ASTM D7826-23b
(Guide)Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.
5.2 This guide is not an approval process. It is intended to describe test and analysis requirements necessary to generate data to support specification development. This guide does not address the approval process for ASTM International standards.
5.3 This guide will reduce the uncertainty and risk to developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives by describing the test and analysis requirements necessary to proceed with the development of an ASTM International specification for aviation gasoline or specification revision for an aviation gasoline additive. There are certain sections within this guide that do not specify an exact number of data points required. For example, 6.2.4.3 requires viscosity to be measured from freezing point to room temperature; 6.2.4.4, 6.2.4.5, and 6.3.2.3 require measurements over the operating temperature range; 6.3.2.4 and 6.3.2.5 require measurements versus temperature. In these cases, the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives should attempt to generate data close to the upper and lower boundaries indicated. If no boundary is specified (for example, generate data versus temperature), then data at the widest practical test limits should be generated. A minimum of three data points is required in all cases (for example, upper, middle, lower), while five or more data points are preferred.
5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.
1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.6.1 Exception—Some industry standard methodologies uti...
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Oct-2023
- Technical Committee
- D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
- Drafting Committee
- D02.J0.02 - Aviation Piston Engine Fuels
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Refers
ASTM D4175-23a - Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants - Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2023
Overview
ASTM D7826-23b – Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives – provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating and documenting the performance, safety, and compatibility of new aviation gasoline and additive formulations. Developed by ASTM Committee D02, this guide serves as an essential tool for fuel and additive developers, sponsors, and stakeholders seeking to generate the technical data required to support the development or revision of aviation gasoline specifications. The guide helps ensure that new fuels or additives meet rigorous industry performance and safety standards before entering high-volume production and widespread use in aviation.
Key Topics
- Data Requirements: Details the scope and nature of data required to support the creation of new aviation gasoline or additive specifications, including manufacturing documentation and laboratory test results.
- Evaluation Process: Outlines a two-phase approach:
- Phase 1: Initial data collection and draft specification
- Phase 2: Final data generation and compilation into an ASTM Research Report
- Properties Assessed:
- Basic properties such as octane number, freezing point, sulfur content, distillation characteristics, vapor pressure, net heating value, density, and water reaction
- Fit-for-purpose properties, including low-temperature behavior, viscosity, water solubility, corrosion potential, materials compatibility, and more
- Testing Protocol: Recommends a minimum of three data points (high, middle, low) for property evaluation, with five or more preferred for greater statistical reliability.
- Materials and Component Compatibility: Advises comprehensive compatibility testing with metals, elastomers, plastics, and aircraft system components.
- Engine and Aircraft Testing: Guides the use of bench, engine test cell, and flight testing to evaluate operational performance, engine detonation, and system integration.
- Progressive Assessment: Recognizes the iterative nature of testing and evaluation, expanding in scope as novel formulations diverge from established fuels.
Applications
ASTM D7826-23b is valuable for:
- Fuel and Additive Developers: Establishes clear requirements to reduce risk and uncertainty during specification development, supporting both fleet-wide and limited-use evaluations.
- Subcommittee and Committee Review: Supplies robust supporting research data for ASTM Subcommittee J and ASTM Committee D02 in their determination of product suitability and specification adequacy.
- Aviation Industry Stakeholders: Helps inform airframe and engine manufacturers, regulatory authorities, and operators about the fitness-for-purpose of new aviation gasolines or additives.
- Research Institutions: Serves as a methodology reference for laboratory and field studies related to aviation gasoline innovation and additive qualification.
- Environmental and Safety Assessments: While not directly addressing regulatory approval or environmental testing, provides data that may support broader evaluations by environmental agencies.
Key Benefits:
- Facilitates innovation in aviation fuel (including lead-replacement or unleaded alternatives)
- Streamlines the path to specification adoption
- Ensures operational performance, material compatibility, and safety compliance across a diverse fleet of piston-engine aircraft
Related Standards
The guide references numerous related standards and test methods critical to the evaluation process:
- ASTM D910: Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
- ASTM D7547, D6227, D7719: Specifications for unleaded aviation gasolines and test fuels
- ASTM D86, D2386, D445, D4052: Methods for testing distillation, freezing point, viscosity, and density
- ASTM D130, D2622, D6453, D5191: Determination of copper corrosivity, sulfur content, total sulfur, and vapor pressure
- ASTM D6424, D6812: Engine detonation test methods
- ISO 1825, ISO 20823: International specifications for aviation ground fuelling hoses and flammability testing
- SAE AMS 3276, 3277, 3281: Sealing compounds and fuel system component standards
Developers are advised to consult these standards, as well as applicable regulatory requirements, to ensure full compliance and optimal performance of new aviation gasoline products.
Keywords: ASTM D7826-23b, aviation gasoline evaluation, aviation fuel additives, aviation gasoline standards, aviation fuel testing, ASTM Research Report, aviation gasoline specification development, fit-for-purpose properties, aviation materials compatibility, engine testing, fuel additive approval, unleaded avgas alternatives.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D7826-23b is a guide published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria. 5.2 This guide is not an approval process. It is intended to describe test and analysis requirements necessary to generate data to support specification development. This guide does not address the approval process for ASTM International standards. 5.3 This guide will reduce the uncertainty and risk to developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives by describing the test and analysis requirements necessary to proceed with the development of an ASTM International specification for aviation gasoline or specification revision for an aviation gasoline additive. There are certain sections within this guide that do not specify an exact number of data points required. For example, 6.2.4.3 requires viscosity to be measured from freezing point to room temperature; 6.2.4.4, 6.2.4.5, and 6.3.2.3 require measurements over the operating temperature range; 6.3.2.4 and 6.3.2.5 require measurements versus temperature. In these cases, the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives should attempt to generate data close to the upper and lower boundaries indicated. If no boundary is specified (for example, generate data versus temperature), then data at the widest practical test limits should be generated. A minimum of three data points is required in all cases (for example, upper, middle, lower), while five or more data points are preferred. 5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval ... SCOPE 1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives. 1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production. 1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.” 1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive. 1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.6.1 Exception—Some industry standard methodologies uti...
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria. 5.2 This guide is not an approval process. It is intended to describe test and analysis requirements necessary to generate data to support specification development. This guide does not address the approval process for ASTM International standards. 5.3 This guide will reduce the uncertainty and risk to developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives by describing the test and analysis requirements necessary to proceed with the development of an ASTM International specification for aviation gasoline or specification revision for an aviation gasoline additive. There are certain sections within this guide that do not specify an exact number of data points required. For example, 6.2.4.3 requires viscosity to be measured from freezing point to room temperature; 6.2.4.4, 6.2.4.5, and 6.3.2.3 require measurements over the operating temperature range; 6.3.2.4 and 6.3.2.5 require measurements versus temperature. In these cases, the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives should attempt to generate data close to the upper and lower boundaries indicated. If no boundary is specified (for example, generate data versus temperature), then data at the widest practical test limits should be generated. A minimum of three data points is required in all cases (for example, upper, middle, lower), while five or more data points are preferred. 5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval ... SCOPE 1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives. 1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production. 1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.” 1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive. 1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.6.1 Exception—Some industry standard methodologies uti...
ASTM D7826-23b is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D7826-23b has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D7826-23a, ASTM D445-24, ASTM D6227-24, ASTM D1094-24, ASTM D1500-24, ASTM D910-24, ASTM D2700-24, ASTM D4175-23a, ASTM D86-23ae1, ASTM D924-23, ASTM D86-23a, ASTM D445-23, ASTM D2700-23b, ASTM D2700-23a, ASTM D6227-18(2023). Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D7826-23b is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7826 − 23b
Standard Guide for
Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation
Gasoline Additives
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7826; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.6.1 Exception—Some industry standard methodologies
utilize imperial units as their primary system (permeability;
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use
Table A2.2).
in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
gasoline additives.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcom-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and to make a determination that the proposed properties and
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
criteria in the associated standard specification provide the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
during high-volume production.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
development and issuance of new specifications or specifica-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
tion revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM
International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is
2. Referenced Documents
provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines,
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products
diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in
(Saybolt Chromometer Method)
fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encom-
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products
passed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional
(Reid Method)
data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02
ration
upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other
D395 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-
tic Elastomers—Tension
1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
of the future health and environmental impacts of the new
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the
ity)
requirements of environmental agencies is recommended.
D471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
standard.
by Potentiometric Titration
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D02.J0.02 on Aviation Piston Engine Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as D7826 – 23a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7826-23B. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7826 − 23b
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels D3652 Test Method for Thickness of Pressure-Sensitive
(Potential Residue Method) Tapes
D892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-
D3762 Test Method for Adhesive-Bonded Surface Durabil-
ing Oils
ity of Aluminum (Wedge Test) (Withdrawn 2019)
D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Aviation Gasoline
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
D924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)
Petroleum Products
and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
cal Insulating Liquids
Fuels, and Lubricants
D943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
Mineral Oils
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
D1002 Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-
trometry
Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Ten-
D4308 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid
sion Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter
D1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials—
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
Sponge or Expanded Rubber
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
ucts by Hydrometer Method
D5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature
D1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of
Determination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber and Piston
Solutions of Paints, Solvents, Solutions of Surface-Active
Based Method)
Agents, and Related Materials
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
D1414 Test Methods for Rubber O-Rings
ucts and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)
D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
(ASTM Color Scale)
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
D1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Cellular Plastics
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard- D5762 Test Method for Nitrogen in Liquid Hydrocarbons,
ness Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Boat-Inlet Chemi-
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation luminescence
Fuel by Line Sampling D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2344/D2344M Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of
(Automatic Phase Transition Method)
Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates
D6053 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Compound (VOC) Content of Electrical Insulating Var-
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
nishes
and Liquid Fuels
D6227 Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Con-
D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plas-
taining a Non-hydrocarbon Component
tics by Means of a Barcol Impressor (Withdrawn 2022)
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
lometric Karl Fischer Titration
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation
D6424 Practice for Octane Rating Naturally Aspirated Spark
and Distillate Fuels
Ignition Aircraft Engines
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel
Ignition Engine Fuel
Systems
D2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
3 D6812 Practice for Ground-Based Octane Rating Procedures
(Withdrawn 2018)
for Turbocharged/Supercharged Spark Ignition Aircraft
D2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Products
Engines
by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
D3339 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
by Semi-Micro Color Indicator Titration
Kinematic Viscosity)
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
D7096 Test Method for Determination of the Boiling Range
D3525 Test Method for Gasoline Fuel Dilution in Used
Distribution of Gasoline by Wide-Bore Capillary Gas
Gasoline Engine Oils by Wide-Bore Capillary Gas Chro-
Chromatography
matography
D7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and
3 Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. Fluorescence Spectrometry
D7826 − 23b
D7547 Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation 2.7 SAE Standards:
Gasoline SAE AMS 3276 Sealing Compound, Integral Fuel Tanks and
D7719 Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded General Purpose, Intermittent Use to 360 °F (182 °C)
Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel SAE AMS 3277 Sealing Compound, Polythioether Rubber
Fast Curing for Integral Fuel Tanks and General Purpose,
E659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Chemi-
cals Intermittent Use to 360 °F (182 °C)
SAE AMS 3281 Sealing Compound, Polysulfide (T) Syn-
E1259 Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid
Fuels Boiling Below 390 °C thetic Rubber for Integral Fuel Tank and Fuel Cell
Cavities Low Density for Intermittent Use to 360 °F
2.2 EI Standards:
(182 °C)
EI 1529 Aviation fuelling hose and hose assemblies
SAE AS4842 Fittings and Bosses, Pipe Threaded, Fluid
EI 1581 Specification and qualification procedures for avia-
Connection
tion jet fuel filter/separators
SAE AS5127 Aerospace Standard Test Methods for Aero-
EI 1583 Laboratory tests and minimum performance levels
space Sealants Two-Component Synthetic Rubber Com-
for aviation fuel filter monitors
pounds
EI 1590 Specifications and qualification procedures for avia-
SAE AMS-P-5315 Acrylonitrile-butadiene (NBR) Rubber
tion fuel microfilters
For Fuel-Resistant Seals 60 to 70
2.3 MODUK Standard:
SAE AMS-C-6183 Cork and Rubber Composition Sheet; for
MODUK DEF STAN 80-97 Paint System, for the Interior of
Aromatic Fuel and Oil Resistant Gaskets
Bulk Fuel Tank and Fittings, Multi-Pack
SAE AMS 7276 Rubber: Fluorocarbon (FKM) High-
Temperature-Fluid Resistant Low Compression Set for
2.4 ISO Standards:
Seals in Fuel Systems and Specific Engine Oil Systems
ISO 1825 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies for aircraft
SAE AMS-S-8802 Sealing Compound, Fuel Resistant, Inte-
ground fuelling and defuelling—Specification
gral Fuel Tanks and Fuel Cell Cavities
ISO 20823 Determination of the flammability characteristics
2.8 IP Standards:
of fluids in contact with hot surfaces—Manifold ignition
IP 12 Determination of Specific Energy
test
IP 15 Determination of Pour Point
2.5 UL Standard:
IP 16 Determination of Freezing Point of Aviation fuels—
UL 94 Standard for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Mate-
Manual Method
rials for Parts in Devices and Appliances Testing
IP 69 Determination of Vapour Pressure—Reid Method
2.6 Federal Standards:
IP 71 Transparent and Opaque Liquids—Determination of
DOT/FAA/AR-03/21 Characterization of In-Plane, Shear- Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
Loaded Adhesive Lap Joints: Experiments and Analysis
ity
DOT/FAA/AR-06/10 Guidelines and Recommended Crite- IP 119 Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasolines by the
ria for the Development of a Material Specification for Supercharged Method
Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Fabric Prepregs IP 123 Determination of Distillation Characteristics at At-
14 CFR Part 33:49 Block Tests; Reciprocating Aircraft mospheric Pressure
Engines—Endurance Test IP 138 Determination of Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuel
Fed-Std-791 Testing Method of Lubricants, Liquid Fuels, Potential Residue Method
and Related Products IP 160 Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products—
MIL-S-8802 Sealing Compound, Temperature-Resistant, In- Laboratory Determination of Density— Hydrometer
Method
tegral Fuel Tanks and Fuel Cell Cavities, High-Adhesion
MIL-DTL-6000 Hose, Rubber, Aircraft, Fuel, Oil, Coolant, IP 196 Determination of Colour (ASTM scale)
IP 219 Determination of Cloud Point
Water, and Alcohol
Federal Aviation Administration, TSO-C80 Flexible and Oil IP 236 Determination of Knock Characteristics of Motor and
Cell Material Aviation Fuels—Motor Method
IP 274 Determination of Electrical Conductivity of Aviation
and Distillate Fuels
IP 365 Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products—
Available from Publications Team, Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St.,
Determination of Density—Oscillating U-tube Method
London W1G 7AR, UK, http://www.energyinst.org.
Available from UK Defence Standardization, Kentigern House, Rm. 1138, 65 IP 394 Liquid Petroleum Products—Vapour Pressure—Part
Brown St., Glasgow G2 8EX.
1: Determination of Air Saturated Vapour Pressure
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
(ASVP) and Calculated Dry Vapour Pressure Equivalent
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
(DVPE)
Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,
WA 98607-8542, http://www.ul.com.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:// Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,
www.access.gpo.gov. Warrendale, PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
9 11
Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Independence Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,
Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http://www.faa.gov. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
D7826 − 23b
IP 435 Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation 4.1.1 Basic specification properties;
Turbine Fuels by the Automatic Phase Transition Method 4.1.2 Fit-for-purpose properties, including compatibility
with other aviation gasolines and aviation piston-engine lubri-
3. Terminology
cants;
4.1.3 Materials compatibility;
3.1 Definitions:
4.1.4 Aircraft component bench or rig testing;
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
4.1.5 Engine test cell evaluation; and
Terminology D4175.
4.1.6 Aircraft flight test evaluation.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 additive, n—in aviation gasoline, substance added to a
4.2 The procedure for new aviation gasolines is organized
base aviation gasoline in relatively small amounts that either
into Phase 1 and Phase 2. Details of the two phases are
enables that base aviation gasoline to meet the applicable
described below:
specification properties or does not alter the applicable speci-
4.2.1 Phase 1 is intended to provide data and information
fication properties of that base aviation gasoline beyond
sufficient to provide an initial understanding of the perfor-
allowable limits.
mance and properties of the candidate new aviation gasoline
and to help guide the subsequent Phase 2 testing. A preliminary
3.2.2 aviation gasoline, n—fuel derived from petroleum or
data package produced in accordance with 6.2 of this guide and
non-petroleum materials possessing specific properties suitable
an associated draft specification should be prepared to support
for operating aircraft powered by spark-ignition piston engines.
the initial ASTM task force and subcommittee review. The
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Principal properties include
preliminary data package and the draft specification should be
combustion, fluidity, volatility corrosion, stability, water
submitted for subcommittee review in an initial ballot.
shedding, and detonation-free performance in the engine (or
4.2.2 Phase 2 consists of the development of the final data
engines) for which it is intended. In the context of this guide,
set and the balloting of the ASTM Research Report and
the terms “fuel” and “gasoline” are interchangeable.
proposed specification to the subcommittee and/or committee.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Based on feedback from the subcommittee in response to the
3.3.1 critical altitude, n—maximum altitude at which, in
initial ballot, the preliminary data should be supplemented with
standard atmosphere, it is possible to maintain at a specific
data developed in accordance with 6.3 of this guide. The entire
engine revolutions per minute (RPM), a specified power, or a
data set should then be compiled in an ASTM Research Report
specified manifold pressure.
and balloted along with the proposed specification to the
3.3.1.1 Discussion—Unless otherwise stated, the critical
subcommittee and/or committee.
altitude is the maximum altitude at which it is possible to
4.3 The procedure to evaluate new aviation gasolines or
maintain, at the maximum engine RPM, one of the following:
aviation gasoline additives is progressive and iterative in nature
(1) The maximum continuous power, in the case of engines
with the extent of continued testing determined by the fuel
for which this power rating is the same, at sea level and at the
properties, characteristics, and test results revealed at each
rated altitude, or
successive stage. The extent of testing can be expected to grow
(2) The maximum continuous rated manifold pressure, in
with increasing degree of divergence from the properties,
the case of engines, the maximum continuous power of which
performance, and experience with existing aviation gasolines.
is governed by a constant manifold pressure.
This degree of divergence and its consequences are evaluated
3.3.2 fit-for-purpose (FFP), adj—in aviation gasoline, de-
during the analysis of data provided in the preliminary data
scribes a condition of acceptance of an aviation fuel or aviation
package or the research report.
fuel additive that signifies acceptable performance in existing
and future aircraft and aircraft engines, but not necessarily all 4.4 The procedure for new aviation gasoline additives
existing or future aircraft and engines. consists of test specification, Fit For Purpose 1 (FFP-1) and,
where appropriate, Fit for Purpose 2 (FFP-2) testing.
3.3.3 fit-for-purpose properties, n—characteristics of an
aviation fuel or aviation fuel additive in the fuel that are not
5. Significance and Use
controlled by the fuel specification or specification properties
but that are specified for evaluation in addition to the specifi-
5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of
cation properties to provide a comprehensive assessment of the
new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data
suitability of an aviation fuel for use on existing or future
requirements necessary to support the development of specifi-
aircraft and aircraft engines, but not necessarily all existing or
cations for these new products by ASTM members. The
future aircraft and engines.
ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this
guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the
3.3.4 sponsor, n—entity submitting a new fuel or new fuel
new fuel or additive within the property constraints and
additive for review.
compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.
4. Summary of Practice
5.2 This guide is not an approval process. It is intended to
4.1 This guide gives sponsors of a new aviation gasoline or describe test and analysis requirements necessary to generate
aviation gasoline additive guidance on evaluation procedures data to support specification development. This guide does not
using both laboratory and aircraft equipment. This guide address the approval process for ASTM International stan-
includes requirements that address the following subjects: dards.
D7826 − 23b
5.3 This guide will reduce the uncertainty and risk to fuel approved to current major aviation gasoline specifications
developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives such as Specifications D910, D7547, D6227, or D7719, this
by describing the test and analysis requirements necessary to shall be noted and all further testing shall be done on fuel
proceed with the development of an ASTM International samples blended with locally available fuel.
specification for aviation gasoline or specification revision for
6.1.3 All testing of additives, unless otherwise noted, should
an aviation gasoline additive. There are certain sections within be conducted with base fuel containing 400 % (4×) of the
this guide that do not specify an exact number of data points
maximum additive dosage.
required. For example, 6.2.4.3 requires viscosity to be mea-
6.2 Phase 1: Draft Specification and Preliminary Data
sured from freezing point to room temperature; 6.2.4.4, 6.2.4.5,
Package—The tests and analysis in Table 1 should be con-
and 6.3.2.3 require measurements over the operating tempera-
ducted and the resulting data should be compiled for review by
ture range; 6.3.2.4 and 6.3.2.5 require measurements versus
the task force and subcommittee.
temperature. In these cases, the developers or sponsors of new
6.2.1 Pilot Production Report—A report describing the
aviation gasolines or additives should attempt to generate data
simulated production, pilot plant ramp up, and/or production
close to the upper and lower boundaries indicated. If no
capability to confirm that adequate production capacity is
boundary is specified (for example, generate data versus
available to support the test and analyses of this procedure.
temperature), then data at the widest practical test limits should
Ideally, several batches of fuel should be produced to reflect a
be generated. A minimum of three data points is required in all
range of specification properties to support “worst-case” test-
cases (for example, upper, middle, lower), while five or more
ing of fuel for the below requirements.
data points are preferred.
6.2.2 Basic Specification Properties—These should be
5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive
based on, but not be limited to, Specification D910 Table 1 or
listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM
Specification D7547 Table 1 properties. The basic specification
International approval of a specification or specification revi-
property results for evaluation of additives should be compared
sion. The final requirements will be dependent upon the
to the corresponding data for the base fuel. Special focus
specific formulation and performance of the candidate fuel and
should be provided for the following properties:
be determined by the ASTM International task forces and
6.2.2.1 Octane—This requirement should consider the
committees charged with overseeing the specification develop-
variations in the correlation between the motor octane test (Test
ment.
Method D2700) and the rich rating test (Test Method D909)
with actual engine anti-knock capability for unleaded fuels.
5.5 This guide is intended to describe data to be used to
6.2.2.2 Freezing Point—Critical for flight safety (Test
make a determination of the suitability of the proposed fuel or
Method D2386).
additive for use in existing or future aircraft and engines, but
6.2.2.3 Total Sulfur Content—Total sulfur content of avia-
not necessarily for use in all existing or future aircraft and
tion fuels is significant because the products of combustion of
engines.
sulfur-containing compounds can cause corrosive wear of
5.6 This guide does not describe data requirements of other
engine parts.
approving authorities, such as national aviation regulatory
(1) There are multiple available test methods for measuring
authorities, or of other organizations or industry associations.
total sulfur in petroleum products: D2622, D4294, D5453, and
However, the data generated in the conduct of the procedure
D7220. The test method chosen should be based on the product
may be useful for other purposes or other organizations.
type as specified in the method’s scope, as well as a consider-
5.7 Over 200 000 piston-engine aircraft rely on Specifica-
ation of the limitations and interferences of each method as
tion D910 lead-containing aviation gasoline (avgas) for safe
compared to the composition of the fuel or additive blend being
operation. There has been an increase in the research and
tested. See Appendix X1 for further discussion.
development of alternatives to Specification D910 gasolines as
6.2.2.4 Distillation Curve—Critical for adequate engine per-
a result of environmental and economic concerns.
formance throughout the entire operability range, including
engine starting. Provide distillation points of Specification
6. Procedure
D910, Table 1 or D7547, Table 1 (Test Method D86).
6.2.2.5 Vapor Pressure—Important for vapor lock and en-
6.1 Special Considerations for Additives—The following
gine starting. Test at 38 °C (Test Method D5191).
procedure is applicable to both aviation gasolines and aviation
6.2.2.6 Net Heat of Combustion—Determines aircraft range
gasoline additives. Therefore, the terms “aviation gasoline,”
(Test Method D4809).
“gasoline,” and “fuel” will only be used to describe the test
product unless special considerations exist for additives. When 6.2.2.7 Density—Determines aircraft range, possible impact
on structure, weight, and balance and its impact under different
these special considerations for additives exist, they will be
specified in the appropriate section of the procedure. flight attitudes. Note that traditional density/range relationships
are based on traditional hydrocarbon fuels. The relationships
6.1.1 The additive’s final chemistry, carrier solvent, recom-
mended treatment level, location in the production or supply may change with different base compositions. Test at 15 °C
(Test Method D4052).
chain for treatment, and conditions for retreatment should be
identified. 6.2.2.8 Water Reaction and Separation—Important for con-
6.1.2 Complete information on the base fuel into which the trol of water in fuel and confirm the absence of significant
additive is to be added should be provided. If the base fuel is quantities of alcohol (Test Method D1094).
D7826 − 23b
TABLE 1 Phase 1—Summary of the Testing Required for the Preliminary Data Package and Draft Specification
Manufacturing Documentation
Documentation covering manufacture, pilot plant or full scale, quality control, typical and “worst case” analysis.
Laboratory Tests – Basic Specification Properties
Test Premise ASTM Test Method
MON Combustion anti-detonation quality D2700/IP 236
Supercharge Combustion anti-detonation quality D909/IP 119
Freeze Point Fluidity at low temperature/altitude D2386/IP 16
Sulfur, % by Mass Avoidance of fuel system and engine part corrosion D2622, D4294, D5453, or D7220
Distillation Engine starting and operability D86/IP 123
Vapor Pressure Combustion performance D5191/IP 394
Net Heat of Combustion Determines aircraft range D4809/IP 12
Density Aircraft range and structural considerations D4052/IP 365
Water Reaction Control of water in fuel D1094
Electrical Conductivity Fire safety D2624/IP 274
Fuel Composition Describes fuel composition GC X GC
Laboratory Tests – Fit For Purpose Properties – Part 1
Test Premise ASTM Test Method
Distillation Curve Engine operability D86/IP 123 and D7096
Liquid/Vapor Ratio Fuel vaporization characteristics D5188
Vapor Pressure Fuel vaporization characteristics D323/IP 69, or D5191
B
Viscosity Fluidity at low temperature experienced at altitude D445/IP 71 or D7042
Density Aircraft range and structural considerations D1298 or D4052
Water Solubility Control of water in fuel D6304/IP 160
Cloud Point Fluidity at low temperature/altitude D2500/IP 219
Pour Point Fluidity at low temperature/altitude D97/IP 15
Copper Strip Test Avoidance of fuel system and engine part corrosion D130
Additional Tests
Test Premise Refer to Sections
Preliminary Materials Compatibility To ensure compatibility with aviation fuel handling, 6.2.5
aircraft and engine components.
A
Optional Tests
A
Engine test To support laboratory data and demonstrate fuel 6.2.6
performance in full size engine.
A
Flight test To support operational performance. 6.2.7
A
These tests are not mandatory but may offer useful supporting data.
B
See 6.2.4.3 of this standard.
6.2.2.9 Electrical Conductivity—Fire safety (Test Methods tween method results should be made. Offerors may choose to
D2624). use either method; however, both the test fuel and a baseline
6.2.3 Fuel Composition—Detailed chemical analysis of hy- reference should be tested using the same method.
drocarbons and trace materials. The composition of additives 6.2.4.4 Density—Measure over operating temperature range
should be defined to the extent necessary to establish confor- per Test Methods D1298 or D4052.
mance of the products used for testing (GC X GC). 6.2.4.5 Water Solubility—Measure over operating tempera-
6.2.4 Fit-For-Purpose Properties, Part 1 (FFP-1)—The ture range per Test Method D6304.
following FFP-1 tests should be performed to evaluate the fuel 6.2.4.6 Low-Temperature Fuel Characterization—Phase
properties. The test results should be compared to the corre- transition to freezing as compared to Specification D910
sponding data for Specification D910 100LL or D7547 un- 100LL freeze point per Test Method D2386/IP 16 or Test
leaded fuels. The FFP-1 results for evaluation of additives Method D5972/IP 435, cloud point per Test Method D2500
should be compared to the corresponding data for the base fuel. (IP 219), and pour point per Test Method D97 (IP 15).
6.2.4.1 Distillation Characteristics—A complete boiling 6.2.4.7 Corrosion, Copper Strip—The requirement that
point distribution and comparison of the distillation curve, gasoline must pass the copper strip corrosion test provides
residue, and loss with Specification D910 100LL per Test assurance that the product will not corrode the metal parts of
Method D86. Include simulated distillation to Test Method fuel systems. Exposure testing should be performed for two
D7096. hours at 100 °C.
6.2.4.2 Fuel Vaporization Properties—Liquid/vapor ratio 6.2.5 Preliminary Materials Compatibility—Perform soak
per Test Methods D5188 and vapor pressure per Test Methods testing of two metallic materials from Table A2.1 (5052-0
D323 or D5191. Temperature for a vapor-liquid ratio of 20 aluminum, tube and AMS 4505 brass), and five categories of
should be reported. Temperatures of other vapor-liquid ratios nonmetallic materials from Table A2.2; (Buna – N (nitrile),
may be requested. fluorosilicone, and SAE AMS 7276 Viton), and five integral
6.2.4.3 Viscosity—Measure from freezing point to room fuel tank sealants (SAE AMS-S-8802, Type 1, Class B2; SAE
temperature per Test Method D445 or D7042. Because of a AMS-S-8802, Type 2, Class B2; AMS-3276 Type 2, Class B2;
lack of a precision statement with aviation gasoline and a lack AMS-3277 Type 2, Class B-2; and AMS-3281 Type 1, Class
of information regarding correspondence between test results B-1/2) in accordance with the procedures described in Annex
from the D445 and D7042, the test method used shall be A2 to measure property changes such as percent volume
reported. No statement overt or implied of equivalence be- change, hardness, tensile strength, and so forth. Perform tests
D7826 − 23b
of two additional groups of nonmetallic materials, MIL-DTL- (3) While these relationships can be developed over time,
6000 hose, and two types of materials as o-rings (AMS-P-5315 one cannot take a numerical value from a MON test and
necessarily apply it in practice, especially if the fuel formula-
Nitrile, and AMS-7276 fluorocarbon).
tion being tested contains no lead. An unleaded fuel with a
6.2.6 Engine Testing—The basic specification property data
given MON value may not be directly equivalent in resisting
and FFP-1 data should be compared to similar data for known
knock to a 100LL fuel of the same MON value. While fuel
aviation gasolines such as Specification D910 100LL. This
enrichment of air/fuel ratio is commonly used as knock
analysis should be used to determine the engine model to be
mitigation on SI piston aircraft engines, the mitigation for
used for these tests.
unleaded fuel that has the same MON may not be equivalent to
6.2.6.1 New production or newly overhauled engines that
a standard 100LL fuel. It is possible in an extreme case, where
have not been operated on any fuel other than the test fuel
the formulation of the unleaded fuel includes an increase in
should be used for this testing. The engine should be broken in
aromatics content, that knock mitigation may be much worse
and exclusively operated on only the test fuel. Limited opera-
during enrichment, or may not be able to mitigate detonation at
tion with other fuels may be permitted under controlled
all.
conditions if accompanied by purging run periods of accept-
6.2.7 The preliminary data package should provide data and
able duration.
summarize results of above fuel and engine testing. It should
include the draft specification properties that are sufficient to
6.2.6.2 Performance and Operability Testing—Engine-rated
control the performance of the fuel for testing in the next phase
power, steady-state performance, transient performance, and
of this procedure. Both the draft specification and preliminary
starting should be evaluated on a dynamometer-equipped
data package should be submitted as an initial ballot for
engine test stand that meets industry standards for facility
determination of the additional testing required to support the
configuration and instrumentation calibration. Performance
eventual balloting of the new specification.
data should be compared to the engine manufacturer’s pub-
lished performance data. 6.3 Phase 2—Upon completion of Phase 1, the following
tests and analysis should be conducted and the resulting data
6.2.6.3 Engine Detonation Testing—Detonation testing
should be compiled in an ASTM Research Report (see Table
should be conducted in accordance with the procedures de-
2).
scribed in ASTM International Specifications D6424 and
6.3.1 Production Report—A report describing the pilot plant
D6812. A detonation measurement system that uses piezoelec-
or, preferably, a refinery/chemical plant production process.
tric sensors that are flush mounted in the combustion chamber,
The fuel used in the following testing should be produced from
or a system found to be equivalent, should be used for this
representative production processes, including the fuel’s blend-
testing. Detonation threshold levels and measurement accuracy
ing components. Fuel produced for this phase should be
and sensitivity should be correlated to known systems.
derived from an integrated process from feedstock to finished
(1) Users of this guide are advised to sufficiently under-
fuel. Chemical facsimiles of production fuel or fuel produced
stand the purpose of the testing being conducted and the
in a manner not representative of finished production routes are
interpretation of the results obtained when measuring “detona-
not acceptable for development of an ASTM production
tion.” Detonation testing is a complex concept with different
specification.
considerations depending on the goal of the testing. Detonation
6.3.2 Fit-For-Purpose Properties, Part 2 (FFP-2)—FFP-2
testing is conducted to measure data as a property of the fuel
includes additional properties relating to engine and aircraft
(that is, MON, single cylinder testing in a CFR engine), as a
operability and performance and also includes properties
performance characteristic of the engine (that is, full-scale
relating to fuel handling and distribution. The data generated
engine mounted in a test cell), and as a characteristic of the
during this testing should be compared to corresponding data
aircraft system (that is, flight test). Offerors are advised to
for Specification D910 100LL fuel properties. Differences from
clearly understand the goal of the testing and, if necessary, to
Specification D910 FFPs should be reconciled in the research
obtain expert advice in the nuances of testing and interpretation
report. The FFP-2 results for evaluation of additives should be
of the results. Individual aircraft make/model/Serial Number
compared to the corresponding data for the base fuel.
installation effects may result in an installed octane require-
6.3.2.1 Carburetor Icing—A simulated or actual flight test
ment that differs from that of the controlled ground engine test.
evaluation of carburetor icing propensity of the candidate fuel.
(2) The effects of detonation on the MON D2700 CFR
An example of carburetor testing may be seen in Coordinating
engine have correlated implications to what occurs in a high
Report No. AV-17-13.
speed, highly loaded, turbo/supercharged aircraft engine.
6.3.2.2 Fuel Gauging and Capacitance—Comparative
While such correlations have successfully been developed for analysis to 100LL per Test Methods D2624 or D4308.
traditional aviation gasoline formulations such as 100LL, they 6.3.2.3 Conductivity and Static Charge Dissipation—
should not be taken at face value for suitability of the octane Comparative analysis to 100LL over the operating temperature
range per Guide D4865.
number requirement of new formulations. The relationship
between individual aircraft make/model serial number instal-
lation effects and the octane ground engine test may not be
completely understood and the difference in installed octane 12
Available from Coordinating Research Council, 5755 North Point Parkway,
requirement may be affected. Suite 265, Alpharetta, GA 30022, www.crcao.org.
D7826 − 23b
TABLE 2 Phase 2—Summary of Testing Required for the ASTM Research Report
Preliminary Data Package
Include all test data from Table 1 in the final ASTM Research Report.
Manufacturing Documentation
Documentation covering manufacture, pilot plant or full scale, quality control, typical and “worst case” analysis.
Laboratory Tests – Fit For Purpose Properties – Part 2
Test Premise ASTM Test Method
Carburetor Icing Cold weather fuel system operation Refer to 6.3.2.1
Fuel Gauging and Capacitance Aircraft range measurement D2624/IP 274 or D4308
Conductivity and Static Charge Dissipation Fire safety D4865
Surface Tension Fuel system operation D1331
Thermal Conductivity Engine cooling D2717
Dielectric Constant Aircraft range measurement D924
Hot Surface Ignition Temp Engine durability FED-STD-791 or ISO 20823
Gum Formation Storage stability D873/IP 138
Potential Gums Storage stability D873/IP 138
Water Reaction Water control D1094
Microbial Contamination Contamination control D6469
Electrical Conductivity Fire safety D2624
Fuel Weathering Long-term fuel performance User defined
Test Method Validation Fuel performance control Refer to 6.3.2.14
Additive Response and Compatibility Fuel property control Refer to 6.1 and Annex A1
100LL Fuel Compatibility Fuel property control Refer to 6.3.2.16
Lube Oil Compatibility Engine durability Refer to 6.3.2.17
Fuel Coloration Mis-fueling control D156 or D1500/IP 196
Health, Safety, and Environmental Personnel health Refer to 6.3.2.19
Toxicity Refer to 6.3.2.20
Long-Term Fuel Storage Stability Storage stability D873/IP 138
Laboratory Tests Fuel property control Refer to 6.3.2.22
Fuel Distribution System Fuel quality control Refer to 6.3.2.23
Component Compatibility User defined
Emissions Environmental impact Refer to 6.3.2.24
Additional Tests
Test Premise Refer to Sections
Final Materials Compatibility To ensure compatibility with aviation fuel handling, 6.3.3
aircraft and engine components.
Component Testing 6.3.4
Aircraft Operation and Safety Tests
Engine Test To support laboratory data and demonstrate fuel 6.3.5
performance in full size engine.
Flight Test To support operational performance. 6.3.6
6.3.2.4 Surface tension versus temperature compared to include anti-knock capability, cold starting, and so forth. The
baseline test fluid per Test Method D1331. method for weathering the fuel and selection of data collected
6.3.2.5 Thermal conductivity versus temperature compared is user defined. The offeror is encouraged to obtain industry
to baseline test fluid per Test Method D2717.
input on the weathering plan prior to execution.
6.3.2.6 Dielectric constant versus density compared to base-
6.3.2.14 Test Method Validation—Test methods and associ-
line test fluid per Test Method D924. Users should be aware
ated criteria are based on Specification D910. They need to be
this test method includes the capacitance of the air which may
validated for applicability and accuracy with the new fuel.
contribute to variability in resulting test values.
Additional and/or replacement methods should be provided.
6.3.2.7 Hot surface ignition temperature compared to base-
6.3.2.15 Additive Response and Compatibility—The new
line test fluid using FED-STD-791, Test Method D6053
fuel should respond to currently approved additives in the same
Manifold Ignition Test, or ISO 20823.
manner as existing fuels, such as Specification D910 100LL
6.3.2.8 Gum formation per Test Method D873.
fuel. Typical additives are antioxidants, fuel system icing
6.3.2.9 Potential Gums—Test Method D873.
inhibitor (FSII), electrical conductivity, and corrosion inhibitor.
6.3.2.10 Water reaction per Test Method D1094.
Refer to Annex A1.
6.3.2.11 Microbial Contamination Susceptibility per Guide
(1) New additives should be evaluated for compatibility
D6469 and Test Method E1259—Since alkyl lead compounds
with additives approved for the base fuel in accordance with
are biocides, microbial growth has not generally been an issue
Annex A1 and Annex A2.
in aviation gasoline containing lead compounds. However,
6.3.2.16 100LL Fuel Compatibility—Data indicates that
microbial growth in lead-free aviation gasoline could become
MON and other fuel properties may not vary linearly when
a concern. Microbial growth should be compared with Speci-
mixing 100LL with other liquid fuels. Fuel blends need to be
fication D910 fuels or suitably identified test fluid over ambient
prepared representing the range of blend ratios with 100LL of
operating range and fuel compositional range.
6.3.2.12 Electrical conductivity per Test Methods D2624. 20:80, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 80:20. Table 1 properties from
Specifications D910, D7547, D6227, or D7719 as appropriate
6.3.2.13 Fuel Stability Over Time (Weathering)—Evaluate
for impact on fuel performance over long-duration storage, shall be confirmed at each blend ratio.
D7826 − 23b
6.3.2.17 Lubricating Oil Compatibility—Assessment of the (3) Density—Density appropriate for storage/manual han-
fuel’s compatibility with lubricating oils approved for use with dling (drums).
aviation piston engines. It is recommended the assessment be
6.3.2.22 Laboratory Tests—The fuel properties and quality
accomplished by evaluating the oil from the engine Durability
should be controlled by laboratory tests, which are readily
and Operability test (see 6.3.2(1)).
available. Currently available personal protective equipment
(1) Data from engine durability testing may be used to
(for example, flame-resistant meta-aramid material coats,
support this analysis. Sample the oil before (virgin sample for
gloves) should be appropriate for conducting specified labora-
baseline), every 25 h during testing, and after the engine test
tory tests.
using industry standard pra
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7826 − 23a D7826 − 23b
Standard Guide for
Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation
Gasoline Additives
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7826; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline
additives.
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as
an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in
the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume
production.
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions
for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in
Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New
Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give
appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not
every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide
may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition,
performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.
1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation
gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.6.1 Exception—Some industry standard methodologies utilize imperial units as their primary system (permeability; Table A2.2).
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.02 on Aviation Piston Engine Fuels.
Current edition approved July 1, 2023Nov. 1, 2023. Published July 2023December 2023. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as
D7826 – 23.D7826 – 23a. DOI: 10.1520/D7826-23A.10.1520/D7826-23B.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7826 − 23b
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D395 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
D892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils
D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
D924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical
Insulating Liquids
D943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oils
D1002 Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading
(Metal-to-Metal)
D1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials—Sponge or Expanded Rubber
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Paints, Solvents, Solutions of Surface-Active Agents,
and Related Materials
D1414 Test Methods for Rubber O-Rings
D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)
D1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Cellular Plastics
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
D2344/D2344M Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor (Withdrawn 2022)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Liquids (Withdrawn 2018)
D2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration
D3339 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Semi-Micro Color Indicator Titration
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
D3525 Test Method for Gasoline Fuel Dilution in Used Gasoline Engine Oils by Wide-Bore Capillary Gas Chromatography
D3652 Test Method for Thickness of Pressure-Sensitive Tapes
D3762 Test Method for Adhesive-Bonded Surface Durability of Aluminum (Wedge Test) (Withdrawn 2019)
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
D7826 − 23b
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4308 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber and Piston Based
Method)
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5762 Test Method for Nitrogen in Liquid Hydrocarbons, Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Boat-Inlet Chemiluminescence
D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Phase Transition Method)
D6053 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content of Electrical Insulating Varnishes
D6227 Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl
Fischer Titration
D6424 Practice for Octane Rating Naturally Aspirated Spark Ignition Aircraft Engines
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
D6812 Practice for Ground-Based Octane Rating Procedures for Turbocharged/Supercharged Spark Ignition Aircraft Engines
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
D7096 Test Method for Determination of the Boiling Range Distribution of Gasoline by Wide-Bore Capillary Gas
Chromatography
D7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence
Spectrometry
D7547 Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
D7719 Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel
E659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Chemicals
E1259 Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390 °C
2.2 EI Standards:
EI 1529 Aviation fuelling hose and hose assemblies
EI 1581 Specification and qualification procedures for aviation jet fuel filter/separators
EI 1583 Laboratory tests and minimum performance levels for aviation fuel filter monitors
EI 1590 Specifications and qualification procedures for aviation fuel microfilters
2.3 MODUK Standard:
MODUK DEF STAN 80-97 Paint System, for the Interior of Bulk Fuel Tank and Fittings, Multi-Pack
2.4 ISO Standards:
ISO 1825 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies for aircraft ground fuelling and defuelling—Specification
ISO 20823 Determination of the flammability characteristics of fluids in contact with hot surfaces—Manifold ignition test
2.5 UL Standard:
UL 94 Standard for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances Testing
2.6 Federal Standards:
DOT/FAA/AR-03/21 Characterization of In-Plane, Shear-Loaded Adhesive Lap Joints: Experiments and Analysis
DOT/FAA/AR-06/10 Guidelines and Recommended Criteria for the Development of a Material Specification for Carbon
Fiber/Epoxy Fabric Prepregs
14 CFR Part 33:49 Block Tests; Reciprocating Aircraft Engines—Endurance Test
Fed-Std-791 Testing Method of Lubricants, Liquid Fuels, and Related Products
MIL-S-8802 Sealing Compound, Temperature-Resistant, Integral Fuel Tanks and Fuel Cell Cavities, High-Adhesion
MIL-DTL-6000 Hose, Rubber, Aircraft, Fuel, Oil, Coolant, Water, and Alcohol
Federal Aviation Administration, TSO-C80 Flexible and Oil Cell Material
Available from Publications Team, Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London W1G 7AR, UK, http://www.energyinst.org.
Available from UK Defence Standardization, Kentigern House, Rm. 1138, 65 Brown St., Glasgow G2 8EX.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas, WA 98607-8542, http://www.ul.com.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http://www.faa.gov.
D7826 − 23b
2.7 SAE Standards:
SAE AMS 3276 Sealing Compound, Integral Fuel Tanks and General Purpose, Intermittent Use to 360 °F (182 °C)
SAE AMS 3277 Sealing Compound, Polythioether Rubber Fast Curing for Integral Fuel Tanks and General Purpose, Intermittent
Use to 360 °F (182 °C)
SAE AMS 3281 Sealing Compound, Polysulfide (T) Synthetic Rubber for Integral Fuel Tank and Fuel Cell Cavities Low
Density for Intermittent Use to 360 °F (182 °C)
SAE AS4842 Fittings and Bosses, Pipe Threaded, Fluid Connection
SAE AS5127 Aerospace Standard Test Methods for Aerospace Sealants Two-Component Synthetic Rubber Compounds
SAE AMS-P-5315 Acrylonitrile-butadiene (NBR) Rubber For Fuel-Resistant Seals 60 to 70
SAE AMS-C-6183 Cork and Rubber Composition Sheet; for Aromatic Fuel and Oil Resistant Gaskets
SAE AMS 7276 Rubber: Fluorocarbon (FKM) High-Temperature-Fluid Resistant Low Compression Set for Seals in Fuel
Systems and Specific Engine Oil Systems
SAE AMS-S-8802 Sealing Compound, Fuel Resistant, Integral Fuel Tanks and Fuel Cell Cavities
2.8 IP Standards:
IP 12 Determination of Specific Energy
IP 15 Determination of Pour Point
IP 16 Determination of Freezing Point of Aviation fuels—Manual Method
IP 69 Determination of Vapour Pressure—Reid Method
IP 71 Transparent and Opaque Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity
IP 119 Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasolines by the Supercharged Method
IP 123 Determination of Distillation Characteristics at Atmospheric Pressure
IP 138 Determination of Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuel Potential Residue Method
IP 160 Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products—Laboratory Determination of Density— Hydrometer Method
IP 196 Determination of Colour (ASTM scale)
IP 219 Determination of Cloud Point
IP 236 Determination of Knock Characteristics of Motor and Aviation Fuels—Motor Method
IP 274 Determination of Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
IP 365 Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products—Determination of Density—Oscillating U-tube Method
IP 394 Liquid Petroleum Products—Vapour Pressure—Part 1: Determination of Air Saturated Vapour Pressure (ASVP) and
Calculated Dry Vapour Pressure Equivalent (DVPE)
IP 435 Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Automatic Phase Transition Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 additive, n—in aviation gasoline, substance added to a base aviation gasoline in relatively small amounts that either enables
that base aviation gasoline to meet the applicable specification properties or does not alter the applicable specification properties
of that base aviation gasoline beyond allowable limits.
3.2.2 aviation gasoline, n—fuel derived from petroleum or non-petroleum materials possessing specific properties suitable for
operating aircraft powered by spark-ignition piston engines.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
Principal properties include combustion, fluidity, volatility corrosion, stability, water shedding, and detonation-free performance
in the engine (or engines) for which it is intended. In the context of this guide, the terms “fuel” and “gasoline” are interchangeable.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.3.1 critical altitude, n—maximum altitude at which, in standard atmosphere, it is possible to maintain at a specific engine
revolutions per minute (RPM), a specified power, or a specified manifold pressure.
3.3.1.1 Discussion—
Unless otherwise stated, the critical altitude is the maximum altitude at which it is possible to maintain, at the maximum engine
RPM, one of the following:
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
D7826 − 23b
(1) The maximum continuous power, in the case of engines for which this power rating is the same, at sea level and at the rated
altitude, or
(2) The maximum continuous rated manifold pressure, in the case of engines, the maximum continuous power of which is
governed by a constant manifold pressure.
3.3.2 fit-for-purpose (FFP), adj—in aviation gasoline, describes a condition of acceptance of an aviation fuel or aviation fuel
additive that signifies acceptable performance in existing and future aircraft and aircraft engines, but not necessarily all existing
or future aircraft and engines.
3.3.3 fit-for-purpose properties, n—characteristics of an aviation fuel or aviation fuel additive in the fuel that are not controlled
by the fuel specification or specification properties but that are specified for evaluation in addition to the specification properties
to provide a comprehensive assessment of the suitability of an aviation fuel for use on existing or future aircraft and aircraft
engines, but not necessarily all existing or future aircraft and engines.
3.3.4 sponsor, n—entity submitting a new fuel or new fuel additive for review.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This guide gives sponsors of a new aviation gasoline or aviation gasoline additive guidance on evaluation procedures using
both laboratory and aircraft equipment. This guide includes requirements that address the following subjects:
4.1.1 Basic specification properties;
4.1.2 Fit-for-purpose properties, including compatibility with other aviation gasolines and aviation piston-engine lubricants;
4.1.3 Materials compatibility;
4.1.4 Aircraft component bench or rig testing;
4.1.5 Engine test cell evaluation; and
4.1.6 Aircraft flight test evaluation.
4.2 The procedure for new aviation gasolines is organized into Phase 1 and Phase 2. Details of the two phases are described below:
4.2.1 Phase 1 is intended to provide data and information sufficient to provide an initial understanding of the performance and
properties of the candidate new aviation gasoline and to help guide the subsequent Phase 2 testing. A preliminary data package
produced in accordance with 6.2 of this guide and an associated draft specification should be prepared to support the initial ASTM
task force and subcommittee review. The preliminary data package and the draft specification should be submitted for
subcommittee review in an initial ballot.
4.2.2 Phase 2 consists of the development of the final data set and the balloting of the ASTM Research Report and proposed
specification to the subcommittee and/or committee. Based on feedback from the subcommittee in response to the initial ballot,
the preliminary data should be supplemented with data developed in accordance with 6.3 of this guide. The entire data set should
then be compiled in an ASTM Research Report and balloted along with the proposed specification to the subcommittee and/or
committee.
4.3 The procedure to evaluate new aviation gasolines or aviation gasoline additives is progressive and iterative in nature with the
extent of continued testing determined by the fuel properties, characteristics, and test results revealed at each successive stage. The
extent of testing can be expected to grow with increasing degree of divergence from the properties, performance, and experience
with existing aviation gasolines. This degree of divergence and its consequences are evaluated during the analysis of data provided
in the preliminary data package or the research report.
4.4 The procedure for new aviation gasoline additives consists of test specification, Fit For Purpose 1 (FFP-1) and, where
appropriate, Fit for Purpose 2 (FFP-2) testing.
D7826 − 23b
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements
necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data
generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the
property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.
5.2 This guide is not an approval process. It is intended to describe test and analysis requirements necessary to generate data to
support specification development. This guide does not address the approval process for ASTM International standards.
5.3 This guide will reduce the uncertainty and risk to developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives by describing
the test and analysis requirements necessary to proceed with the development of an ASTM International specification for aviation
gasoline or specification revision for an aviation gasoline additive. There are certain sections within this guide that do not specify
an exact number of data points required. For example, 6.2.4.3 requires viscosity to be measured from freezing point to room
temperature; 6.2.4.4, 6.2.4.5, and 6.3.2.3 require measurements over the operating temperature range; 6.3.2.4 and 6.3.2.5 require
measurements versus temperature. In these cases, the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives should attempt
to generate data close to the upper and lower boundaries indicated. If no boundary is specified (for example, generate data versus
temperature), then data at the widest practical test limits should be generated. A minimum of three data points is required in all
cases (for example, upper, middle, lower), while five or more data points are preferred.
5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International
approval of a specification or specification revision. The final requirements will be dependent upon the specific formulation and
performance of the candidate fuel and be determined by the ASTM International task forces and committees charged with
overseeing the specification development.
5.5 This guide is intended to describe data to be used to make a determination of the suitability of the proposed fuel or additive
for use in existing or future aircraft and engines, but not necessarily for use in all existing or future aircraft and engines.
5.6 This guide does not describe data requirements of other approving authorities, such as national aviation regulatory authorities,
or of other organizations or industry associations. However, the data generated in the conduct of the procedure may be useful for
other purposes or other organizations.
5.7 Over 200 000 piston-engine aircraft rely on Specification D910 lead-containing aviation gasoline (avgas) for safe operation.
There has been an increase in the research and development of alternatives to Specification D910 gasolines as a result of
environmental and economic concerns.
6. Procedure
6.1 Special Considerations for Additives—The following procedure is applicable to both aviation gasolines and aviation gasoline
additives. Therefore, the terms “aviation gasoline,” “gasoline,” and “fuel” will only be used to describe the test product unless
special considerations exist for additives. When these special considerations for additives exist, they will be specified in the
appropriate section of the procedure.
6.1.1 The additive’s final chemistry, carrier solvent, recommended treatment level, location in the production or supply chain for
treatment, and conditions for retreatment should be identified.
6.1.2 Complete information on the base fuel into which the additive is to be added should be provided. If the base fuel is fuel
approved to current major aviation gasoline specifications such as Specifications D910, D7547, D6227, or D7719, this shall be
noted and all further testing shall be done on fuel samples blended with locally available fuel.
6.1.3 All testing of additives, unless otherwise noted, should be conducted with base fuel containing 400 % (4×) of the maximum
additive dosage.
6.2 Phase 1: Draft Specification and Preliminary Data Package—The tests and analysis in Table 1 should be conducted and the
resulting data should be compiled for review by the task force and subcommittee.
D7826 − 23b
TABLE 1 Phase 1—Summary of the Testing Required for the Preliminary Data Package and Draft Specification
Manufacturing Documentation
Documentation covering manufacture, pilot plant or full scale, quality control, typical and “worst case” analysis.
Laboratory Tests – Basic Specification Properties
Test Premise ASTM Test Method
MON Combustion anti-detonation quality D2700/IP 236
Supercharge Combustion anti-detonation quality D909/IP 119
Freeze Point Fluidity at low temperature/altitude D2386/IP 16
Sulfur, % by Mass Avoidance of fuel system and engine part corrosion D2622, D4294, D5453, or D7220
Distillation Engine starting and operability D86/IP 123
Vapor Pressure Combustion performance D5191/IP 394
Net Heat of Combustion Determines aircraft range D4809/IP 12
Density Aircraft range and structural considerations D4052/IP 365
Water Reaction Control of water in fuel D1094
Electrical Conductivity Fire safety D2624/IP 274
Fuel Composition Describes fuel composition GC X GC
Laboratory Tests – Fit For Purpose Properties – Part 1
Test Premise ASTM Test Method
Distillation Curve Engine operability D86/IP 123 and D7096
Liquid/Vapor Ratio Fuel vaporization characteristics D5188
Vapor Pressure Fuel vaporization characteristics D323/IP 69, or D5191
B
Viscosity Fluidity at low temperature experienced at altitude D445/IP 71 or D7042
Density Aircraft range and structural considerations D1298 or D4052
Water Solubility Control of water in fuel D6304/IP 160
Cloud Point Fluidity at low temperature/altitude D2500/IP 219
Pour Point Fluidity at low temperature/altitude D97/IP 15
Copper Strip Test Avoidance of fuel system and engine part corrosion D130
Additional Tests
Test Premise Refer to Sections
Preliminary Materials Compatibility To ensure compatibility with aviation fuel handling, 6.2.5
aircraft and engine components.
A
Optional Tests
A
Engine test To support laboratory data and demonstrate fuel 6.2.6
performance in full size engine.
A
Flight test To support operational performance. 6.2.7
A
These tests are not mandatory but may offer useful supporting data.
B
See 6.2.4.3 of this standard.
6.2.1 Pilot Production Report—A report describing the simulated production, pilot plant ramp up, and/or production capability to
confirm that adequate production capacity is available to support the test and analyses of this procedure. Ideally, several batches
of fuel should be produced to reflect a range of specification properties to support “worst-case” testing of fuel for the below
requirements.
6.2.2 Basic Specification Properties—These should be based on, but not be limited to, Specification D910 Table 1 or Specification
D7547 Table 1 properties. The basic specification property results for evaluation of additives should be compared to the
corresponding data for the base fuel. Special focus should be provided for the following properties:
6.2.2.1 Octane—This requirement should consider the variations in the correlation between the motor octane test (Test Method
D2700) and the rich rating test (Test Method D909) with actual engine anti-knock capability for unleaded fuels.
6.2.2.2 Freezing Point—Critical for flight safety (Test Method D2386).
6.2.2.3 Total Sulfur Content—Total sulfur content of aviation fuels is significant because the products of combustion of
sulfur-containing compounds can cause corrosive wear of engine parts.
(1) There are multiple available test methods for measuring total sulfur in petroleum products: D2622, D4294, D5453, and
D7220. The test method chosen should be based on the product type as specified in the method’s scope, as well as a consideration
of the limitations and interferences of each method as compared to the composition of the fuel or additive blend being tested. See
Appendix X1 for further discussion.
6.2.2.4 Distillation Curve—Critical for adequate engine performance throughout the entire operability range, including engine
starting. Provide distillation points of Specification D910, Table 1 or D7547, Table 1 (Test Method D86).
6.2.2.5 Vapor Pressure—Important for vapor lock and engine starting. Test at 38 °C (Test Method D5191).
6.2.2.6 Net Heat of Combustion—Determines aircraft range (Test Method D4809).
D7826 − 23b
6.2.2.7 Density—Determines aircraft range, possible impact on structure, weight, and balance and its impact under different flight
attitudes. Note that traditional density/range relationships are based on traditional hydrocarbon fuels. The relationships may change
with different base compositions. Test at 15 °C (Test Method D4052).
6.2.2.8 Water Reaction and Separation—Important for control of water in fuel and confirm the absence of significant quantities
of alcohol (Test Method D1094).
6.2.2.9 Electrical Conductivity—Fire safety (Test Methods D2624).
6.2.3 Fuel Composition—Detailed chemical analysis of hydrocarbons and trace materials. The composition of additives should be
defined to the extent necessary to establish conformance of the products used for testing (GC X GC).
6.2.4 Fit-For-Purpose Properties, Part 1 (FFP-1)—The following FFP-1 tests should be performed to evaluate the fuel properties.
The test results should be compared to the corresponding data for Specification D910 100LL or D7547 unleaded fuels. The FFP-1
results for evaluation of additives should be compared to the corresponding data for the base fuel.
6.2.4.1 Distillation Characteristics—A complete boiling point distribution and comparison of the distillation curve, residue, and
loss with Specification D910 100LL per Test Method D86. Include simulated distillation to Test Method D7096.
6.2.4.2 Fuel Vaporization Properties—Liquid/vapor ratio per Test Methods D5188 and vapor pressure per Test Methods D323 or
D5191. Temperature for a vapor-liquid ratio of 20 should be reported. Temperatures of other vapor-liquid ratios may be requested.
6.2.4.3 Viscosity—Measure from freezing point to room temperature per Test Method D445 or D7042. Because of a lack of a
precision statement with aviation gasoline and a lack of information regarding correspondence between test results from the D445
and D7042, the test method used shall be reported. No statement overt or implied of equivalence between method results should
be made. Offerors may choose to use either method; however, both the test fuel and a baseline reference should be tested using
the same method.
6.2.4.4 Density—Measure over operating temperature range per Test Methods D1298 or D4052.
6.2.4.5 Water Solubility—Measure over operating temperature range per Test Method D6304.
6.2.4.6 Low-Temperature Fuel Characterization—Phase transition to freezing as compared to Specification D910 100LL freeze
point per Test Method D2386/IP 16 or Test Method D5972/IP 435, cloud point per Test Method D2500 (IP 219), and pour point
per Test Method D97 (IP 15).
6.2.4.7 Corrosion, Copper Strip—The requirement that gasoline must pass the copper strip corrosion test provides assurance that
the product will not corrode the metal parts of fuel systems. Exposure testing should be performed for two hours at 100 °C.
6.2.5 Preliminary Materials Compatibility—Perform soak testing of two metallic materials from Table A2.1 (5052-0 aluminum,
tube and AMS 4505 brass), and five categories of nonmetallic materials from Table A2.2; (Buna – N (nitrile), fluorosilicone, and
SAE AMS 7276 Viton), and five integral fuel tank sealants (SAE AMS-S-8802, Type 1, Class B2; SAE AMS-S-8802, Type 2, Class
B2; AMS-3276 Type 2, Class B2; AMS-3277 Type 2, Class B-2; and AMS-3281 Type 1, Class B-1/2) in accordance with the
procedures described in Annex A2 to measure property changes such as percent volume change, hardness, tensile strength, and so
forth. Perform tests of two additional groups of nonmetallic materials, MIL-DTL-6000 hose, and two types of materials as o-rings
(AMS-P-5315 Nitrile, and AMS-7276 fluorocarbon).
6.2.6 Engine Testing—The basic specification property data and FFP-1 data should be compared to similar data for known aviation
gasolines such as Specification D910 100LL. This analysis should be used to determine the engine model to be used for these tests.
6.2.6.1 New production or newly overhauled engines that have not been operated on any fuel other than the test fuel should be
used for this testing. The engine should be broken in and exclusively operated on only the test fuel. Limited operation with other
fuels may be permitted under controlled conditions if accompanied by purging run periods of acceptable duration.
6.2.6.2 Performance and Operability Testing—Engine-rated power, steady-state performance, transient performance, and starting
should be evaluated on a dynamometer-equipped engine test stand that meets industry standards for facility configuration and
instrumentation calibration. Performance data should be compared to the engine manufacturer’s published performance data.
D7826 − 23b
6.2.6.3 Engine Detonation Testing—Detonation testing should be conducted in accordance with the procedures described in
ASTM International Specifications D6424 and D6812. A detonation measurement system that uses piezoelectric sensors that are
flush mounted in the combustion chamber, or a system found to be equivalent, should be used for this testing. Detonation threshold
levels and measurement accuracy and sensitivity should be correlated to known systems.
(1) Users of this guide are advised to sufficiently understand the purpose of the testing being conducted and the interpretation
of the results obtained when measuring “detonation.” Detonation testing is a complex concept with different considerations
depending on the goal of the testing. Detonation testing is conducted to measure data as a property of the fuel (that is, MON, single
cylinder testing in a CFR engine), as a performance characteristic of the engine (that is, full-scale engine mounted in a test cell),
and as a characteristic of the aircraft system (that is, flight test). Offerors are advised to clearly understand the goal of the testing
and, if necessary, to obtain expert advice in the nuances of testing and interpretation of the results. Individual aircraft
make/model/Serial Number installation effects may result in an installed octane requirement that differs from that of the controlled
ground engine test.
(2) The effects of detonation on the MON D2700 CFR engine have correlated implications to what occurs in a high speed,
highly loaded, turbo/supercharged aircraft engine. While such correlations have successfully been developed for traditional
aviation gasoline formulations such as 100LL, they should not be taken at face value for suitability of the octane number
requirement of new formulations. The relationship between individual aircraft make/model serial number installation effects and
the octane ground engine test may not be completely understood and the difference in installed octane requirement may be affected.
(3) While these relationships can be developed over time, one cannot take a numerical value from a MON test and necessarily
apply it in practice, especially if the fuel formulation being tested contains no lead. An unleaded fuel with a given MON value may
not be directly equivalent in resisting knock to a 100LL fuel of the same MON value. While fuel enrichment of air/fuel ratio is
commonly used as knock mitigation on SI piston aircraft engines, the mitigation for unleaded fuel that has the same MON may
not be equivalent to a standard 100LL fuel. It is possible in an extreme case, where the formulation of the unleaded fuel includes
an increase in aromatics content, that knock mitigation may be much worse during enrichment, or may not be able to mitigate
detonation at all.
6.2.7 The preliminary data package should provide data and summarize results of above fuel and engine testing. It should include
the draft specification properties that are sufficient to control the performance of the fuel for testing in the next phase of this
procedure. Both the draft specification and preliminary data package should be submitted as an initial ballot for determination of
the additional testing required to support the eventual balloting of the new specification.
6.3 Phase 2—Upon completion of Phase 1, the following tests and analysis should be conducted and the resulting data should be
compiled in an ASTM Research Report (see Table 2).
6.3.1 Production Report—A report describing the pilot plant or, preferably, a refinery/chemical plant production process. The fuel
used in the following testing should be produced from representative production processes, including the fuel’s blending
components. Fuel produced for this phase should be derived from an integrated process from feedstock to finished fuel. Chemical
facsimiles of production fuel or fuel produced in a manner not representative of finished production routes are not acceptable for
development of an ASTM production specification.
6.3.2 Fit-For-Purpose Properties, Part 2 (FFP-2)—FFP-2 includes additional properties relating to engine and aircraft operability
and performance and also includes properties relating to fuel handling and distribution. The data generated during this testing
should be compared to corresponding data for Specification D910 100LL fuel properties. Differences from Specification D910
FFPs should be reconciled in the research report. The FFP-2 results for evaluation of additives should be compared to the
corresponding data for the base fuel.
6.3.2.1 Carburetor Icing—A simulated or actual flight test evaluation of carburetor icing propensity of the candidate fuel. An
example of carburetor testing may be seen in Coordinating Report No. AV-17-13.
6.3.2.2 Fuel Gauging and Capacitance—Comparative analysis to 100LL per Test Methods D2624 or D4308.
6.3.2.3 Conductivity and Static Charge Dissipation—Comparative analysis to 100LL over the operating temperature range per
Guide D4865.
6.3.2.4 Surface tension versus temperature compared to baseline test fluid per Test Method D1331.
Available from Coordinating Research Council, 5755 North Point Parkway, Suite 265, Alpharetta, GA 30022, www.crcao.org.
D7826 − 23b
TABLE 2 Phase 2—Summary of Testing Required for the ASTM Research Report
Preliminary Data Package
Include all test data from Table 1 in the final ASTM Research Report.
Manufacturing Documentation
Documentation covering manufacture, pilot plant or full scale, quality control, typical and “worst case” analysis.
Laboratory Tests – Fit For Purpose Properties – Part 2
Test Premise ASTM Test Method
Carburetor Icing Cold weather fuel system operation Refer to 6.3.2.1
Fuel Gauging and Capacitance Aircraft range measurement D2624/IP 274 or D4308
Conductivity and Static Charge Dissipation Fire safety D4865
Surface Tension Fuel system operation D1331
Thermal Conductivity Engine cooling D2717
Dielectric Constant Aircraft range measurement D924
Hot Surface Ignition Temp Engine durability FED-STD-791 or ISO 20823
Gum Formation Storage stability D873/IP 138
Potential Gums Storage stability D873/IP 138
Water Reaction Water control D1094
Microbial Contamination Contamination control D6469
Electrical Conductivity Fire safety D2624
Fuel Weathering Long-term fuel performance User defined
Test Method Validation Fuel performance control Refer to 6.3.2.14
Additive Response and Compatibility Fuel property control Refer to 6.1 and Annex A1
100LL Fuel Compatibility Fuel property control Refer to 6.3.2.16
Lube Oil Compatibility Engine durability Refer to 6.3.2.17
Fuel Coloration Mis-fueling control D156 or D1500/IP 196
Health, Safety, and Environmental Personnel health Refer to 6.3.2.19
Toxicity Refer to 6.3.2.20
Long-Term Fuel Storage Stability Storage stability D873/IP 138
Laboratory Tests Fuel property control Refer to 6.3.2.22
Fuel Distribution System Fuel quality control Refer to 6.3.2.23
Component Compatibility User defined
Emissions Environmental impact Refer to 6.3.2.24
Additional Tests
Test Premise Refer to Sections
Final Materials Compatibility To ensure compatibility with aviation fuel handling, 6.3.3
aircraft and engine components.
Component Testing 6.3.4
Aircraft Operation and Safety Tests
Engine Test To support laboratory data and demonstrate fuel 6.3.5
performance in full size engine.
Flight Test To support operational performance. 6.3.6
6.3.2.5 Thermal conductivity versus temperature compared to baseline test fluid per Test Method D2717.
6.3.2.6 Dielectric constant versus density compared to baseline test fluid per Test Method D924. Users should be aware this test
method includes the capacitance of the air which may contribute to variability in resulting test values.
6.3.2.7 Hot surface ignition temperature compared to baseline test fluid using FED-STD-791, Test Method D6053 Manifold
Ignition Test, or ISO 20823.
6.3.2.8 Gum formation per Test Method D873.
6.3.2.9 Potential Gums—Test Method D873.
6.3.2.10 Water reaction per Test Method D1094.
6.3.2.11 Microbial Contamination Susceptibility per Guide D6469 and Test Method E1259—Since alkyl lead compounds are
biocides, microbial growth has not generally been an issue in aviation gasoline containing lead compounds. However, microbial
growth in lead-free aviation gasoline could become a concern. Microbial growth should be compared with Specification D910 fuels
or suitably identified test fluid over ambient operating range and fuel compositional range.
6.3.2.12 Electrical conductivity per Test Methods D2624.
6.3.2.13 Fuel Stability Over Time (Weathering)—Evaluate for impact on fuel performance over long-duration storage, include
anti-knock capability, cold starting, and so forth. The method for weathering the fuel and selection of data collected is user defined.
The offeror is encouraged to obtain industry input on the weathering plan prior to execution.
D7826 − 23b
6.3.2.14 Test Method Validation—Test methods and associated criteria are based on Specification D910. They need to be validated
for applicability and accuracy with the new fuel. Additional and/or replacement methods should be provided.
6.3.2.15 Additive Response and Compatibility—The new fuel should respond to currently approved additives in the same manner
as existing fuels, such as Specification D910 100LL fuel. Typical additives are antioxidants, fuel system icing inhibitor (FSII),
electrical conductivity, and corrosion inhibitor. Refer to Annex A1.
(1) New additives should be evaluated for compatibility with additives approved for the base fuel in accordance with Annex
A1 and Annex A2.
6.3.2.16 100LL Fuel Compatibility—Data indicates that MON and other fuel properties may not vary linearly when mixing 100LL
with other liquid fuels. Fuel blends need to be prepared representing the range of blend ratios with 100LL of 20:80, 30:70, 50:50,
70:30, and 80:20. Table 1 properties from Specifications D910, D7547, D6227, or D7719 as appropriate shall be confirmed at each
blend ratio.
6.3.2.17 Lubricating Oil Compatibility—Assessment of the fuel’s compatibility with lubricating oils approved for use with
aviation piston engines. It is recommended the assessment be accomplished by evaluating the oil from the engine Durability and
Operability test (see 6.3.2(1)).
(1) Data from engine durability testing may be used to support this analysis. Sample the oil before (virgin sample for baseline),
every 25 h during testing, and after the engine test using industry standard practices (Practice D4057). Execute a standard oil
analysis including a spectrometric oil analysis program (SOAP) test for wear materials, physical properties changes including acid
number (Test Methods D664 or D3339), base num
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