D30.10 - Composites for Civil Structures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Overlap splices are used in field applications of FRP composites when site conditions prohibit continuous access to a structural element or when the specified length of the FRP composite is such that saturation and placement of the entire length would be cumbersome. This method can be used as a quality control mechanism for ensuring that overlap splices constructed under field conditions meet or exceed the requirements established by the design engineer or FRP system manufacturer. Both the saturant mixing and fiber saturation method can be verified for wet-layup FRP systems.  
5.2 Caution is recommended when interpreting apparent shear strength results obtained from this method. Single shear lap splices develop non-uniform shear stress distributions within the overlap splice region during testing. Additional guidance on the interpretation and use of results obtained from lap shear testing is found in D4896.  
5.3 This test method focuses on the FRP material itself, irrespective of gripping method. Therefore, strengths resulting from failure or pullout at either grip are disregarded. The strength measurements are based solely on test specimens that fail in the gauge section (away from the grips) or at the splice.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the requirements for sample preparation and tensile testing of single-lap shear splices formed with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials commonly used for strengthening of structures made of materials such as metals, timber, masonry, and reinforced concrete. The objective of this method is to determine the apparent shear strength of an overlap splice joint through the application of a far-field tensile force. The method applies to wet lay-up FRP material systems fabricated on site or in a laboratory setting. The FRP composite may be of either unidirectional (0°) or cross-ply (0/90 type) reinforcement. For cross-ply laminates, the construction may be achieved using multiple-layers of unidirectional fibers at either 0 or 90°, or one or more layers of stitched or woven 0/90 fabrics. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The method is often used to determine the length of the overlap splice needed to ensure that a tension failure occurs in the material away from the splice rather than the splice connection itself.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers basalt and glass fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP and GFRP, respectively) bars, provided in straight (longitudinal) cut lengths, of solid round cross-section, and having a surface enhancement for internal concrete reinforcement applications. Bars covered by this specification shall meet the requirements for geometric, material, mechanical, and physical properties as described herein.  
1.2 Subsection 1.6 defines the type of FRP bars that are out of the scope of this specification.  
1.3 Bars produced according to this standard are qualified using the test methods and must meet the requirements given in Table 1. Quality control and certification of production lots of bars are completed using the test methods and must meet the requirements given in Table 2.  
1.4 The standard sizes and dimensions of FRP bars and their number designations are given in Table 3.    
1.5 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
1.6 The following FRP bar materials are not covered by this specification:  
1.6.1 Bars made of more than one load-bearing fiber types or different grade fibers (that is, hybrid FRP).  
1.6.2 Bars made from fibers other than glass or basalt.  
1.6.3 Bars having no external surface enhancement (that is, plain or smooth bars, or dowels).  
1.6.4 Bars with geometries other than solid, round cross sections.  
1.6.5 Pre-manufactured grids and gratings made with FRP materials.  
1.6.6 Bent bars (that is, bars that are not made of straight, continuous lengths).
Note 1: Bent bars may include stirrups and hoops. Refer Specification D7957/D7957M for GFRP bent bar specifications.  
1.7 This specification is applicable for either SI (as Specification D8505M) or US units (as Specification D8505).  
1.8 The values stated in either SI units or US units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the US units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers the procedures for computing material property characteristic values for polymeric composite materials intended for use in civil engineering structural applications. A characteristic value represents a statistical lower bound on the material property structural member resistance factors for civil engineering design codes for composite structures.  
4.2 This practice may be used to obtain characteristic values for stiffness and strength properties of composite materials obtained from measurements using applicable test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for computing characteristic values of material properties of polymeric composite materials intended for use in civil engineering structural applications. The characteristic value is a statistically-based material property representing the 80 % lower confidence bound on the 5th-percentile value of a specified population. Characteristic values determined using this standard practice can be used to calculate structural member resistance values in design codes for composite civil engineering structures and for establishing limits upon which qualification and acceptance criteria can be based.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, provided in cut lengths and bent shapes and having an external surface enhancement for concrete reinforcement. It specifies the property limits and test methods for qualification, quality control and certification of GFRP bars, the geometric and mechanical property requirements, and minimum inside bend diameter of bent bars. Physical properties include fiber mass content, glass transition temperature, degree of cure, and bar sizes), whereas mechanical properties include ultimate tensile force, tensile modulus of elasticity, ultimate tensile strain, transverse shear strength, and bond strength.
This specification also covers the manufacturing process for constituent materials, namely, reinforcing fibers and matrix resins; durability properties (moisture absorption, resistance to alkaline environment); sampling (product qualification, quality control and certification); product certification; and markings and traceability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, provided in cut lengths and bent shapes and having an external surface enhancement for concrete reinforcement. Bars covered by this specification shall meet the requirements for geometric, material, mechanical, and physical properties described herein.  
1.2 Bars produced according to this standard are qualified using the test methods and must meet the requirements given by Table 1. Quality control and certification of production lots of bars are completed using the test methods and must meet the requirements given in Table 2.    
1.3 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
1.4 The following FRP materials are not covered by this specification:  
1.4.1 Bars made of more than one load-bearing fiber type (that is, hybrid FRP).  
1.4.2 Bars having no external surface enhancement (that is, plain or smooth bars, or dowels).  
1.4.3 Bars with geometries other than solid, round cross sections.  
1.4.4 Pre-manufactured grids and gratings made with FRP materials.  
1.5 This specification is applicable for either SI (as Specification D7957M) or inch-pound units (as Specification D7957).  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce longitudinal tensile strength and elongation data. From a tension test, a variety of data are acquired that are needed for design purposes. Test factors relevant to the measured tensile response of bars include specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, and speed of testing. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Maximum tensile force,  
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strength,  
5.1.3 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.4 Tensile chord modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.5 Stress-strain curve.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the quasi-static longitudinal tensile strength and elongation properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining tensile properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3039/D3039M and D3916.  
1.2 Linear elements used for reinforcing Portland cement concrete are referred to as bars, rebar, rods, or tendons, depending on the specific application. This test method is applicable to all such reinforcements within the limitations noted in the method. The test articles are referred to as bars in this test method. In general, bars have solid cross-sections and a regular pattern of surface undulations or a coating of bonded particles, or both, that promote mechanical interlock between the bar and concrete. The test method is also appropriate for use with linear segments cut from a grid. Specific details for preparing and testing of bars and grids are provided. In some cases, anchors may be necessary to prevent grip-induced damage to the ends of the bar or grid. Suggestions for a grouted type of anchor are provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 The strength values provided by this method are short-term static strengths that do not account for sustained static or fatigue loading. Additional material characterization may be required, especially for bars that are to be used under high levels of sustained or repeated loading.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pull-off strength of a bonded FRP system is an important performance property that has been used in specifications, particularly those for assessing the quality of an application. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing bonded FRP systems, and evaluating and reporting the results.  
5.2 Variations in results obtained using different devices are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the type of adhesion test device (including manufacturer and model) be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.  
5.3 This test method is intended for use in both the field and the laboratory.  
5.4 The basic material properties obtained from this test method can be used in the control of the quality of adhesives and in the theoretical equations for designing FRP systems for external reinforcement to strengthen existing structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating the pull-off strength of wet lay-up or pultruded (shop-fabricated) Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminate systems adhesively bonded to a flat concrete substrate. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that an FRP system can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the test fixture, FRP laminate, adhesive, and substrate.  
1.2 This test method is primarily used for quality control and assessment of field repairs of structures using adhesive-applied composite materials.  
1.3 This test method is appropriate for use with FRP systems having any fiber orientation or combination of ply orientations comprising the FRP laminate.  
1.4 This test method is appropriate for use with flat concrete, concrete masonry, clay masonry, and stone masonry substrates.  
1.5 This test method is not appropriate for use as an “acceptance” or “proof” wherein the FRP system remaining intact at a prescribed force is an acceptable result.  
1.6 Pull-off strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. Different adhesion test devices and procedures will give different results and cannot be directly compared.  
1.7 This test method can be destructive. Spot repairs may be necessary. The test method will result in an exposed cut FRP section; repair methods must consider the potential for moisture uptake through this cut section.  
1.8 Prior to the installation of some adhesively bonded FRP systems, the substrate must be patched. This test method is not appropriate for determining the pull-off strength of the FRP from the patch material. An additional test method is required to determine the pull-off strength of the patch from the substrate.  
1.9 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use in a laboratory setting.  
5.2 This test method is used to evaluate the plateau force Ppl that an FRP composite can bear before complete debonding from a concrete prism.  
5.3 The evaluation of the plateau force is intended to be made under consistent environmental conditioning and the tests conducted in ambient laboratory or otherwise consistent environmental conditions.  
5.4 This test can be used to determine the effective bond length leff of the FRP composite if different bonded lengths are tested with constant bonded width. The effective bond length leff is defined as the minimum bonded length  necessary to achieve the bond capacity Ppl for the width of FRP tested.  
5.5 This test can be used to determine the variation of the bond capacity with the bonded width bf if different bonded widths are tested while the bonded length  is constant and greater than the effective bond length leff.  
5.6 This test is used to obtain the plot of the applied force versus loaded end (or global) slip of the composite with respect to the substrate. The loaded end slip is the average of two linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) readings, as described in 7.6. The plot obtained is used to determine the bond properties of the system.  
5.7 This test method can also serve as a means for uniformly preparing and testing standard specimens suitable for being subject to environmental conditioning and subsequently used to evaluate FRP-bonded-to-concrete system performance, and evaluating and reporting the results. The comparison of results from this test method conducted on identical specimens subject to different environmental conditioning protocols can be used to evaluate the effects of environmental exposure on the bond performance of FRP systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and procedure to evaluate the lap shear bond properties of wet lay-up or shop-fabricated (for example, pultruded) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite systems adhesively applied to a flat concrete substrate. The test determines the plateau force that an FRP system can bear before complete debonding from a concrete prism tested using a direct single-lap shear test. This plateau force is reported as bond capacity and may be different from the maximum applied force. The plateau force is then used to determine the interfacial fracture energy and the cohesive material law.  
1.2 This test method is not intended for job approval or for product qualification purposes unless an external agency adopts the test method for those purposes.  
1.3 This test method is intended for use with adhesive-applied or wet lay-up FRP systems and is appropriate for use with FRP systems having any fiber orientation or combination of ply orientations comprising the FRP composite, although the test condition only considers forces in the direction parallel to the prism longitudinal axis.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barrier...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to determine the bend strength of FRP composite concrete reinforcements, developed at a standard twelve bar diameters of embedment. From this test, a variety of data are acquired that are needed for design purposes. Material-related factors that influence the tensile response of bars include the following: constituent materials, void content, volume percent reinforcement, methods of fabrication, and fiber reinforcement architecture. Similarly, factors relevant to the measured tensile response of bars include specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, and speed of testing. The results may be used for material specifications, research and development, and structural design and analysis.
Note 1: Two FRP bends are tested simultaneously in this test method, but in some cases, only one bend may fail. While resulting in a valid failure, notice should be taken that only one bend has been effectively measured and that the final compiled test results using this method could differ from those resulting from single FRP bend testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the quasi-static ultimate strength of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bent bars commonly used as anchorages for stirrups in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete structures. This test method only applies to bars with a solid cross section.  
1.2 FRP bent bars are often used in reinforced concrete applications to shorten the development length of the bar or to act as a tie or a stirrup to resist shear forces. Bent bars can be produced with varying angles of bend in order to fit their intended purpose.  
1.3 For this test method, the FRP bars are bent at a 90 degree angle. In general, bars have a regular pattern of surface undulations, a coating of bonded particles, or both, that promote mechanical interlock between the bar and concrete.  
1.4 This test method may be completed on standardized bars, produced according to Specification D7957/D7957M. In this case, the nominal cross-sectional areas and effective diameters are taken from D7957/D7957M. This test method may also be used for bars that are not standardized. In this case, the cross-sectional areas and effective diameters should be measured and calculated as described in Test Method D7205/D7205M.  
1.5 The strength values provided by this method are short-term, quasi-static tensile strengths that do not account for sustained static or cyclic loading. If bars are to be used under high levels of sustained or repeated loading, additional material characterization may be required.  
1.6 The characteristic values obtained from this test method are intended to represent the quasi-static ultimate strength of FRP bent bars with a tail length of twelve bar diameters.  
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The behavior of the bond between concrete and FRP reinforcing bars is an important performance aspect that has been used in material specifications and design standards. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing specimens and testing FRP bar-to-concrete bond, and for providing a standard method to calculate, evaluate and report bond strength.  
5.2 This test method for measuring bond strength by pullout testing is intended for use in laboratory tests in which the principal variable is the size or type of FRP bars.  
Note 1: This test method should not be used to establish design bond values and development lengths for FRP bars embedded in concrete, as it does not represent the state of bond stress observed in concrete flexural members reinforced with FRP bars. See Test Method A944 for a beam-end test configuration, used for determining bond stress in steel bars.  
5.3 This test method is intended to determine the bond behavior for material specifications, research and development. The bond behavior will be specimen-configuration dependent, which may affect both analysis and design. The primary test result is the bond strength of the specimen to normal weight concrete.  
5.4 This test method may also be used to determine the conformance of a product or a treatment to a requirement relating to its effect on the bond developed between FRP bar and concrete. The result obtained from this test method should be used only for comparative purposes to compare parameters or variables of bond strength. The method may be used as part of a protocol to establish long-term environmental effects on bond to concrete, including environmental reduction factors for FRP bars embedded in concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bond strength of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bars used as reinforcing bars or pre-stressing tendons in concrete.  
1.2 Two procedures for casting test specimens are provided. The first procedure aligns the bar with the concrete casting direction. The second procedure aligns the bar’s transverse to the concrete casting direction.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to determine alkaline resistance data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Depending on the procedure and test matrix, the primary test results are the mass change and tensile capacity retention of the test specimen, which are important factors to be considered in the use of FRP reinforcing bars. Procedures A and B are accelerated tests, substituting an alkaline aqueous environment for the presence of concrete porewater. Procedure C can be used to establish the accelerating effect of Procedure B.  
5.1.1 Procedure A is appropriate for rapid screening of FRP bars for alkali resistance.  
5.1.2 Procedure B is appropriate for characterizing the alkali resistance of FRP bars under sustained mechanical loading in a standard aqueous alkaline environment intended to represent the concrete porewater.  
5.1.3 Procedure C is appropriate for characterizing the alkali resistance of FRP bars under sustained mechanical loading in Portland cement concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for evaluating the alkali resistance of FRP bars used as reinforcing bars in concrete. Alkali resistance is measured by subjecting the FRP bars to an aqueous alkali environment, with or without sustained tensile stress, and then testing them to failure in tension according to Test Method D7205/D7205M. This standard presents three procedures conducted at a moderately elevated temperature of 60 ºC (140 ºF), each defining different loading conditions. The test method is also appropriate for use with linear segments of FRP reinforcements cut from two- or three-dimensional reinforcing grid.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as the standard. The inch-pound units are shown in the parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of each other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method for investigating creep rupture of FRP bars is intended for use in laboratory tests in which the principal variable is the size or type of FRP bars, magnitude of applied force, and duration of force application. Unlike steel reinforcing bars or prestressing tendons subjected to significant sustained stress, creep rupture of FRP bars may take place below the static tensile strength. Therefore, the creep rupture strength is an important factor when determining acceptable stress levels in FRP bars used as reinforcement or tendons in concrete members designed to resist sustained loads. Creep rupture strength varies according to the type of FRP bars used.  
5.2 This test method measures the creep rupture time of FRP bars under a given set of controlled environmental conditions and force ratios.  
5.3 This test method is intended to determine the creep rupture data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. The primary test result is the million-hour creep rupture capacity of the specimen.  
5.4 Creep properties of reinforced, post-tensioned, or prestressed concrete structures are important to be considered in design. For FRP bars used as reinforcing bars or tendons, the creep rupture shall be measured according to the method given herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines requirements for tensile creep rupture testing of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.  
1.2 Data obtained from this test method are used in design of FRP reinforcements under sustained loading. The procedure for calculating the one-million hour creep-rupture capacity is provided in Annex A1.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing standard specimens suitable for being subject to environmental conditioning and subsequently used to evaluate FRP-bonded-to-concrete system performance, and evaluating and reporting the results.  
5.2 This test method is intended for use in the laboratory.  
5.3 The comparison of results from this test method conducted on identical specimens subject to different environmental conditioning protocols can be used to evaluate the effects of environmental exposure on the bond performance of FRP systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating the performance of wet lay-up or pultruded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite systems adhesively bonded to a flat concrete substrate. The test determines the maximum force that an FRP system can bear before detaching from a concrete beam tested in flexure. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system composed of the FRP composite, adhesive, and concrete substrate.  
1.2 This test method is used for assessment and comparison of FRP systems subject to environmental conditioning. This test method is not intended for job approval or product qualification purposes.  
1.3 This test method is intended for use with adhesive-applied FRP systems and is appropriate for use with FRP systems having any fiber orientation or combination of ply orientations comprising the FRP composite, although the test condition only considers forces in the direction parallel to the beam longitudinal axis.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for transverse shear strength is intended for use in laboratory tests in which the principal variable is the size or type of FRP bars. The test may be used for smooth round rods or on bars with a textured or undulating surface added to promote bond of the bars to Portland cement concrete. This test method establishes values of transverse shear strength for material specifications, quality control, quality assurance, research and development, and may also be used for structural design purposes.  
5.2 Experience with this test method and the accompanying fixture is primarily with smooth rods and textured bars with diameters ranging from 6 mm to 25 mm [0.25 in. to 1 in.]. The method may be used for rods or bars of larger diameters, but the overall geometry of the test fixture may need to be increased.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the test requirements for (FRP) composite smooth round rods and textured bars for determining the transverse shear strength via a double shear fixture. FRP rods and bars are often loaded in transverse shear when these elements are used as dowels in concrete pavements, as stirrups in concrete beams, or as shear reinforcements in glued-laminated wood beams, for example.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to obtain the tensile force capacity and ultimate tensile strain of FRP material used for the strengthening of other structural materials such as, metals, timber, and reinforced concrete. The principal test variables could be the FRP constituents and fabrication method or the size or type of FRP laminate. The obtained tensile properties can be used for material specifications, quality control and assurance, structural design and analysis, and research and development.  
5.2 This test method focuses on the FRP material itself, irrespective of the gripping method. Therefore, maximum force and strain data associated with failure or pullout at either grip are disregarded. The force capacity and maximum strain measurements are based solely on test specimens that fail in the gauge section.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the requirements for sample preparation, tensile testing, and results calculation of flat fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials used for the strengthening of structures made of materials such as metals, timber, masonry, and reinforced concrete. The method may be used to determine the tensile properties of wet lay-up and pre-impregnated FRP composites fabricated on site or manufactured in a factory setting. The FRP composite may be of either unidirectional (0-degrees) or cross-ply (0/90 type) reinforcement. For cross-ply laminates, the construction may be achieved using multiple-layers of unidirectional fibers at either 0 or 90 degrees, or one or more layers of stitched or woven 0/90 fabrics. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The method only covers the determination of the tensile properties of the FRP composite material. Other components used to attach the FRP material to the substrate, such as the primer, putty, and adhesive in externally bonded strengthening systems, are excluded from the sample preparation and testing detailed in this document. This test method refers to Test Method D3039/D3039M for conduct of the tests.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Overlap splices are used in field applications of FRP composites when site conditions prohibit continuous access to a structural element or when the specified length of the FRP composite is such that saturation and placement of the entire length would be cumbersome. This method can be used as a quality control mechanism for ensuring that overlap splices constructed under field conditions meet or exceed the requirements established by the design engineer or FRP system manufacturer. Both the saturant mixing and fiber saturation method can be verified for wet-layup FRP systems.  
5.2 Caution is recommended when interpreting apparent shear strength results obtained from this method. Single shear lap splices develop non-uniform shear stress distributions within the overlap splice region during testing. Additional guidance on the interpretation and use of results obtained from lap shear testing is found in D4896.  
5.3 This test method focuses on the FRP material itself, irrespective of gripping method. Therefore, strengths resulting from failure or pullout at either grip are disregarded. The strength measurements are based solely on test specimens that fail in the gage section (away from the grips) or at the splice.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the requirements for sample preparation and tensile testing of single-lap shear splices formed with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials commonly used for strengthening of structures made of materials such as metals, timber, masonry, and reinforced concrete. The objective of this method is to determine the apparent shear strength of an overlap splice joint through the application of a far-field tensile force. The method applies to wet lay-up FRP material systems fabricated on site or in a laboratory setting. The FRP composite may be of either unidirectional (0°) or cross-ply (0/90 type) reinforcement. For cross-ply laminates, the construction may be achieved using multiple-layers of unidirectional fibers at either 0 or 90°, or one or more layers of stitched or woven 0/90 fabrics. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The method is often used to determine the length of the overlap splice needed to ensure that a tension failure occurs in the material away from the splice rather than the splice connection itself.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers the procedures for computing material property characteristic values for polymeric composite materials intended for use in civil engineering structural applications. A characteristic value represents a statistical lower bound on the material property structural member resistance factors for civil engineering design codes for composite structures.  
4.2 This practice may be used to obtain characteristic values for stiffness and strength properties of composite materials obtained from measurements using applicable test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for computing characteristic values of material properties of polymeric composite materials intended for use in civil engineering structural applications. The characteristic value is a statistically-based material property representing the 80 % lower confidence bound on the 5th-percentile value of a specified population. Characteristic values determined using this standard practice can be used to calculate structural member resistance values in design codes for composite civil engineering structures and for establishing limits upon which qualification and acceptance criteria can be based.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, provided in cut lengths and bent shapes and having an external surface enhancement for concrete reinforcement. Bars covered by this specification shall meet the requirements for geometric, material, mechanical, and physical properties described herein.  
1.2 Bars produced according to this standard are qualified using the test methods and must meet the requirements given by Table 1. Quality control and certification of production lots of bars are completed using the test methods and must meet the requirements given in Table 2.
TABLE 1 Property Limits and Test Methods for QualificationA    
Property  
Limit  
Test Method  
Mean Glass Transition Temperature  
Midpoint temperature ≥100 °C [212 °F]  
ASTM E1356  
Mean Degree of Cure  
≥95 %  
ASTM E2160  
Mean Measured Cross-Sectional Area  
Table 3  
ASTM D7205/D7205M, subsection 11.2.5.1  
GuaranteedB Ultimate Tensile Force  
Table 3  
ASTM D7205/D7205M  
Mean Tensile Modulus of Elasticity  
≥44,800 MPa [6 500 000 psi]  
ASTM D7205/D7205M  
Mean Ultimate Tensile Strain  
≥1.1 %  
ASTM D7205/D7205M  
GuaranteedB Transverse Shear Strength  
≥131 MPa [19 000 psi]  
ASTM D7617/D7617M  
GuaranteedB Bond Strength  
≥7.6 MPa [1100 psi]  
ASTM D7913/D7913M  
Mean Moisture Absorption to Saturation  
≤1.0 % to saturation at 50 °C [122 °F]  
ASTM D570, subsection 7.4  
Mean Alkaline Resistance  
≥80 % of initial mean ultimate tensile force following 90 days at 60 °C [140 °F]  
ASTM D7705/D7705M, Procedure A  
GuaranteedB Ultimate Tensile Force of Bent Portion of Bar  
≥60 % of the values in Table 3  
ASTM D7914/D7914M(A) For the determination of the mean and guaranteed properties, at least 24 samples shall be obtained in groups of eight or more from three or more different production lots. The mean and guaranteed properties shall satisfy the limits.(B) Guaranteed property is defined in 3.2.5.  
TABLE 2 Property Limits and Test Methods for Quality Control and CertificationA,B    
Property  
Limit  
Test Method  
Fiber Mass Content  
≥70 %  
ASTM D2584 or ASTM D3171  
Glass Transition Temperature  
Midpoint temperature ≥100 °C [212 °F]  
ASTM E1356  
Degree of Cure  
≥95 %  
ASTM E2160  
Measured Cross-Sectional Area  
Table 3  
ASTM D7205/D7205M, subsection 11.2.5.1  
Ultimate Tensile Force  
Table 3  
ASTM D7205/D7205M  
Tensile Modulus of Elasticity  
≥44 800 MPa [6 500 000 psi]  
ASTM D7205/D7205M  
Ultimate Tensile Strain  
≥1.1 %  
ASTM D7205/D7205M  
Moisture Absorption in 24 h  
≤0.25 % in 24 h at 50 °C [122 °F]  
ASTM D570, subsection 7.4(A) For the determination of each of the property limits, five random samples shall be obtained from each production lot. Each individual sample shall satisfy the property limits.(B) For bent bars, the tests are performed on the straight portion of the bars.  
TABLE 3 Geometric and Mechanical Property Requirements    
Bar
Designation
No.  
Nominal Dimensions  
Measured Cross-Sectional Area Limits
mm2 [in.2]  
Minimum
Guaranteed
Ultimate
Tensile Force
kN [kip]  
Diameter
mm [in.]  
Cross-Sectional Area
mm2 [in.2]  
Minimum  
Maximum  
M6 [2]  
6.3 [0.250]  
32 [0.049]  
30 [0.046]  
55 [0.085]  
27 [6.1]  
M10 [3]  
9.5 [0.375]  
71 [0.11]  
67 [0.104]  
104 [0.161]  
59 [13.2]  
M13 [4]  
12.7 [0.500]  
129 [0.20]  
119 [0.185]  
169 [0.263]  
96 [21.6]  
M16 [5]  
15.9 [0.625]  
199 [0.31]  
186 [0.288]  
251 [0.388]  
130 [29.1]  
M19 [6]  
19.1 [0.750]  
284 [0.44]  
268 [0.415]  
347 [0.539]  
182 [40.9]  
M22 [7]  
22.2 [0.875]  
387 [0.60]  
365 [0.565]  
460 [0.713]  
241 [54.1]  
M25 [8]  
25.4 [1.000]  
510 [0.79]  
476 [0.738]  
589 [0.913]  
297 [66.8]  
M29 [9]  
28.7 [1.128]  
645 [1.00]  
603 [0.934]  
733 [1.137]  
365 [82.0]  
M32 [10]  
32.3 [1.270]  
819 [1.27]  
744 [1....

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce longitudinal tensile strength and elongation data. From a tension test, a variety of data are acquired that are needed for design purposes. Material-related factors that influence the tensile response of bars and should therefore be reported include the following: constituent materials, void content, volume percent reinforcement, methods of fabrication, and fiber reinforcement architecture. Similarly, test factors relevant to the measured tensile response of bars include specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, and speed of testing. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,  
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.3 Tensile chord modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Stress-strain curve.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the quasi-static longitudinal tensile strength and elongation properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining tensile properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in test methods D3039/D3039M and D3916.  
1.2 Linear elements used for reinforcing Portland cement concrete are referred to as bars, rebar, rods, or tendons, depending on the specific application. This test method is applicable to all such reinforcements within the limitations noted in the method. The test articles are referred to as bars in this test method. In general, bars have solid cross-sections and a regular pattern of surface undulations and/or a coating of bonded particles that promote mechanical interlock between the bar and concrete. The test method is also appropriate for use with linear segments cut from a grid. Specific details for preparing and testing of bars and grids are provided. In some cases, anchors may be necessary to prevent grip-induced damage to the ends of the bar or grid. Recommended details for the anchors are provided in Annex A1.  
1.3 The strength values provided by this method are short-term static strengths that do not account for sustained static or fatigue loading. Additional material characterization may be required, especially for bars that are to be used under high levels of sustained or repeated loading.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pull-off strength of a bonded FRP system is an important performance property that has been used in specifications, particularly those for assessing the quality of an application. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing bonded FRP systems, and evaluating and reporting the results.  
5.2 Variations in results obtained using different devices are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the type of adhesion test device (including manufacturer and model) be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.  
5.3 This test method is intended for use in both the field and the laboratory.  
5.4 The basic material properties obtained from this test method can be used in the control of the quality of adhesives and in the theoretical equations for designing FRP systems for external reinforcement to strengthen existing structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating the pull-off strength of wet lay-up or pultruded (shop-fabricated) Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminate systems adhesively bonded to a flat concrete substrate. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that an FRP system can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the test fixture, FRP laminate, adhesive and substrate.  
1.2 This test method is primarily used for quality control and assessment of field repairs of structures using adhesive-applied composite materials.  
1.3 This test method is appropriate for use with FRP systems having any fiber orientation or combination of ply orientations comprising the FRP laminate.  
1.4 This test method is not appropriate for use as an “acceptance” or “proof” wherein the FRP system remaining intact at a prescribed force is an acceptable result.  
1.5 Pull-off strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. Different adhesion test devices and procedures will give different results and cannot be directly compared.  
1.6 This test method can be destructive. Spot repairs may be necessary. The test method will result in an exposed cut FRP section; repair methods must consider the potential for moisture uptake through this cut section.  
1.7 Prior to the installation of some adhesively bonded FRP systems, the substrate concrete must be patched (often to replace lost concrete volume). This test method is not appropriate for determining the pull-off strength of the FRP from the patch material. An additional test method is required to determine the pull-off strength of the patch from the substrate concrete. Throughout this standard, “substrate” is understood to mean the concrete or concrete patch material to which the FRP is adhered.  
1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The behavior of the bond between concrete and FRP reinforcing bars is an important performance aspect that has been used in material specifications and design standards. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing specimens and testing FRP bar-to-concrete bond, and for providing a standard method to calculate, evaluate and report bond strength.  
5.2 This test method for measuring bond strength by pullout testing is intended for use in laboratory tests in which the principal variable is the size or type of FRP bars.  
Note 1: This test method should not be used to establish design bond values and development lengths for FRP bars embedded in concrete, as it does not represent the state of bond stress observed in concrete flexural members reinforced with FRP bars. See Test Method A944 for a beam-end test configuration, used for determining bond stress in steel bars.  
5.3 This test method is intended to determine the bond behavior for material specifications, research and development. The bond behavior will be specimen-configuration dependent, which may affect both analysis and design. The primary test result is the bond strength of the specimen to normal weight concrete.  
5.4 This test method may also be used to determine the conformance of a product or a treatment to a requirement relating to its effect on the bond developed between FRP bar and concrete. The result obtained from this test method should be used only for comparative purposes to compare parameters or variables of bond strength. The method may be used as part of a protocol to establish long-term environmental effects on bond to concrete, including environmental reduction factors for FRP bars embedded in concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bond strength of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bars used as reinforcing bars or pre-stressing tendons in concrete.  
1.2 Two procedures for casting test specimens are provided. The first procedure aligns the bar with the concrete casting direction. The second procedure aligns the bar’s transverse to the concrete casting direction.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to determine the bend strength developed at a standard twelve bar diameters of embedment and the strength reduction factors of FRP bent bars that are typically used as anchorages in concrete. From this test, a variety of data are acquired that are needed for design purposes. Material-related factors that influence the tensile response of bars and should therefore be reported include the following: constituent materials, void content, volume percent reinforcement, methods of fabrication, and fiber reinforcement architecture. Similarly, factors relevant to the measured tensile response of bars include specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, and speed of testing. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate bend strength of the FRP bent bar and  
5.1.2 Percentage of the guaranteed tensile strength of the straight portion of the bar that is retained in the bend location.  
5.2 The results may be used for material specifications, research and development, and structural design and analysis.  
Note 1: Two FRP bends are tested simultaneously in this test method, but in some cases only one bend may rupture. While resulting in a valid failure, notice should be taken that only one bend has been effectively measured and that the final compiled test results using this method could differ from those resulting from single FRP bend testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the quasi-static ultimate strength of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bent bars commonly used as anchorages for stirrups in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete structures. This test method only applies to bars with a solid cross section.  
1.2 FRP bent bars are often used in reinforced concrete applications to shorten the development length of the bar or to act as a tie or a stirrup to resist shear forces. Bent bars can be produced with varying angles of bend in order to fit their intended purpose.  
1.3 For this test method, the FRP bars are bent at a 90 degree angle. In general, bars have a regular pattern of surface undulations, a coating of bonded particles, or both, that promote mechanical interlock between the bar and concrete.  
1.4 The strength values provided by this method are short-term, quasi-static tensile strengths that do not account for sustained static or cyclic loading. If bars are to be used under high levels of sustained or repeated loading, additional material characterization may be required.  
1.5 The characteristic values obtained from this test method are intended to represent the quasi-static ultimate strength of FRP bent bars with a tail length of twelve bar diameters.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method for investigating creep rupture of FRP bars is intended for use in laboratory tests in which the principal variable is the size or type of FRP bars, magnitude of applied force, and duration of force application. Unlike steel reinforcing bars or prestressing tendons subjected to significant sustained stress, creep rupture of FRP bars may take place below the static tensile strength. Therefore, the creep rupture strength is an important factor when determining acceptable stress levels in FRP bars used as reinforcement or tendons in concrete members designed to resist sustained loads. Creep rupture strength varies according to the type of FRP bars used.  
5.2 This test method measures the creep rupture time of FRP bars under a given set of controlled environmental conditions and force ratios.  
5.3 This test method is intended to determine the creep rupture data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. The primary test result is the million-hour creep rupture capacity of the specimen.  
5.4 Creep properties of reinforced, post-tensioned, or prestressed concrete structures are important to be considered in design. For FRP bars used as reinforcing bars or tendons, the creep rupture shall be measured according to the method given herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines requirements for tensile creep rupture testing of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.  
1.2 Data obtained from this test method are used in design of FRP reinforcements under sustained loading. The procedure for calculating the one-million hour creep-rupture capacity is provided in Annex A1.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to determine alkaline resistance data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Depending on the procedure and test matrix, the primary test results are the mass change and tensile capacity retention of the test specimen, which are important factors to be considered in the use of FRP reinforcing bars. Procedures A and B are accelerated tests, substituting an alkaline aqueous environment for the presence of concrete porewater. Procedure C can be used to establish the accelerating effect of Procedure B.
Procedure A is appropriate for rapid screening of FRP bars for alkali resistance.
Procedure B is appropriate for characterizing the alkali resistance of FRP bars under sustained mechanical loading in a standard aqueous alkaline environment intended to represent the concrete porewater.
Procedure C is appropriate for characterizing the alkali resistance of FRP bars under sustained mechanical loading in Portland cement concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for evaluating the alkali resistance of FRP bars used as reinforcing bars in concrete. Alkali resistance is measured by subjecting the FRP bars to an aqueous alkali environment, with or without sustained tensile stress, and then testing them to failure in tension according to Test Method D7205/D7205M. This standard presents three procedures conducted at a moderately elevated temperature of 60ºC (140ºF), each defining different loading conditions. The test method is also appropriate for use with linear segments of FRP reinforcements cut from two- or three-dimensional reinforcing grid.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as the standard. The inch-pound units are shown in the parenthesis. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of each other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to produce longitudinal tensile strength and elongation data. From a tension test, a variety of data are acquired that are needed for design purposes. Material-related factors that influence the tensile response of bars and should therefore be reported include the following: constituent materials, void content, volume percent reinforcement, methods of fabrication, and fiber reinforcement architecture. Similarly, test factors relevant to the measured tensile response of bars include specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, and speed of testing. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.3 Tensile chord modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Stress-strain curve.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the quasi-static longitudinal tensile strength and elongation properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.Note 1
Additional procedures for determining tensile properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in test methods D 3039/D 3039M and D 3916.
1.2 Linear elements used for reinforcing Portland cement concrete are referred to as bars, rebar, rods, or tendons, depending on the specific application. This test method is applicable to all such reinforcements within the limitations noted in the method. The test articles are referred to as bars in this test method. In general, bars have solid cross-sections and a regular pattern of surface undulations and/or a coating of bonded particles that promote mechanical interlock between the bar and concrete. The test method is also appropriate for use with linear segments cut from a grid. Specific details for preparing and testing of bars and grids are provided. In some cases, anchors may be necessary to prevent grip-induced damage to the ends of the bar or grid. Recommended details for the anchors are provided in .
1.3 The strength values provided by this method are short-term static strengths that do not account for sustained static or fatigue loading. Additional material characterization may be required, especially for bars that are to be used under high levels of sustained or repeated loading.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.5 This annex describes the recommended anchor to facilitate gripping of FRP bar specimens for various types of tests performed under tensile loading. It also specifies preparation of the specimens. Other types of anchors may be used provided it is demonstrated that (a) failure of the bar occurs outside the anchors and (b) the anchors prevent excessive slip of the bar prior to tensile failure.
1.6 This annex provides recommendations for testing bars in conditions that are other than standard laboratory conditions. These conditions may include immersion in water or other aqueous solution and/or elevated temperature or moisture conditions.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice covers the procedures for computing material property characteristic values for polymeric composite materials intended for use in civil engineering structural applications. A characteristic value represents a statistical lower bound on the material property structural member resistance factors for civil engineering design codes for composite structures.
This practice may be used to obtain characteristic values for stiffness and strength properties of composite materials obtained from measurements using applicable test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for computing characteristic values of material properties of polymeric composite materials intended for use in civil engineering structural applications. The characteristic value is a statistically-based material property representing the 80 % lower confidence bound on the 5th-percentile value of a specified population. Characteristic values determined using this standard practice can be used to calculate structural member resistance values in design codes for composite civil engineering structures and for establishing limits upon which qualification and acceptance criteria can be based.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Overlap splices are used in field applications of FRP composites when site conditions prohibit continuous access to a structural element or when the specified length of the FRP composite is such that saturation and placement of the entire length would be cumbersome. This method can be used as a quality control mechanism for ensuring that overlap splices constructed under field conditions meet or exceed the requirements established by the design engineer or FRP system manufacturer. Both the saturant mixing and fiber saturation method can be verified for wet-layup FRP systems.
Caution is recommended when interpreting apparent shear strength results obtained from this method. Single shear lap splices develop non-uniform shear stress distributions within the overlap splice region during testing. Additional guidance on the interpretation and use of results obtained from lap shear testing is found in D4896.
This test method focuses on the FRP material itself, irrespective of gripping method. Therefore, strengths resulting from failure or pullout at either grip are disregarded. The strength measurements are based solely on test specimens that fail in the gage section (away from the grips) or at the splice.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the requirements for sample preparation and tensile testing of single-lap shear splices formed with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials commonly used for strengthening of structures made of materials such as metals, timber, masonry, and reinforced concrete. The objective of this method is to determine the apparent shear strength of an overlap splice joint through the application of a far-field tensile force. The method applies to wet lay-up FRP material systems fabricated on site or in a laboratory setting. The FRP composite may be of either unidirectional (0°) or cross-ply (0/90 type) reinforcement. For cross-ply laminates, the construction may be achieved using multiple-layers of unidirectional fibers at either 0 or 90°, or one or more layers of stitched or woven 0/90 fabrics. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The method is often used to determine the length of the overlap splice needed to ensure that a tension failure occurs in the material away from the splice rather than the splice connection itself.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for transverse shear strength is intended for use in laboratory tests in which the principal variable is the size or type of FRP bars. The test may be used for smooth round rods or on bars with a textured or undulating surface added to promote bond of the bars to Portland cement concrete. This test method establishes values of transverse shear strength for material specifications, quality control, quality assurance, research and development, and may also be used for structural design purposes.
Experience with this test method and the accompanying fixture is primarily with smooth rods and textured bars with diameters ranging from 6 mm to 25 mm [0.25 in. to 1 in.]. The method may be used for rods or bars of larger diameters, but the overall geometry of the test fixture may need to be increased.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the test requirements for (FRP) composite smooth round rods and textured bars for determining the transverse shear strength via a double shear fixture. FRP rods and bars are often loaded in transverse shear when these elements are used as dowels in concrete pavements, as stirrups in concrete beams, or as shear reinforcements in glued-laminated wood beams, for example.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to obtain the tensile force capacity and ultimate tensile strain of FRP material used for the strengthening of other structural materials such as, metals, timber, and reinforced concrete. The principal test variables could be the FRP constituents and fabrication method or the size or type of FRP laminate. The obtained tensile properties can be used for material specifications, quality control and assurance, structural design and analysis, and research and development.
This test method focuses on the FRP material itself, irrespective of the gripping method. Therefore, maximum force and strain data associated with failure or pullout at either grip are disregarded. The force capacity and maximum strain measurements are based solely on test specimens that fail in the gauge section.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the requirements for sample preparation, tensile testing, and results calculation of flat fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials used for the strengthening of structures made of materials such as metals, timber, masonry, and reinforced concrete. The method may be used to determine the tensile properties of wet lay-up and pre-impregnated FRP composites fabricated on site or manufactured in a factory setting. The FRP composite may be of either unidirectional (0-degrees) or cross-ply (0/90 type) reinforcement. For cross-ply laminates, the construction may be achieved using multiple-layers of unidirectional fibers at either 0 or 90 degrees, or one or more layers of stitched or woven 0/90 fabrics. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The method only covers the determination of the tensile properties of the FRP composite material. Other components used to attach the FRP material to the substrate, such as the primer, putty, and adhesive in externally bonded strengthening systems, are excluded from the sample preparation and testing detailed in this document. This test method refers to Test Method D3039/D3039M for conduct of the tests.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to obtain the tensile force capacity and ultimate tensile strain of FRP material used for the strengthening of other structural materials such as, metals, timber, and reinforced concrete. The principal test variables could be the FRP constituents and fabrication method or the size or type of FRP laminate. The obtained tensile properties can be used for material specifications, quality control and assurance, structural design and analysis, and research and development. The stress, strength, and modulus of elasticity can be calculated using either the gross composite area method or the effective fiber area method.
This test method focuses on the FRP material itself, irrespective of the gripping method. Therefore, maximum force and strain data associated with failure or pullout at either grip are disregarded. The force capacity and maximum strain measurements are based solely on test specimens that fail in the gauge section.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the requirements for sample preparation, tensile testing, and results calculation of flat fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials used for the strengthening of structures made of materials such as metals, timber, masonry, and reinforced concrete. The method may be used to determine the tensile properties of wet lay-up and pre-impregnated FRP composites fabricated on site or manufactured in a factory setting. The FRP composite may be of either unidirectional (0-degrees) or cross-ply (0/90 type) reinforcement. For cross-ply laminates, the construction may be achieved using multiple-layers of unidirectional fibers at either 0 or 90 degrees, or one or more layers of stitched or woven 0/90 fabrics. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The method only covers the determination of the tensile properties of the FRP composite material. Other components used to attach the FRP material to the substrate, such as the primer, putty, and adhesive in externally bonded strengthening systems, are excluded from the sample preparation and testing detailed in this document. This test method refers to Test Method D3039/D3039M for conduct of the tests.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The pull-off strength of a bonded FRP system is an important performance property that has been used in specifications, particularly those for assessing the quality of an application. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing bonded FRP systems, and evaluating and reporting the results.
Variations in results obtained using different devices are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the type of adhesion test device (including manufacturer and model) be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.
This test method is intended for use in both the field and the laboratory.
The basic material properties obtained from this test method can be used in the control of the quality of adhesives and in the theoretical equations for designing FRP systems for external reinforcement to strengthen existing structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating the pull-off strength of wet lay-up or pultruded (shop-fabricated) Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminate systems adhesively bonded to a flat concrete substrate. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that an FRP system can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the test fixture, FRP laminate, adhesive and substrate.
1.2 This test method is primarily used for quality control and assessment of field repairs of structures using adhesive-applied composite materials.
1.3 This test method is appropriate for use with FRP systems having any fiber orientation or combination of ply orientations comprising the FRP laminate.
1.4 This test method is not appropriate for use as an “acceptance” or “proof” wherein the FRP system remaining intact at a prescribed force is an acceptable result.
1.5 Pull-off strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. Different adhesion test devices and procedures will give different results and cannot be directly compared.
1.6 This test method can be destructive. Spot repairs may be necessary. The test method will result in an exposed cut FRP section; repair methods must consider the potential for moisture uptake through this cut section.
1.7 Prior to the installation of some adhesively bonded FRP systems, the substrate concrete must be patched (often to replace lost concrete volume). This test method is not appropriate for determining the pull-off strength of the FRP from the patch material. An additional test method is required to determine the pull-off strength of the patch from the substrate concrete. Throughout this standard, “substrate” is understood to mean the concrete or concrete patch material to which the FRP is adhered.
1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This method for investigating creep rupture of FRP bars is intended for use in laboratory tests in which the principal variable is the size or type of FRP bars, magnitude of applied force, and duration of force application. Unlike steel reinforcing bars or prestressing tendons subjected to significant sustained stress, creep rupture of FRP bars may take place below the static tensile strength. Therefore, the creep rupture strength is an important factor when determining acceptable stress levels in FRP bars used as reinforcement or tendons in concrete members designed to resist sustained loads. Creep rupture strength varies according to the type of FRP bars used.
This test method measures the creep rupture time of FRP bars under a given set of controlled environmental conditions and force ratios.
This test method is intended to determine the creep rupture data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. The primary test result is the million-hour creep rupture capacity of the specimen.
Creep properties of reinforced, post-tensioned, or prestressed concrete structures are important to be considered in design. For FRP bars used as reinforcing bars or tendons, the creep rupture shall be measured according to the method given herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines requirements for tensile creep rupture testing of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.
1.2 Data obtained from this test method are used in design of FRP reinforcements under sustained loading. The procedure for calculating the one-million hour creep-rupture capacity is provided in .
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice covers the procedures for computing material property characteristic values for polymeric composite materials intended for use in civil engineering structural applications. A characteristic value represents a statistical lower bound on the material property structural member resistance factors for civil engineering design codes for composite structures.
This practice may be used to obtain characteristic values for stiffness and strength properties of composite materials obtained from measurements using applicable test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for computing characteristic values of material properties of polymeric composite materials intended for use in civil engineering structural applications. The characteristic value is a statistically-based material property representing the 80 % lower confidence bound on the 5th-percentile value of a specified population. Characteristic values determined using this standard practice can be used to calculate structural member resistance values in design codes for composite civil engineering structures and for establishing limits upon which qualification and acceptance criteria can be based.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to produce longitudinal tensile strength and elongation data. From a tension test, a variety of data are acquired that are needed for design purposes. Material-related factors that influence the tensile response of bars and should therefore be reported include the following: constituent materials, void content, volume percent reinforcement, methods of fabrication, and fiber reinforcement architecture. Similarly, test factors relevant to the measured tensile response of bars include specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, and speed of testing. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.3 Tensile chord modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.4 Stress-strain curve.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the quasi-static longitudinal tensile strength and elongation properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.Note 1
Additional procedures for determining tensile properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in test methods D 3039/D 3039M and D 3916.
1.2 Linear elements used for reinforcing Portland cement concrete are referred to as bars, rebar, rods, or tendons, depending on the specific application. This test method is applicable to all such reinforcements within the limitations noted in the method. The test articles are referred to as bars in this test method. In general, bars have solid cross-sections and a regular pattern of surface undulations and/or a coating of bonded particles that promote mechanical interlock between the bar and concrete. The test method is also appropriate for use with linear segments cut from a grid. Specific details for preparing and testing of bars and grids are provided. In some cases, anchors may be necessary to prevent grip-induced damage to the ends of the bar or grid. Recommended details for the anchors are provided in .
1.3 The strength values provided by this method are short-term static strengths that do not account for sustained static or fatigue loading. Additional material characterization may be required, especially for bars that are to be used under high levels of sustained or repeated loading.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.5 This annex describes the recommended anchor to facilitate gripping of FRP bar specimens for various types of tests performed under tensile loading. It also specifies preparation of the specimens. Other types of anchors may be used provided it is demonstrated that (a) failure of the bar occurs outside the anchors and (b) the anchors prevent excessive slip of the bar prior to tensile failure.
1.6 This annex provides recommendations for testing bars in conditions that are other than standard laboratory conditions. These conditions may include immersion in water or other aqueous solution and/or elevated temperature or moisture conditions.