ISO/TC 6/WG 4 - Chemical analysis

The method is applicable to unbleached, bleached and semi-bleached wood pulp with a lignin content above 1 %. It is not generally intended for fully bleached chemical pulp, because the lignin content in these pulps is too low to be determined accurately.

This method describes the determination of the carbohydrate composition in wood pulp samples. This method makes it possible to determine concentrations of individual anhydrous monosaccharides down to 1 mg/g oven-dry pulp.

This document specifies a method for the determination of water-soluble sulfates in all types of pulp, paper and board. The lower limit of the determination is 20 mg of sulfate ion per kilogram of dry sample.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the pH-value defined by the electrolytes extractable by hot water from a sample of paper, board or pulp. This document is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulp. As the quantity of extractable ionic material approaches zero, as in the case of highly purified pulps, the precision of the method becomes poor because of the difficulties encountered in making pH measurements on water containing little electrolytic material. Since the extraction in this document is performed with distilled or deionised water, the pH-value measured will sometimes be different (e.g. fully bleached pulp) from the pH-value measured under mill process conditions in which various types of process waters, e.g. chemically treated river water containing electrolytes, are used. In such cases, ISO 29681 can be used instead, as it is specifically applicable to bleached pulps from virgin fibres and to pulp samples having a low ionic strength for which the pH value will give more realistic results related to mill conditions than those obtained with this document. For cellulosic papers used for electrical purposes, the method used can be that given in IEC 60554-2[4].

This document specifies a method for the determination of the pH-value defined by the electrolytes extractable by cold water from a sample of paper, board or pulp. This document is applicable to all types of paper, board and pulp. As the quantity of extractable ionic material approaches zero, as in the case of highly purified pulps, the precision of the method becomes poor because of the difficulties encountered in making pH measurements on water containing little electrolytic material. Since the extraction in this document is performed with distilled or deionised water, the pH-value measured will sometimes be different (e.g. for fully bleached pulp) from the pH-value measured under mill process conditions in which various types of process waters, e.g. chemically treated river water containing electrolytes, are used. In such cases, ISO 29681 should be used instead, as it is specifically applicable to bleached pulps from virgin fibres and to pulp samples having a low ionic strength for which the pH value will give more realistic results related to mill conditions than those obtained with this document. For cellulosic papers used for electrical purposes, the method used should be that given in IEC 60554‑2[4].

This document specifies the procedure for the determination of acid-soluble magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, sodium and potassium by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) or by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP/ES). The acid-soluble element comprises the acid-soluble part of the incineration residue, i.e. that part of the ignition residue obtained after incineration which is soluble in hydrochloric acid or nitric acid. In cases where the residue is completely soluble, the result obtained by the procedure specified in this document is a measure of the total amount of each element in the sample. This document is applicable to all types of paper, board, pulps and cellulose nanomaterials. The limit of determination depends on the element and on the instrument used.

This document describes the determination of the residue (ash content) on ignition of paper, board, pulps and cellulose nanomaterials at 525 °C. It is applicable to all types of paper, board, pulp and cellulose nanomaterial samples. This document provides measurement procedures to obtain a measurement precision of 0,01 % or better for residue (ash content) on ignition at 525 °C. Determination of residue (ash content) on ignition at 900 °C of paper, board, pulps and cellulose nanomaterials is described in ISO 2144. In the context of this document, the term "cellulose nanomaterial" refers specifically to cellulose nano-object (see 3.2 to 3.4). Owing to their nanoscale dimensions, these cellulose nano-objects can have intrinsic properties, behaviours or functionalities that are distinct from those associated with paper, board and pulps.

This document describes the determination of the residue (ash content) on ignition of paper, board, pulps and cellulose nanomaterials. This document is applicable to all types of paper, board, pulp and cellulose nanomaterial. This document provides measurement procedures to obtain a measurement precision of 0,01 % or better for residue (ash content) on ignition at 900 °C. In the context of this document, the term "cellulose nanomaterial" refers specifically to cellulose nano-object (see 3.2 to 3.4). Owing to their nanoscale dimensions, these cellulose nano-objects can have intrinsic properties, behaviours or functionalities that are distinct from those associated with paper, board and pulps.

This document specifies a method for determining titanium dioxide content in all kinds of paper and board, in particular coated or filled products. It comprises two procedures for the final determination of titanium, one of them relying on spectrophotometry and the other on flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The limits of the determination depend on the amount of sample taken (8.1). NOTE The method is designed for the determination of titanium dioxide. Titanium present in other forms, for example as a constituent of clay, will not interfere in the determination.

This document specifies procedures for the laboratory determination of the total elemental sulfur and the sulfate half-ester content of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and conductometric titration, respectively, including sample preparation, measurement methods and data analysis. This document is applicable to the characterization of CNCs: a) with all monovalent counterions (particularly hydronium and sodium cations); b) which are either in the never-dried state in aqueous suspension, or have been redispersed from a dried form; and c) which have been extracted from any naturally occurring cellulose source using a range of sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions, or have been sulfated post-hydrolysis using sulfuric acid.

ISO 11480:2017 specifies two alternative procedures for the determination of total and organically bound chlorine in pulp, paper and board. It is applicable to all types of pulp, paper and board. The lower limit of the determination is about 20 mg/kg.

ISO 9197:2016 specifies a method for the determination of water-soluble chlorides in all types of paper, board and pulp. The lower limit of the determination is 20 mg of chloride ion per kilogram of dry sample.

ISO 14453:2014 describes the determination of acetone-soluble matter in pulp. It is applicable to all types of pulp. The lower limit of the determination is about 0,05 %. This limit can be lowered by increasing the amount of sample analysed.

ISO 10775:2013 specifies a method for the determination of traces of cadmium in all types of paper, board and pulp, including products containing recycled fibre, that can be wet-combusted in nitric acid as specified in ISO 10775:2013. The lower limit of the determination depends on the equipment used and is normally about 10 μg/kg. Cadmium present in pigments and fillers that do not dissolve in nitric acid under the conditions of this test may not be determined quantitatively.

ISO 15320:2011 specifies a test method for the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in an aqueous extract of pulp, paper and board. Although it was developed for paper and board intended to come into contact with foodstuffs, it is applicable to all kinds of pulp, paper and board. The working range for acetylation is 0,05 mg/kg to 0,5 mg/kg.

ISO 776:2011 specifies a method for the determination of the acid-insoluble ash of pulp. It is applicable to all types of pulps.

ISO 29681:2009 specifies a method for the determination of the pH of an aqueous extract of paper, board and pulps, in which the soaking and the measuring are performed in salted water (0,1 M KCl solution). ISO 29681:2009 is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulps, but is specifically applicable to bleached pulps from virgin fibres and to pulp samples having a low ionic strength for which the pH-value using this International Standard will give more realistic results related to mill conditions than those obtained with ISO 6588-1 or ISO 6588-2.

ISO 17812:2007 specifies the procedure for the determination of total magnesium, total calcium, total manganese, total iron and total copper by atomic absorption spectrometry or by plasma emission spectrometry. The total content comprises the acid-soluble part of the element plus the acid-insoluble part of the element. It is applicable to all types of paper, board and pulps.

Describes a method for the determination of the alkali reserve of papers and boards. Intended for products that contain alkaline pigments or other alkaline material, added in order to improve their resistance to acid attack. Not applicable to laminated, printed or otherwise processed grades that will not disintegrate completely by the procedure described.

The method described is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulps, except for papers used for electrical purposes. For high purity papers used for electrical purposes, the method used should be that given in IEC 554-2. Conductivity is measured by means of a conductivity meter or resistance bridge, using alternating current.

Specifies a method for the determination of the solubility of pulp in cold sodium hydroxide solutions of various and fixed concentrations, being mainly intended for the investigation of bleached pulps. It may, however, also be used with unbleached pulps.

ISO/TS 1762:2015 describes the determination of the residue (ash) on ignition of paper, board and pulp at 525 °C. It is applicable to all types of paper, board, and pulp samples. The ash may consist of a) mineral matter in the pulp and various residues from chemicals used in its manufacture, b) metallic matter from piping and machinery, and c) fillers, pigments, coatings, or residues from various additives. In samples containing calcium carbonate, there is practically no decomposition of carbonate by ashing at 525 °C. Other fillers and pigments such as clay and titanium dioxide are also unaffected by ashing at 525 °C. Accordingly, the residue on ignition as determined by this International Standard provides a good estimate of the total inorganic matter in the sample, provided that the sample does not contain other minerals which decompose at or below this temperature. For example, magnesium carbonate and calcium sulfate may, at least partly, decompose at temperatures below 525 °C.

ISO 2144:2015 describes the determination of the residue on ignition of pulps, papers, and boards. The International Standard is applicable to all types of pulp, paper, and board. The lower limit of the determination is about 0,2 %. NOTE The procedure (Clause 7) requires that at least 10 mg of residue is weighed. The limit stated above corresponds to a 5 g sample. If the sample size is increased, this limit can be lowered.

ISO 6588-1:2012 specifies a method for the determination of the pH-value defined by the electrolytes extractable by cold water from a sample of paper, board or pulp. ISO 6588-1:2012 is applicable to all types of paper, board and pulp. As the quantity of extractable ionic material approaches zero, as in the case of highly purified pulps, the precision of the method becomes poor because of the difficulties encountered in making pH measurements on water containing little electrolytic material. Since the extraction in ISO 6588-1:2012 is performed with distilled or deionised water, the pH-value measured will sometimes be different (e.g. for fully bleached pulp) from the pH-value measured under mill process conditions in which various types of process waters, e.g. chemically treated river water containing electrolytes, are used. It is necessary to be aware that the results will not be the same when measuring pH according to ISO 6588-1:2012 and to ISO 29681. The difference can be significant especially when measuring pulps having a low ionic strength. ISO 6588-2 differs from ISO 6588-1:2012 only as regards the extraction conditions. No general guidance can be given as to which of the two procedures (hot or cold) is best suited in a particular situation. For cellulosic papers used for electrical purposes, the method used should be that given in IEC 60554-2

This part of ISO 6588 specifies a method for the determination of the pH-value defined by the electrolytes extractable by hot water from a sample of paper, board or pulp. This part of ISO 6588 is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulp. As the quantity of extractable ionic material approaches zero, as in the case of highly purified pulps, the precision of the method becomes poor because of the difficulties encountered in making pH measurements on water containing little electrolytic material. Since the extraction in this part of ISO 6588 is performed with distilled or deionised water, the pH-value measured will sometimes be different (e.g. fully bleached pulp) from the pH-value measured under mill process conditions in which various types of process waters, e.g. chemically treated river water containing electrolytes, are used. It is necessary to be aware that the results will not be the same when measuring pH according to this part of ISO 6588 when compared to ISO 29681. The differences can be significant especially when measuring pulps having a low ionic strength. ISO 6588-1 differs from this part of ISO 6588 only as regards the extraction conditions. No general guidance can be given as to which of the two procedures (hot or cold) is best suited in a particular situation. For cellulosic papers used for electrical purposes, the method used should be that given in IEC 60554-2.

ISO 12830:2011 specifies the procedure for the determination of acid-soluble magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, sodium and potassium by atomic absorption spectrometry or by plasma emission spectrometry. The acid-soluble element comprises the acid-soluble part of the incineration residue, i.e. that part of the ignition residue obtained after incineration which is soluble in hydrochloric acid. In the case where the residue is completely soluble, the result obtained by the procedure specified in this International Standard is a measure of the total amount of each element in the sample. ISO 12830:2011 is applicable to all types of paper, board and pulps. The limit of determination depends on the element and on the instrument used.

ISO 9197:2006 specifies a method for the determination of water-soluble chlorides in all types of paper, board and pulp. The lower limit of the determination is 20 mg of chloride ion per kilogram of dry sample.

ISO 6588-2:2005 specifies a method for the determination of the pH-value defined by the electrolytes extractable by hot water from a sample of paper, board or pulp. ISO 6588-2:2005 is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulp.

ISO 6588-1:2005 specifies a method for the determination of the pH-value defined by the electrolytes extractable by cold water from a sample of paper, board or pulp. ISO 6588-1:2005 is applicable to all types of paper, board and pulp.

ISO 777:2005 specifies the procedure for the determination of acid-soluble calcium by atomic absorption spectrometry or by plasma emission spectrometry. It is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulp. It specifies a method to determine the acid-soluble part of the incineration residue, i.e. that part of the ignition residue obtained after incineration that is soluble in hydrochloric acid. If the residue is completely soluble, the result obtained by the procedure specified in ISO 777:2005 is taken as the total amount of calcium in the sample.

ISO 778:2005 specifies the procedure for the determination of acid-soluble copper by atomic absorption spectrometry or by plasma emission spectrometry. It is applicable to all types of paper, board and pulp. It specifies a method to determine the acid-soluble part of the incineration residue, i.e. that part of the ignition residue obtained after incineration which is soluble in hydrochloric acid. If the residue is completely soluble, the result obtained by the procedure specified in ISO 778:2005 is taken as the total amount of copper in the sample. The limit of determination is normally 0,1 mg/kg of paper, board or pulp, but it depends on the spectrometer used.

ISO 779:2005 specifies the procedure for the determination of acid-soluble iron by atomic absorption spectrometry or by plasma emission spectrometry. It is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulp. It specifies a method to determine the acid-soluble part of the incineration residue, i.e. that part of the ignition residue obtained after incineration which is soluble in hydrochloric acid. If the residue is completely soluble, the result obtained by the procedure specified in ISO 779:2005 is taken as the total amount of iron in the sample.

ISO1830:2005 specifies the procedure for the determination of acid-soluble manganese by flame atomic absorption spectrometry or by plasma emission spectroscopy.

This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of water-soluble sulfates in all types of pulp, paper and board. The lower limit of the determination is 20 mg of sulfate ion per kilogram of dry sample.

Specifies a method for the determination of traces of cadmium in all types of paper, board and pulp, including products containing recycled fibre, that can be wet-combusted in nitric acid.

Gives the internal diameters and tolerances for cores recommended for general use with reels of paper and board in international trade.

Specifies a method for determining titanium dioxide content in all kinds of paper and board, in particular coated or filled products. It comprises two procedures for the final determination of titanium based on spectrophotometry and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. The limits of determination depend on the amount of sample taken. Titanium present in other forms will not interfere in the determination.

Is applicable to all kinds of pulp, except pulps containing talc. The method specified involves the use of some hazardous chemicals and of gases that can form explosive mixtures with air.

Is applicable to CED-soluble samples of cellulose, e. g. in pulps and textiles. ISO 5351/2 specifies a method for the determination of the limiting viscosity number of cellulose in dilute iron(III) sodium tartrate complex (EWNNmod NaCl) solution.

Is applicable to EWNN- soluble samples of cellulose, e. g. in pulps and textiles. ISO 5351/1 specifes a method for the determination of the limiting vicosity number of cellulose in dilute CED solution.

Is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulps yielding an extract having a conductivity exceeding 0.2 mS/m when determined in accordance with ISO 6587, except for papers used for electrical purposes. For high purity papers used for electrical purposes, the method should be that given in IEC Publication 554-2.