ASTM D7941/D7941M-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Purity Analysis Using a Continuous Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Analyzer
Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Purity Analysis Using a Continuous Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Analyzer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Proton exchange membranes (PEM) used in fuel cells are susceptible to contamination from a number of species that can be found in hydrogen. It is critical that these contaminants be measured and verified to be present at or below the amounts stated in SAE J2719 and ISO 14687 to ensure both fuel cell longevity and optimum efficiency. Contaminant concentrations as low as single-figure ppb(v) for some species can seriously compromise the life span and efficiency of PEM fuel cells. The presence of contaminants in fuel-cell-grade hydrogen can, in some cases, have a permanent adverse impact on fuel cell efficiency and usability. It is critical to monitor the concentration of key contaminants in hydrogen during the production phase through to delivery of the fuel to a fuel cell vehicle or other PEM fuel cell application. In ISO 14687, the upper limits for the contaminants are specified. Refer to SAE J2719 (see 2.3) for specific national and regional requirements. For hydrogen fuel that is transported and delivered as a cryogenic liquid, there is additional risk of introducing impurities during transport and delivery operations. For instance, moisture can build up over time in liquid transfer lines, critical control components, and long-term storage facilities, which can lead to ice buildup within the system and subsequent blockages that pose a safety risk or the introduction of contaminants into the gas stream upon evaporation of the liquid. Users are reminded to consult Practice D7265 for critical thermophysical properties such as the ortho/para hydrogen spin isomer inversion that can lead to additional hazards in liquid hydrogen usage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes contaminant determination in fuel cell grade hydrogen as specified in relevant ASTM and ISO standards using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). This standard test method is for the measurement of one or multiple contaminants including, but not limited to, water (H2O), oxygen (O2), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), and formaldehyde (H2CO), henceforth referred to as “analyte.”
1.2 This test method applies to CRDS analyzers with one or multiple sensor modules (see 6.2 for definition). This test method describes sampling apparatus design, operating procedures, and quality control procedures required to obtain the stated levels of precision and accuracy.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7941/D7941M − 23
Standard Test Method for
Hydrogen Purity Analysis Using a Continuous Wave Cavity
1
Ring-Down Spectroscopy Analyzer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7941/D7941M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method describes contaminant determination in
fuel cell grade hydrogen as specified in relevant ASTM and
2. Referenced Documents
ISO standards using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS).
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
This standard test method is for the measurement of one or
D4150 Terminology Relating to Gaseous Fuels
multiple contaminants including, but not limited to, water
D5287 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Gaseous Fuels
(H O), oxygen (O ), methane (CH ), carbon dioxide (CO ),
2 2 4 2
D7265 Specification for Hydrogen Thermophysical Property
carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH ), and formaldehyde
3
Tables
(H CO), henceforth referred to as “analyte.”
2
D7606 Practice for Sampling of High Pressure Hydrogen
1.2 This test method applies to CRDS analyzers with one or
and Related Fuel Cell Feed Gases
multiple sensor modules (see 6.2 for definition). This test
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
method describes sampling apparatus design, operating
ASTM Test Methods
procedures, and quality control procedures required to obtain
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
the stated levels of precision and accuracy.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
2.2 ISO Standards:
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
ISO/DIS 14687-2 Hydrogen fuel—Product specification—
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
Part 2: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
applications for road vehicles
used independently of the other, and values from the two
ISO/DIS 14687-3 Hydrogen fuel—Product Specification—
systems shall not be combined.
Part 3: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the applications for stationary appliances
ISO 21087 Gas analysis—Analytical methods for hydrogen
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- fuel—Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell appli-
cations for road vehicles
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.3 U.S.-Specific Standards:
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
SAE J2719-2020 (2020) Hydrogen Fuel Quality for Fuel
4
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Cell Vehicles
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D03 on Gaseous Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Fuels and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D03.14 on Hydrogen and the ASTM website.
3
Fuel Cells. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2023. Published February 2023. Originally la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
4
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7941/D7941M – 14. Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
DOI: 10.1520/D7941_D7941M-23. PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7941/D7941M − 23
2.3.7 California Code of Regulations, Title 4, Division 9, transport and delivery operations. For instance, moisture can
Chapter 6, Article 8, Sections 4180-4181 – Hydrogen fuel build up over time in liquid transfer lines, critical control
5
quality requirements components, and long-term storage facilities, which can lead to
Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR: Protection of the ice bui
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7941/D7941M − 14 D7941/D7941M − 23
Standard Test Method for
Hydrogen Purity Analysis Using a Continuous Wave Cavity
1
Ring-Down Spectroscopy Analyzer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7941/D7941M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes contaminant determination in fuel-cell-grade fuel cell grade hydrogen as specified in relevant
ASTM and ISO standards using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). This standard test method is for the measurement of one
or multiple contaminants including, but not limited to, water (H O), oxygen (O ), methane (CH ), carbon dioxide (CO ), carbon
2 2 4 2
monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH ), and formaldehyde (H CO), henceforth referred to as “analyte.”
3 2
1.2 This test method applies to CRDS analyzers with one or multiple sensor modules (see 3.36.2 for definition), each of which
is designed for a specific analyte. definition). This test method describes sampling apparatus design, operating procedures, and
quality control procedures required to obtain the stated levels of precision and accuracy.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4150 Terminology Relating to Gaseous Fuels
D5287 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Gaseous Fuels
D7265 Specification for Hydrogen Thermophysical Property Tables
D7606 Practice for Sampling of High Pressure Hydrogen and Related Fuel Cell Feed Gases
D7649E177 Test Method for Determination of Trace Carbon Dioxide, Argon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Water in Hydrogen Fuel
by Jet Pulse Injection and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer AnalysisPractice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias
in ASTM Test Methods
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D03 on Gaseous Fuels and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D03.14 on Hydrogen and Fuel
Cells.
Current edition approved June 1, 2014Jan. 15, 2023. Published July 2014February 2023. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
D7941/D7941MDOI: 10.1520/D7941_D7941M-14 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/D7941_D7941M-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7941/D7941M − 23
D7653E691 Test Method for Determination of Trace Gaseous Contaminants in Hydrogen Fuel by Fourier Transform Infrared
(FTIR) SpectroscopyPractice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO/DIS 14687-2 Hydrogen fuel—Product specification—Part 2: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for
road vehicles
ISO/DIS 14687-3 Hydrogen fuel—Product Specification—Part 3: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for
stationary appliances
ISO 21087 Gas analysis—Analytical methods for hydrogen fuel—Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for
road vehicles
2.3 U.S.-Specific Standards:
4
SAE J2719-2011 (2011)J2719-2020 (2020) Hydrogen Fuel Quality for Fuel Cell Vehicles
2.3.7 California Code of Regulations, Title 4, Division
...
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