ASTM E2884-13e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
Standard Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Eddy current methods are used for nondestructively locating and characterizing discontinuities in magnetic or nonmagnetic electrically conducting materials. Conformable eddy current sensor arrays permit examination of planar and non-planar materials but usually require suitable fixtures to hold the sensor array near the surface of the material of interest, such as a layer of foam behind the sensor array along with a rigid support structure.
5.2 In operation, the sensor arrays are standardized with measurements in air and/or a reference part. Responses measured from the sensor array may be converted into physical property values, such as lift-off, electrical conductivity, and/or magnetic permeability. Proper instrument operation is verified by ensuring that these measurement responses or property values are within a prescribed range. Performance verification on reference standards with known discontinuities is performed periodically.
5.3 The sensor array dimensions, including the size and number of sense elements, and the operating frequency are selected based on the type of examination being performed. The depth of penetration of eddy currents into the material under examination depends upon the frequency of the signal, the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of the material, and some dimensions of the sensor array. The depth of penetration is equal to the conventional skin depth at high frequencies but is also related to the sensor array dimensions at low frequencies, such as the size of the drive winding and the gap distance between the drive winding and sense element array. For surface-breaking discontinuities on the surface adjacent to the sensor array, high frequencies should be used where the penetration depth is less than the thickness of the material under examination. For subsurface discontinuities or wall thickness measurements, lower frequencies and larger sensor dimensions should be used so that the depth of penetration is compara...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays for nondestructive examination of electrically conducting materials for discontinuities and material quality. The discontinuities include surface breaking and subsurface cracks and pitting as well as near-surface and hidden-surface material loss. The material quality includes coating thickness, electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, surface roughness and other properties that vary with the electrical conductivity or magnetic permeability.
1.2 This guide is intended for use on nonmagnetic and magnetic metals as well as composite materials with an electrically conducting component, such as reinforced carbon-carbon composite or polymer matrix composites with carbon fibers.
1.3 This guide applies to planar as well as non-planar materials with and without insulating coating layers.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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´1
Designation: E2884 − 13
Standard Guide for
Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials
1
Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Section 2 was corrected editorially in June 2104.
1. Scope E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing
1.1 This guide covers the use of conformable eddy current
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
sensor arrays for nondestructive examination of electrically
E2338 Practice for Characterization of Coatings Using Con-
conducting materials for discontinuities and material quality.
formable Eddy-Current Sensors without Coating Refer-
The discontinuities include surface breaking and subsurface
ence Standards
cracks and pitting as well as near-surface and hidden-surface
3
2.2 ASNT Documents:
material loss. The material quality includes coating thickness,
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, surface rough-
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ness and other properties that vary with the electrical conduc-
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
tivity or magnetic permeability.
cation of NDT Personnel
1.2 This guide is intended for use on nonmagnetic and
2.3 AIA Standard:
magnetic metals as well as composite materials with an
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
electrically conducting component, such as reinforced carbon-
4
Testing Personnel
carbon composite or polymer matrix composites with carbon
fibers. 2.4 Department of Defense Handbook:
MIL-HDBK–1823A Nondestructive Evaluation System Re-
1.3 This guide applies to planar as well as non-planar
liability Assessment
materials with and without insulating coating layers.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
3. Terminology
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to this
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
guide refer to Terminology E1316.
tion only and are not considered standard.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1 B-Scan—a method of data presentation utilizing a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
horizontal base line that indicates distance along the surface of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
a material and a vertical deflection that represents a measure-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ment response for the material being examined.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.2 C-Scan—a method of data presentation which pro-
2. Referenced Documents
vides measurement responses for the material being examined
2 in two-dimensions over the surface of the material.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.3 conformable—refers to an ability of sensors or sensor
arrays to conform to non-planar surfaces without significant
1 effects on the measurement results, or with effects that are
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on Electro- limited to a quantifiable bound.
magnetic Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2884–13. DOI:
3
10.1520/E2884-13E01. AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
the ASTM website. (Replacement standard for MIL-STD-410.)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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E2884 − 13
3.2.4 depth of sensitivity—depth to which the sensor re- 3.2.13 system performance verification—the use of a mea-
sponse to features or properties of interest exceeds a noise surement of one or more response values, typically physical
threshold. property values, for a reference part to confirm that the
3.2.4.1 D
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E2884 − 13 E2884 − 13
Standard Guide for
Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials
1
Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Section 2 was corrected editorially in June 2104.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers the use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays for nondestructive examination of electrically
conducting materials for discontinuities and material quality. The discontinuities include surface breaking and subsurface cracks
and pitting as well as near-surface and hidden-surface material loss. The material quality includes coating thickness, electrical
conductivity, magnetic permeability, surface roughness and other properties that vary with the electrical conductivity or magnetic
permeability.
1.2 This guide is intended for use on nonmagnetic and magnetic metals as well as composite materials with an electrically
conducting component, such as reinforced carbon-carbon composite or polymer matrix composites with carbon fibers.
1.3 This guide applies to planar as well as non-planar materials with and without insulating coating layers.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2238E2338 Guide for Evacuation Route DiagramsPractice for Characterization of Coatings Using Conformable Eddy-Current
Sensors without Coating Reference Standards
3
2.2 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
2.3 AIA Standard:
4
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.4 Department of Defense Handbook:
MIL-HDBK–1823A Nondestructive Evaluation System Reliability Assessment
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to this guide refer to Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on Electromagnetic
Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2884–13. DOI:
10.1520/E2884-13.10.1520/E2884-13E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
(Replacement standard for MIL-STD-410.)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
E2884 − 13
3.2.1 B-Scan—a method of data presentation utilizing a horizontal base line that indicates distance along the surface of a
material and a vertical deflection that represents a measurement response for the material being examined.
3.2.2 C-Scan—a method of data presentation which provides measurement responses for the material being examined in
two-dimensions over the surface of the material.
3.2.3 conformable—refers to an ability of sensors or sensor arrays to conform to non-planar surfaces without significant effects
on the measurement results, or with effects that are limit
...
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