weld toe details, weld profile irregularities, small (partial penetration) bores,
or of local temperature field details.
Note 2 to entry: Finite element shell or beam elements may give structural strain directly.
3.2.143
structural stress
linearly distributed stress across the section thickness which arises from applied loads (forces, moments,
pressure, etc.) and the corresponding reaction of the particular structural part
Note 1 to entry: Structural stress includes the effects of gross structural discontinuities (e.g. branch connections,
cone/cylinder intersections, vessel/end junctions, thickness change, deviations from design shape, presence of an
attachment). However, it excludes the notch effects of local structural discontinuities (e.g. weld toe) which give rise to
non-linear stress distributions across the section thickness.
3.2.144
structure
combination of all load carrying parts relevant to the component, e.g. the whole vessel, its load carrying
attachments, supports and foundations
3.2.145
(equivalent) stress-concentration-free model
equivalent idealized model of the structure without local stress/strain raisers
3.2.146
stub
abutment for a loose flange
Note 1 to entry: See also collar.
3.2.147
subsequent condition
load condition subsequent to the assembly condition, e.g. working condition, test condition, conditions
arising during start-up and shut-down, designated by I = 1, 2, 3
3.2.148
sway brace
preloaded device that exerts a restoring force to swaying pipework
3.2.149
temperature adjustment term
!deleted text"
temperature relevant to the calculation of the design reference temperature and dependent on the
calculated tensile membrane stress at the appropriate minimum metal temperature
3.2.150
temperature factor
reduction factor applied to the proof strength to take account of temperature influence
3.2.151
test pressure
pressure to which the equipment is subjected for test purposes
3.2.152
test temperature
temperature at which the pressure test of the pressure equipment is carried out
3.2.153
theoretical elastic stress concentration factor
ratio of notch stress, calculated on purely elastic basis, to structural stress at same point
3.2.154
(relevant) thickness
shortest distance from the critical point, on one surface, to any point on any other surface of the model
3.2.155
throat thickness
see nominal throat thickness
3.2.156
torispherical end
dished end, made up of a spherical cap, a toroidal knuckle and a cylindrical section, the three components
having common tangents where they meet
3.2.157
total fatigue damage index
value representing the amount of design fatigue damage caused by application of the design stress range
spectrum
3.2.158
total stress / strain
total stress/strain in a design model which includes all stress/strain concentration effects, non-local and
local
3.2.159
wall thickness factor
reduction factor applied to the nominal design stress to take account of reduced mechanical properties
3.2.160
weld creep strength reduction factor
factor to account for creep strength reduction at the welded joint
3.2.161
weld throat thickness
see deposited thickness
3.2.162
U-tube heat exchanger
heat exchanger with one tubesheet attached to the shell and channel with tubes formed to a U-shape
3.3 Terms related to manufacturing
3.3.1
batch of vessels
part of a series where the welding of the main joints and branch joints has been essentially continuously
produced by the same welding procedures
Note 1 to entry: A stoppage in vessel production greater than three consecutive days requires the designation of a
new batch.
3.3.2
cold forming
forming at temperatures below the temperature at which re-crystallization can take place
Note 1 to entry: Temperature limits for cold forming are given in the relevant product standards.
Note 2 to entry: Cold forming for austenitic materials is forming at temperatures below 300 °C.
3.3.3
continuous fabrication process
process where the welding of the main joints and branch joints is essentially continuous
3.3.4
field run piping
piping installed without preplanning by drawings of the piping routing and the support points
3.3.5
hot forming
forming at temperatures above the temperature at which re-crystallization can take place
Note 1 to entry: Temperature limits for hot forming are given in the relevant product standards.
3.3.6
joint batch
several joints made by the same welder or welding operator using a single welding procedure specification
Note 1 to entry: The preferred term in ISO/TR 25901 is weld batch.
3.3.7
prototype part
first or representative sample of a series of pressure parts covered by a single model acceptance
3.3.8
prototype vessel
first or representative sample of a series of pressure vessels covered by a single model acceptance
3.3.9
serial production
manufacture of identical vessels or parts, which subsequently are joined to form a complete vessel, and
which are manufactured to a single model acceptance, using the same manufacturing procedure involving a
continuous fabrication process
3.3.10
shift
period of time per day during which the welders and welding operators remain the same
3.3.11
spool (with or without overlength)
prefabricated assembly of components which forms part of a piping system
3.3.12
technical specification
documents stating requirements for a product or procedure
3.4 Terms related to testing
3.4.1
burst test
hydrotest in which the pressure is increased until the pressure equipment bursts
3.4.2
burst test with global deformation control
hydrotest in which pressure is recorded versus volume variation
3.4.3
defect
unacceptable imperfection
3.4.4
design approval
procedure by which a responsible authority ascertains that the design meets the requirements the relevant
product standard
3.4.5
design review
procedure by which a manufacturer ascertains and declares that the design meets the requirements of the
relevant product standard
3.4.6
examination
mechanism that is part of the evaluation, which measures a candidate's competence by one or more means
such as written, oral, practical, and observational
3.4.7
fatigue test
lifetime test with cyclic loads (pressure, movement)
3.4.8
!impact energy KV"
energy determined from Charpy-V-notch tests
3.4.9
impact test temperature
T
KV
temperature at which the required impact energy has to be achieved
3.4.10
imperfection
discontinuity in the weld or a deviation from the intended geometry
3.4.11
inspection
examination of a product design, product, process or installation and determination of its conformity with
specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgement, with general requirements
Note 1 to entry: Inspection of a process may include inspection of persons, facilities, technology and methodology.
3.4.12
model acceptance
procedure which ascertains and attests that a representative sample of the production (a prototype
vessel/part) meets the requirements of the relevant product standard in respect of design, manufacturing
and testing
3.4.13
test
physical activity (destructive or non-destructive) carried out in accordance with a defined procedure which
provides an objective assessment of a characteristic of a component or system
3.4.14
testing
performance of a test or examination and production of a record of results and evaluation of the results
compared to the requirements
3.4.15
testing factor
a reduction factor taking into account the amount of NDT testing in castings, applied on the
nominal design stress to take account of possible manufacturing deficiencies
3.4.16
testing group
grouping which determines the appropriate level of non-destructive testing (NDT) on a welded joint
3.5 Terms related to interested parties
3.5.1
designer
individual or organization that performs design of pressure equipment or components complying with the
requirements of the relevant product standard
Note 1 to entry: The designer determines the shape, dimensions and thicknesses of the pressure components, selects
the materials and details the methods of construction and testing.
3.5.2
fabricator and/or installer
subcontractor of the manufacturer
individual or organization that respectively performs fabrication, testing, installation where relevant, of
pressure equipment under contract to the manufacturer
3.5.3
first party
individual or organization that designs, manufactures or supplies the pressure equipment or the assembly
3.5.4
inspector
individual or organization who is independent from production, responsible for carrying out inspections to
verify that the requirements of the technical specification(s) are met
3.5.5
manufacturer
individual or organization responsible for the design, fabrication, testing, installation where relevant, and
compliance with the requirements of the relevant product standard, whether executed by him or a
subcontractor
Note 1 to entry: The manufacturer can subcontract one or more of the above mentioned tasks under their
responsibility.
Note 2 to entry: In EU member states the manufacturer is responsible for compliance with the Pressure Equipment
Directive 97/23/EC. For those manufacturers outside of the EU, their authorized representative inside the EU assumes
this responsibility.
3.5.6
material manufacturer
individual or organization that produces material in the basic product form used in the manufacture of
pressure components
3.5.7
material supplier
individual or organization, not being a material manufacturer, that supplies material or prefabricated parts
to be used in the construction of pressure components
3.5.8
notified body
organization according to the Article 12 of the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC
...
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