ASTM E2905/E2905M-19
(Practice)Standard Practice for Examination of Mill and Kiln Girth Gear Teeth—Electromagnetic Methods
Standard Practice for Examination of Mill and Kiln Girth Gear Teeth—Electromagnetic Methods
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Visual interpretation of gear teeth condition is different from examining for cracks or early signs of macro-pitting. Visual interpretation is referred to ASNI/AGMA 1010-F14.
5.1.1 The purpose of using an eddy current array for mill girth gear tooth examination is it drastically reduces the examination time; covers a large area in one single pass; provides real-time cartography of the examined region, facilitating data interpretation; and improves reliability and probability of detection (POD). One tooth can be examined in less than 30 seconds.
Note 3: In this standard, ECA is used as a discontinuity finding tool (see Fig. 3) and a presentation aid as support once problems are discovered and photographed. Colors and three-dimensional (3D) images (see Fig. 4) that help with visualization are invaluable in such circumstances.
5.1.2 The purpose of using alternating current field measurement is to size surface-breaking cracks electronically.
5.1.3 This practice is a useful tool for a condition-based monitoring program.
5.2 The examination results may then be used by qualified personnel or organizations to assess criticality or probability of failure, or both, or other engineering characteristics (beyond the scope of this practice). This practice is not intended for the examination of non-surface-breaking discontinuities. Other methods are available to address this if required.
SCOPE
Note 1: Throughout the standard, “gear” means gear or pinion unless the gear is specifically identified.
1.1 This practice describes a two-part procedure for electromagnetic evaluation on gear teeth on mill and kiln gear drives and pinions. The first part of this practice details the ability to detect 100 % of surface-breaking discontinuities only in the addendum, dedendum, and root area on both the drive side and non-drive side of the gear tooth using an eddy current array. The second part of the examination is to size or measure accurately the length and depth of any cracks found in these areas using electromagnetic methods. No other practice addresses the use of electromagnetic methods for the detection and sizing of surface-breaking discontinuities on mill and kiln ring gear teeth.
1.2 This practice is used only for crack detection, scuffing, wear patterns, and early signs of macro-pitting. It will not provide a full gear tooth analysis. Visual examination by an experienced gear specialist is the only way to characterize fully the failure modes present, their severity, and consequences. It is imperative that the analysis of the gear teeth is completed at the time of examination. Sending data offsite for analysis later is not recommended as potential failure modes could be missed from lack of in-situ visual examination.
1.3 Two technicians, one gear specialist, and a gear technician are typically required for this practice. One technician guides the probe and the other technician operates the computer/software and analyzes the gear teeth condition.
1.4 It is important that the appropriate method standards, such as Guide E709 and Practice E2261, if the alternating current field measurement approach is used for crack sizing, accompany the technician when performing the examination.
1.5 It is recommended that the technician review the appendixes in this practice in advance of starting the job.
1.6 A clean gear is recommended for a complete gear analysis. Depending on the lubrication used, the technician, in discussion with the client, shall determine the appropriate cleaning procedure. If an oil bath lubrication system is used, ensure the gear teeth surfaces are clean. If an asphaltic-based or synthetic-based lubricant is used, refer to the annexes and appendices in this practice.
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensur...
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Designation: E2905/E2905M − 19
Standard Practice for
Examination of Mill and Kiln Girth Gear Teeth—
1
Electromagnetic Methods
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2905/E2905M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.6 A clean gear is recommended for a complete gear
NOTE 1—Throughout the standard, “gear” means gear or pinion unless analysis. Depending on the lubrication used, the technician, in
the gear is specifically identified.
discussion with the client, shall determine the appropriate
cleaning procedure. If an oil bath lubrication system is used,
1.1 This practice describes a two-part procedure for electro-
ensurethegearteethsurfacesareclean.Ifanasphaltic-basedor
magnetic evaluation on gear teeth on mill and kiln gear drives
synthetic-based lubricant is used, refer to the annexes and
and pinions. The first part of this practice details the ability to
appendices in this practice.
detect 100 % of surface-breaking discontinuities only in the
addendum, dedendum, and root area on both the drive side and
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
non-drive side of the gear tooth using an eddy current array.
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
The second part of the examination is to size or measure
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
accurately the length and depth of any cracks found in these
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
areas using electromagnetic methods. No other practice ad-
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
dresses the use of electromagnetic methods for the detection
from the two systems shall not be combined.
and sizing of surface-breaking discontinuities on mill and kiln
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ring gear teeth.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This practice is used only for crack detection, scuffing,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
wear patterns, and early signs of macro-pitting. It will not
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
provide a full gear tooth analysis. Visual examination by an
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
experiencedgearspecialististheonlywaytocharacterizefully
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
the failure modes present, their severity, and consequences. It
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
is imperative that the analysis of the gear teeth is completed at
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the time of examination. Sending data offsite for analysis later
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
isnotrecommendedaspotentialfailuremodescouldbemissed
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
from lack of in-situ visual examination.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.3 Two technicians, one gear specialist, and a gear techni-
2. Referenced Documents
cian are typically required for this practice. One technician
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
guides the probe and the other technician operates the
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
computer/software and analyzes the gear teeth condition.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.4 It is important that the appropriate method standards,
E2261 Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alter-
such as Guide E709 and Practice E2261, if the alternating
nating Current Field Measurement Technique
current field measurement approach is used for crack sizing,
E2884 Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Con-
accompany the technician when performing the examination.
ducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
3
1.5 It is recommended that the technician review the appen- 2.2 AIA Standard:
dixes in this practice in advance of starting the job.
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
Test Personnel
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Electromagnetic Method. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 15, 2019. Published August 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2905/E2905M – 13. Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2905/E2905M − 13 E2905/E2905M − 19
Standard Practice for
Examination of Mill and Kiln Girth Gear Teeth—
1
Electromagnetic Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2905/E2905M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
NOTE 1—Throughout the standard, “gear” means gear or pinion unless the gear is specifically identified.
1.1 This practice describes a two-part procedure for electromagnetic evaluation on gear teeth on mill and kiln gear drives and
pinions. The first part of this practice details the ability to detect 100 % of surface-breaking discontinuities only in the addendum,
dedendum, and root area on both the drive side and non-drive side of the gear tooth using an eddy current array. The second part
of the examination is to size or measure accurately the length and depth of any cracks found in these areas using electromagnetic
methods. No other practice addresses the use of electromagnetic methods for the detection and sizing of surface-breaking
discontinuities on mill and kiln ring gear teeth.
1.2 This practice is used only for crack detection, alignment issues, scuffing, wear patterns, and early signs of macro-pitting.
It will not illustrateprovide a full gear tooth analysis. Visual examination by an experienced gear technicianspecialist is the only
way to analyze fully gear teeth wear patterns and potential failure.characterize fully the failure modes present, their severity, and
consequences. It is imperative that the analysis of the gear teeth is completed at the time of examination. Sending data offsite for
analysis later is not recommended as potential failure modes could be missed from lack of in-situ visual examination.
1.3 Two technicians, or one technician gear specialist, and a technical assistant,gear technician are typically required for this
practice. One technical assistant technician guides the probe and the other technician operates the computer/software and analyzes
the gear teeth condition.
1.4 It is important that the appropriate method standards, such as Guide E709 and Practice E2261, if the alternating current field
measurement approach is used for crack sizing, accompany the technician when performing the examination.
1.5 It is recommended that the technician reviewsreview the appendixes in this practice in advance of starting the job.
1.6 A clean gear is recommended for a complete gear analysis. Depending on the lubrication used, the technician, in discussion
with the client, shall determine the appropriate cleaning procedure, if cleaning is required. procedure. If an oil bath lubrication
system is used, ensure the gear teeth surface issurfaces are clean. If an asphaltic-based or synthetic-based lubricant is used, refer
to the annexes and appendices in this practice.
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated
in each system mayare not benecessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall
be used independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
standard.shall not be combined.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on
Electromagnetic Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013July 15, 2019. Published December 2013August 2019. Originally appearedapproved in 2012. Last previous edition
appearedapproved in 20122013 as E2905/E2905M– 12. – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E2905_E2905M-13.10.1520/E2905_E2905M-19.
*A Summary of Changes
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