ASTM D5291-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants
Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This is the first ASTM standard covering the simultaneous determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in petroleum products and lubricants.
Carbon, hydrogen, and particularly nitrogen analyses are useful in determining the complex nature of sample types covered by this test method. The CHN results can be used to estimate the processing and refining potentials and yields in the petrochemical industry.
The concentration of nitrogen is a measure of the presence of nitrogen containing additives. Knowledge of its concentration can be used to predict performance. Some petroleum products also contain naturally occurring nitrogen. Knowledge of hydrogen content in samples is helpful in addressing their performance characteristics. Hydrogen to carbon ratio is useful to assess the performance of upgrading processes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the instrumental determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in laboratory samples of petroleum products and lubricants. Values obtained represent the total carbon, the total hydrogen, and the total nitrogen.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to samples such as crude oils, fuel oils, additives, and residues for carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen analysis. These test methods were tested in the concentration range of at least 75 to 87 mass % for carbon, at least 9 to 16 mass % for hydrogen, and 0.1 to 2 mass % for nitrogen.
1.3 The nitrogen test method is not applicable to light materials or those containing 0.75 mass % nitrogen, or both, such as gasoline, jet fuel, naphtha, diesel fuel, or chemical solvents.
1.3.1 However, using Test Method D levels of 0.1 mass% nitrogen in lubricants could be determined.
1.4 These test methods are not recommended for the analysis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasoline-oxygenate blends, or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels.
1.5 The results of these tests can be expressed as mass % carbon, hydrogen or nitrogen.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D5291–09
Standard Test Methods for
Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and
1
Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1.1 Thesetestmethodscovertheinstrumentaldetermination
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in laboratory samples of
Petroleum Products
petroleum products and lubricants. Values obtained represent
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
the total carbon, the total hydrogen, and the total nitrogen.
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
1.2 These test methods are applicable to samples such as
Measurement System Performance
crude oils, fuel oils, additives, and residues for carbon and
hydrogen and nitrogen analysis. These test methods were
3. Summary of Test Methods
testedintheconcentrationrangeofatleast75to87mass%for
3.1 In these test methods, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
carbon, at least 9 to 16 mass % for hydrogen, and <0.1 to 2
aredeterminedconcurrentlyinasingleinstrumentalprocedure.
mass % for nitrogen.
With some systems, the procedure consists of simply weighing
1.3 The nitrogen test method is not applicable to light
a portion of the sample, placing the portion in the instrument,
materials or those containing <0.75 mass % nitrogen, or both,
and initiating the (subsequently automatic) analytical process.
such as gasoline, jet fuel, naphtha, diesel fuel, or chemical
In other systems, the analytical process, to some degree, is
solvents.
manually controlled.
1.3.1 However, using Test Method D levels of 0.1 mass%
3.2 The actual process can vary substantially from instru-
nitrogen in lubricants could be determined.
ment to instrument, since a variety of means can be utilized to
1.4 These test methods are not recommended for the analy-
effect the primary requirements of the test methods. All
sis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasoline-oxygenate
satisfactory processes provide for the following:
blends, or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels.
3.2.1 The conversion of the subject materials (in their
1.5 The results of these tests can be expressed as mass %
entirety) to carbon dioxide, water vapor, and elemental nitro-
carbon, hydrogen or nitrogen.
gen, respectively, and
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.2.2 The subsequent, quantitative determination of these
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
gases in an appropriate gas stream.
standard.
3.3 The conversion of the subject materials to their corre-
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sponding gases takes place largely during combustion of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sample at an elevated temperature in an atmosphere of purified
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
oxygen. Here, a variety of gaseous materials are produced,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
including the following:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3.1 Carbon dioxide from the oxidation of organic and
2. Referenced Documents elemental carbon,
2
3.3.2 Hydrogen halides from organic halides (and organic
2.1 ASTM Standards:
hydrogen, as required),
3.3.3 Water vapor from the oxidation of (the remaining)
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
organic hydrogen and the liberation of moisture,
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
3.3.4 Nitrogen and nitrogen oxides from the oxidation of
tee D02.03 on Elemental Analysis.
organic nitrogen, and
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5291–02 (2007).
3.3.5 Sulfur oxides from the oxidation of organic sulfur. In
DOI: 10.1520/D5291-09.
somesystems,sulfurousandsulfuricacidscanalsobeobtained
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
from a combination of the sulfur oxides and the water vapor.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D5291–02 (Reapproved 2007) Designation:D5291–09
Standard Test Methods for
Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and
1
Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the instrumental determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in laboratory samples of
petroleum products and lubricants. Values obtained represent the total carbon, the total hydrogen, and the total nitrogen.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to samples such as crude oils, fuel oils, additives, and residues for carbon and hydrogen
and nitrogen analysis. These test methods were tested in the concentration range of at least 75 to 87 mass % for carbon, at least
9 to 16 mass % for hydrogen, and <0.1 to 2 mass % for nitrogen.
1.3 The nitrogen test method is not applicable to light materials or those containing <0.75 mass % nitrogen, or both, such as
gasoline, jet fuel, naphtha, diesel fuel, or chemical solvents.
1.3.1 However, using Test Method D levels of 0.1 mass% nitrogen in lubricants could be determined.
1.4 These test methods are not recommended for the analysis of volatile materials such as gasoline, gasoline-oxygenate blends,
or gasoline type aviation turbine fuels.
1.5 The results of these tests can be expressed as mass % carbon, hydrogen or nitrogen.
1.6The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
Measurement System Performance
3. Summary of Test Methods
3.1 In these test methods, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are determined concurrently in a single instrumental procedure. With
some systems, the procedure consists of simply weighing a portion of the sample, placing the portion in the instrument, and
initiating the (subsequently automatic) analytical process. In other systems, the analytical process, to some degree, is manually
controlled.
3.2 The actual process can vary substantially from instrument to instrument, since a variety of means can be utilized to effect
the primary requirements of the test methods. All satisfactory processes provide for the following:
3.2.1 The conversion of the subject materials (in their entirety) to carbon dioxide, water vapor, and elemental nitrogen,
respectively, and
3.2.2 The subsequent, quantitative determination of these gases in an appropriate gas stream.
3.3 The conversion of the subject materials to their corresponding gases takes place largely during combustion of the sample
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.03
on Elemental Analysis.
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5291–02. DOI:
10.1520/D5291-02R07.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5291–02 (2007). DOI:
10.1520/D5291-09.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D5291–09
at an elevated temperature in an atmosphere of p
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