ASTM F106-12(2017)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Brazing Filler Metals for Electron Devices (Withdrawn 2024)
Standard Specification for Brazing Filler Metals for Electron Devices (Withdrawn 2024)
ABSTRACT
This specification covers brazing filler metals for use in electron devices in a nonoxidizing atmosphere. Material covered by this specification consists of vacuum grade (Grades 1 and 2) brazing filler metals manufactured in the form of strip, wire, or preforms made by blanking the trip or bending the wire. Brazing filler metals in the form of powder are also available. Filler metals in wire form shall be in soft temper condition, most suitable for hand feeding or ring winding in mandrels, while those in strip form shall be in hard as-rolled temper condition to facilitate clean blanking of thin shims or preforms. The surface of the filler metal, whether strip, wire, or preform, shall be as smooth and free of dirt, oxide, pits, deep scratches, seams, slivers, stains, scale, blisters, edge cracks, trimming burrs, waves, wrinkles, and other defects as commercially possible. Melting test for cleanness and spatter shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements or filler metals suitable for brazing internal parts and other critical areas of electron devices in a nonoxidizing atmosphere (Note 1).
1.2 These materials are available in strip or wire or preforms made by blanking the strip or bending the wire. Powders are also available.
Note 1: Brazing filler metals for general applications are specified in AWS Specification A 5.8.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F106 −12 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Specification for
Brazing Filler Metals for Electron Devices
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF106;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Inspection of Critical Brazed Components
1.1 This specification covers requirements or filler metals
3. Classification
suitable for brazing internal parts and other critical areas of
3.1 Brazing filler metals which are vacuum grade and are
electron devices in a nonoxidizing atmosphere (Note 1).
classifiedonthebasisofchemicalcompositionshowninTable
1.2 Thesematerialsareavailableinstriporwireorpreforms
1. The difference between Grade 1 and 2 is the allowable
made by blanking the strip or bending the wire. Powders are
impurity content. Grade 1 requires generally lower levels of
also available.
impurities.
NOTE 1—Brazing filler metals for general applications are specified in
AWS Specification A5.8. 4. Ordering Information
1.3 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
4.1 Ordersformaterialtothisspecificationshallincludethe
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
following information:
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
4.1.1 Quantity,
and are not considered standard.
4.1.2 Dimensions and tolerances (Table 2),
4.1.3 Form (rod, bar, wire, etc.),
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1.4 AWS classification (Table 1),
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1.5 Grade 1,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.1.6 Special requirements or exceptions, and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.1.7 Certification— State if certification is required.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Materials and Manufacture
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 The brazing filler metals shall be vacuum grade and
fabricated by any method that yields a product conforming to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the requirements of this specification.
B214Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal Powders
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
6. Chemical Composition
Sieves
F19Test Method for Tension and Vacuum Testing Metal- 6.1 The finished brazing filler metal shall conform to the
chemical composition shown in Table 1 for Grade 1 material.
lized Ceramic Seals
2.2 American Welding Society:
7. Mechanical Properties
A5.8Specification for Brazing Filler Metals
C3.2Method for Evaluating the Strength of Brazed Joints 7.1 Unless otherwise specified, wire shall be furnished in
soft temper most suitable for hand feeding or ring winding on
C3.3Recommended Practices for Design, Manufacture and
mandrels. A minimum elongation of 10% in 2 in. (50.8 mm)
indicates that the wire is annealed.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F01 on
7.2 Unless otherwise specified, strip shall be furnished in
Electronics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F01.03 on Metallic
hard as-rolled temper to facilitate clean blanking of thin shims
Materials, Wire Bonding, and Flip Chip.
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally
or preforms.Amaximum elongation of 5% in 2 in. (50.8 mm)
approved in 1969 as F106–69T. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as
designates the strip as hard.
F106–12. DOI: 10.1520/F0106-12R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
8.1 These materials must conform to the dimensional limi-
the ASTM website.
tationslistedinTable2forstrip,wire,andpreformsortoTable
Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,
Miami, FL 33126. 3 for the size distribution of powdered brazing filler metals.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
F106−12 (2017)
A,B,C
TABLE 1 Chemical Composition Requirements (in Wt. %) for Vacuum Grade Filler Metals for Electron Devices
NOTE 1—All finished material shall be reasonably smooth and bright and free from dirt, oil, grease, or other foreign material.
NOTE 2— A complete designation of specified material must include the grade designation number (for example, BVAg-6b, Grade 1).
NOTE 3—Single values shown are maximum percentages, except where otherwise specified.
AWS UNS
Classifi- Designa- Ag Au Cu Ni Co Sn Pd In Zn Cd Pb P C
cation tion
Grade 1-Vacuum grade filler metals
BVAg-0 P07017 99.95 min. . . . 0.05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-6b P07507 49.0–51.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-8 P07727 71.0–73.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-8b P07728 70.5–72.5 . . . Remainder 0.3–0.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-18 P07607 59.0–61.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . 9.5–10.5 . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-29 P07627 60.5–62.5 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0–15.0 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-30 P07687 67.0–69.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . 4.5–5.5 . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-31 P07587 57.0–59.0 . . . 31.0–33.0 . . . . . . . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-32 P07547 53.0–55.0 . . . 20.0–22.0 . . . . . . . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-2 P00807 . . . 79.5–80.5 Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-3 P00351 . . . 34.5-35.5 Remainder 2.5-3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-4 P00827 . . . 81.5–82.5 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-7 P00507 . . . 49.5–50.5 . . . 24.5–25.5 0.06 . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-8 P00927 . . . 91.0–93.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-9 P00354 . . . 34.5-35.5 Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-10 P00503 . . . 49.5-50.5 Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVPd-1 P03657 . . . . . . . . . 0.06 Remainder . . . 64.0–66.0 . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
Grade 2 - Vacuum grade filler metals
BVCu-1x C14181 . . . . . . 99.99 min. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.005
A
All vacuum grade filler metals are considered to be spatter free (refer to Melting Test, Section 10).
B −7
All other elements in addition to those listed in the table above, with a vapor pressure higher than 10 Torr at 932°F (500°C) (such as Mg, Sb, K, Na, Li, Tl, S, Cs, Rb,
Sc, Hg, Tc, Sr, and Ca) are limited to 0.001% max each for Grade 1 vacuum grade filler metals and 0.002% max each for Grade 2 vacuum grade filler metals. The
accumulative total of all these high vapor pressure elements including zinc, cadmium, and lead is limited to 0.010% max.The total of other impurities not included in the
preceding list is limited to 0.05% max, except for BVCu-1x, which shall be 0.01 max.
C
Forthebrazealloysshown,analysisshallregularlybemadeonlyforthemajoralloyingelementsspecifiedandtheelementsZn,Cd,Pb,P,C(byMeltingTest),Hg,Mg,
−7
andSb.However,thepresenceoftheotherelements(listedaboveinFootnoteB),withavaporpressurehigherthan10 Torrat932°F(500°C),outsidethelimitsspecified
shall constitute cause for rejection of the material.
TABLE 2 Dimensional Tolerances (All Plus or Minus)
Width Tolerances, in. (mm)
Thickness 8 in. (200 mm) wide and under Over 8 in. (200 mm) wide
Less than 0.020 (0.5) 0.005 (0.125) 0.015 (0.38)
0.020 to 0.050 (0.5 to 1.25), incl 0.010 (0.250) 0.015 (0.38)
Thickness Tolerances—Strip
Thickness, in. (mm) 8 in. (200 mm) wide and under Over 8 in. (200 mm) wide
Up to 0.002 (0.05), incl 0.0002 (0.005) 0.0005 (0.0125)
Over 0.002 to 0.003 (0.05 to 0.075), incl 0.0003 (0.0075) 0.0006 (0.015)
Over 0.003 to 0.004 (0.075 to 0.10), incl 0.0004 (0.010) 0.0007 (0.018)
Over 0.004 to 0.006 (0.10 to 0.15), incl 0.0005 (0.0125) 0.0008 (0.02)
Over 0.006 to 0.013 (0.15 to 0.33), incl 0.0010 (0.025) 0.0013 (0.033)
Over 0.013 to 0.021 (0.33 to 0.53), incl 0.0015 (0.038) 0.0018 (0.046)
Over 0.021 to 0.026 (0.53 to 0.66), incl 0.0020 (0.05) 0.0020 (0.05)
Over 0.026 to 0.050 (0.66 to 0.125), incl 0.0020 (0.05) 0.0050 (0.125)
Camber Tolerances—Strip (Edgewise Bowl)
0.5 in. (12.5 mm) max in 6 ft (1.8 m)
Diameter Tolerances—Wire
Diameter, in. (mm) Tolerance, in. (mm)
0.010 to 0.020 (0.250 to 0.5) 0.0003 (0.0075)
Over 0.020 to 0.030 (0.5 to 0.75) 0.0005 (0.0125)
Over 0.030 to 0.040 (0.75 to 1.0) 0.0007 (0.018)
Over 0.040 to 0.050 (1.0 to 1.25) 0.0008 (0.02)
Over 0.050 to 0.060 (1.25 to 1.5) 0.0010 (0.025)
Over 0.060 to 0.080 (1.5 to 2.0) 0.0015 (0.038)
Over 0.080 to 0.250 (2.0 to 6.3) 0.0020 (0.05)
F106−12 (2017)
A
TABLE 3 Standard Sieve Analyses
10.2.3 If it is desired also to test for spattering, bridge the
crucibleorboatbyanickelchannelwhoselegsaredesignedto
100 mesh through No. 60 sieve—100 % min
allow a small clearance, 0.06 in. (1.6 mm) max. above the
through No. 100 sieve—95 % min
crucible. An additional requirement is that the bridge be no
140°C mesh on No. 100 sieve—trace
on No. 140 sieve—10 % max
more than 0.38 in. (9.5 mm) above the metal bead.
through No. 325 sieve—20 % max
10.2.4 Examine the metal bead at 5× magnification. Just a
140°F mesh on No. 100 sieve—trace
light smokiness with no discrete black specks is the worst that
on No. 140 sieve—10 % max
through No. 325 sieve—55 % max
ispermitted.Sincethisexaminationdependsonexperienceand
325 mesh on No. 200 sieve—trace
judgment, standards can be developed by running carbon
on No. 325 sieve—10 % max
through No. 325 sieve—90 % min determinations and comparing with the maximum carbon
A
limitation listed in Table 1.
ThesearestandardASTMsievesizesselectedfromTable2ofSpecificationE11.
Sieve tests are conducted in accordance with the latest edition of Test Method
10.2.5 If the spatter test is run, examine the bottom side of
B214.
thenickelbridge,alsoat5×magnification,forevidenceofany
spatter.
9. Finish
11. Rejection
9.1 The surface of strip, wire, or preforms shall be as
11.1 The seller’s responsibility will be limited to replace-
smooth and free of dirt, oxide, pits, deep scratches, seams,
ment of any filler metal that does not conform to the require-
slivers, stains, scale, blisters, edge cracks, trimming burrs,
ments of this specification.
waves, wrinkles, and other defects as best commercial practice
12. Certification
will permit.
12.1 A certification, when requested by the user, based on
10. Melting Test (for Cleanness and Spatter)
themanufacturer’squalitycontrolthatthematerialconformsto
10.1 Requirements— Since cleanness and spattering are
the requirements of this specification, shall be furnished upon
importantconsiderationsintheuseofthesematerials,aspecial
request of the purchaser, provided the request is made at the
melting test is used to determine their suitability. For this test,
time of cost quotation and at the time of order placement.
themeltingtemperaturesrequiredarelistedinTableX1.1.The
13. Packaging and Marking
material shall also comply with the requirements of 10.2.4.
13.1 Packaging—Thebrazingfillermetalshallbepackaged
10.2 Procedure:
in such a way that it will arrive at its destination clean and
10.2.1 The melting test is performed on an “as-received”
undamaged.
sample. Cut approximately 1 g (with clean, dry tools) into a
clean, dense polycrystalline 99.5% alumina crucible or clean,
13.2 Marking—All packages of brazing filler metal shall be
fused silica crucible or boat which has been precleaned by air
marked with:
firing at 2012°F (1100°C), min, and stored in a dry, dust-free
13.2.1 AWS specification numbers and classifications,
location until required.
13.2.2 Seller’s name and trade designation,
10.2.2 Placesamplesandcrucibleinadensepolycrystalline
13.2.3 Size or part description in the case of preforms.
or fused silica combustion tube muffle or equivalent, purge
13.2.4 Net weight or scale count in the case of preforms,
with dry −40°F (−40°C) hydrogen, and heat to 36°F (20°C)
and
above the liquidus, hold for 10 min, and then cool to under
13.2.5 Lot, control or heat number.
149°F(65°C)beforestoppingthehydrogenflowandremoving
14. Keywords
the sample for inspection.
14.1 braze alloys; electron devices; melting test for clean-
NOTE 2—If the sample does not melt under these conditions, the
composition is wrong or the temperature measurement is incorrect. ness and spatter
F106−12 (2017)
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. GUIDE TO AWS CLASSIFICATION OF VACUUM GRADE FILLER METALS
FOR ELECTRON DEVICE APPLICATIONS
X1.1 General element in this particular brazing filler metal. (Similarly,Au is
for gold, Pd is for palladium, and Cu is for copper). The
X1.1.1 This guide is appended to this specification as a
designation -8b indicates a particular chemical analysis within
source of information; it is not mandatory and does not form a
the group. The grade suffix number indicates the requirements
mandatory part of this specification. It has been prepared as an
on emitter impurities.All classifications and grades of brazing
aid to users of vacuum grade brazing filler metals to help them
filler metals in this specification are considered to be spatter-
determine which classification of filler metal is best for a
free.
particular application.
X1.1.2 This specification is intended to provide both the X1.3 Brazing Procedure Considerations
supplier and the user of brazing filler metals with a means of
X1.3.1 Solidus and Liquidus—Solidusandliquidusareused
production control and a basis of acceptance through mutually
instead of melting and flow points. The terms solidus and
acceptable standard requirements.
liquidus are defined as follows:
X1.1.3 Brazing filler metals are metals that are added when X1.3.1.1 Solidus—The highest temperature at which the
metal is completely solid; that is, the temperature at which
making a braze. They have melting points below those of the
metals being brazed and above 840°F (450°C) with properties melting starts.
X1.3.1.2 Liquidus—The lowest temperature at which the
suitable for making joints by capillary attraction between
metal is com
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F106 − 12 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Specification for
Brazing Filler Metals for Electron Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F106; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C 3.3 Recommended Practices for Design, Manufacture and
Inspection of Critical Brazed Components
1.1 This specification covers requirements or filler metals
suitable for brazing internal parts and other critical areas of
3. Classification
electron devices in a nonoxidizing atmosphere (Note 1).
3.1 Brazing filler metals which are vacuum grade and are
1.2 These materials are available in strip or wire or preforms
classified on the basis of chemical composition shown in Table
made by blanking the strip or bending the wire. Powders are
1. The difference between Grade 1 and 2 is the allowable
also available.
impurity content. Grade 1 requires generally lower levels of
impurities.
NOTE 1—Brazing filler metals for general applications are specified in
AWS Specification A 5.8.
4. Ordering Information
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.1 Orders for material to this specification shall include the
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
following information:
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
4.1.1 Quantity,
and are not considered standard.
4.1.2 Dimensions and tolerances (Table 2),
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1.3 Form (rod, bar, wire, etc.),
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1.4 AWS classification (Table 1),
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.1.5 Grade 1,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.1.6 Special requirements or exceptions, and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1.7 Certification— State if certification is required.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Materials and Manufacture
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 The brazing filler metals shall be vacuum grade and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fabricated by any method that yields a product conforming to
B214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal Powders
the requirements of this specification.
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
6. Chemical Composition
F19 Test Method for Tension and Vacuum Testing Metal-
6.1 The finished brazing filler metal shall conform to the
lized Ceramic Seals (Withdrawn 2023)
chemical composition shown in Table 1 for Grade 1 material.
2.2 American Welding Society:
A 5.8 Specification for Brazing Filler Metals
7. Mechanical Properties
C 3.2 Method for Evaluating the Strength of Brazed Joints
7.1 Unless otherwise specified, wire shall be furnished in
soft temper most suitable for hand feeding or ring winding on
mandrels. A minimum elongation of 10 % in 2 in. (50.8 mm)
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B02 on
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
indicates that the wire is annealed.
B02.05 on Precious Metals and Electrical Contact Materials and Test Methods.
7.2 Unless otherwise specified, strip shall be furnished in
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally
approved in 1969 as F106 – 69 T. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as
hard as-rolled temper to facilitate clean blanking of thin shims
F106 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/F0106-12R17.
or preforms. A maximum elongation of 5 % in 2 in. (50.8 mm)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
designates the strip as hard.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
8.1 These materials must conform to the dimensional limi-
www.astm.org.
4 tations listed in Table 2 for strip, wire, and preforms or to Table
Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,
Miami, FL 33126. 3 for the size distribution of powdered brazing filler metals.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F106 − 12 (2017)
A,B,C
TABLE 1 Chemical Composition Requirements (in Wt. %) for Vacuum Grade Filler Metals for Electron Devices
NOTE 1—All finished material shall be reasonably smooth and bright and free from dirt, oil, grease, or other foreign material.
NOTE 2— A complete designation of specified material must include the grade designation number (for example, BVAg-6b, Grade 1).
NOTE 3—Single values shown are maximum percentages, except where otherwise specified.
AWS UNS
Classifi- Designa- Ag Au Cu Ni Co Sn Pd In Zn Cd Pb P C
cation tion
Grade 1-Vacuum grade filler metals
BVAg-0 P07017 99.95 min. . . . 0.05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-6b P07507 49.0–51.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-8 P07727 71.0–73.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-8b P07728 70.5–72.5 . . . Remainder 0.3–0.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-18 P07607 59.0–61.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . 9.5–10.5 . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-29 P07627 60.5–62.5 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0–15.0 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-30 P07687 67.0–69.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . 4.5–5.5 . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-31 P07587 57.0–59.0 . . . 31.0–33.0 . . . . . . . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-32 P07547 53.0–55.0 . . . 20.0–22.0 . . . . . . . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-2 P00807 . . . 79.5–80.5 Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-3 P00351 . . . 34.5-35.5 Remainder 2.5-3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-4 P00827 . . . 81.5–82.5 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-7 P00507 . . . 49.5–50.5 . . . 24.5–25.5 0.06 . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-8 P00927 . . . 91.0–93.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-9 P00354 . . . 34.5-35.5 Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-10 P00503 . . . 49.5-50.5 Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVPd-1 P03657 . . . . . . . . . 0.06 Remainder . . . 64.0–66.0 . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
Grade 2 - Vacuum grade filler metals
BVCu-1x C14181 . . . . . . 99.99 min. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.005
A
All vacuum grade filler metals are considered to be spatter free (refer to Melting Test, Section 10).
B −7
All other elements in addition to those listed in the table above, with a vapor pressure higher than 10 Torr at 932°F (500°C) (such as Mg, Sb, K, Na, Li, Tl, S, Cs, Rb,
Sc, Hg, Tc, Sr, and Ca) are limited to 0.001 % max each for Grade 1 vacuum grade filler metals and 0.002 % max each for Grade 2 vacuum grade filler metals. The
accumulative total of all these high vapor pressure elements including zinc, cadmium, and lead is limited to 0.010 % max. The total of other impurities not included in the
preceding list is limited to 0.05 % max, except for BVCu-1x, which shall be 0.01 max.
C
For the braze alloys shown, analysis shall regularly be made only for the major alloying elements specified and the elements Zn, Cd, Pb, P, C (by Melting Test), Hg, Mg,
−7
and Sb. However, the presence of the other elements (listed above in Footnote B), with a vapor pressure higher than 10 Torr at 932°F (500°C), outside the limits specified
shall constitute cause for rejection of the material.
TABLE 2 Dimensional Tolerances (All Plus or Minus)
Width Tolerances, in. (mm)
Thickness 8 in. (200 mm) wide and under Over 8 in. (200 mm) wide
Less than 0.020 (0.5) 0.005 (0.125) 0.015 (0.38)
0.020 to 0.050 (0.5 to 1.25), incl 0.010 (0.250) 0.015 (0.38)
Thickness Tolerances—Strip
Thickness, in. (mm) 8 in. (200 mm) wide and under Over 8 in. (200 mm) wide
Up to 0.002 (0.05), incl 0.0002 (0.005) 0.0005 (0.0125)
Over 0.002 to 0.003 (0.05 to 0.075), incl 0.0003 (0.0075) 0.0006 (0.015)
Over 0.003 to 0.004 (0.075 to 0.10), incl 0.0004 (0.010) 0.0007 (0.018)
Over 0.004 to 0.006 (0.10 to 0.15), incl 0.0005 (0.0125) 0.0008 (0.02)
Over 0.006 to 0.013 (0.15 to 0.33), incl 0.0010 (0.025) 0.0013 (0.033)
Over 0.013 to 0.021 (0.33 to 0.53), incl 0.0015 (0.038) 0.0018 (0.046)
Over 0.021 to 0.026 (0.53 to 0.66), incl 0.0020 (0.05) 0.0020 (0.05)
Over 0.026 to 0.050 (0.66 to 0.125), incl 0.0020 (0.05) 0.0050 (0.125)
Camber Tolerances—Strip (Edgewise Bowl)
0.5 in. (12.5 mm) max in 6 ft (1.8 m)
Diameter Tolerances—Wire
Diameter, in. (mm) Tolerance, in. (mm)
0.010 to 0.020 (0.250 to 0.5) 0.0003 (0.0075)
Over 0.020 to 0.030 (0.5 to 0.75) 0.0005 (0.0125)
Over 0.030 to 0.040 (0.75 to 1.0) 0.0007 (0.018)
Over 0.040 to 0.050 (1.0 to 1.25) 0.0008 (0.02)
Over 0.050 to 0.060 (1.25 to 1.5) 0.0010 (0.025)
Over 0.060 to 0.080 (1.5 to 2.0) 0.0015 (0.038)
Over 0.080 to 0.250 (2.0 to 6.3) 0.0020 (0.05)
F106 − 12 (2017)
A
TABLE 3 Standard Sieve Analyses
10.2.3 If it is desired also to test for spattering, bridge the
crucible or boat by a nickel channel whose legs are designed to
100 mesh through No. 60 sieve—100 % min
allow a small clearance, 0.06 in. (1.6 mm) max. above the
through No. 100 sieve—95 % min
crucible. An additional requirement is that the bridge be no
140°C mesh on No. 100 sieve—trace
on No. 140 sieve—10 % max
more than 0.38 in. (9.5 mm) above the metal bead.
through No. 325 sieve—20 % max
10.2.4 Examine the metal bead at 5× magnification. Just a
140°F mesh on No. 100 sieve—trace
on No. 140 sieve—10 % max light smokiness with no discrete black specks is the worst that
through No. 325 sieve—55 % max
is permitted. Since this examination depends on experience and
325 mesh on No. 200 sieve—trace
judgment, standards can be developed by running carbon
on No. 325 sieve—10 % max
through No. 325 sieve—90 % min determinations and comparing with the maximum carbon
A
limitation listed in Table 1.
These are standard ASTM sieve sizes selected from Table 2 of Specification E11.
Sieve tests are conducted in accordance with the latest edition of Test Method
10.2.5 If the spatter test is run, examine the bottom side of
B214.
the nickel bridge, also at 5× magnification, for evidence of any
spatter.
9. Finish
11. Rejection
9.1 The surface of strip, wire, or preforms shall be as
11.1 The seller’s responsibility will be limited to replace-
smooth and free of dirt, oxide, pits, deep scratches, seams,
ment of any filler metal that does not conform to the require-
slivers, stains, scale, blisters, edge cracks, trimming burrs,
ments of this specification.
waves, wrinkles, and other defects as best commercial practice
12. Certification
will permit.
12.1 A certification, when requested by the user, based on
10. Melting Test (for Cleanness and Spatter)
the manufacturer’s quality control that the material conforms to
10.1 Requirements— Since cleanness and spattering are
the requirements of this specification, shall be furnished upon
important considerations in the use of these materials, a special
request of the purchaser, provided the request is made at the
melting test is used to determine their suitability. For this test,
time of cost quotation and at the time of order placement.
the melting temperatures required are listed in Table X1.1. The
13. Packaging and Marking
material shall also comply with the requirements of 10.2.4.
13.1 Packaging—The brazing filler metal shall be packaged
10.2 Procedure:
in such a way that it will arrive at its destination clean and
10.2.1 The melting test is performed on an “as-received”
undamaged.
sample. Cut approximately 1 g (with clean, dry tools) into a
clean, dense polycrystalline 99.5 % alumina crucible or clean,
13.2 Marking—All packages of brazing filler metal shall be
fused silica crucible or boat which has been precleaned by air
marked with:
firing at 2012°F (1100°C), min, and stored in a dry, dust-free
13.2.1 AWS specification numbers and classifications,
location until required.
13.2.2 Seller’s name and trade designation,
10.2.2 Place samples and crucible in a dense polycrystalline
13.2.3 Size or part description in the case of preforms.
or fused silica combustion tube muffle or equivalent, purge
13.2.4 Net weight or scale count in the case of preforms,
with dry −40°F (−40°C) hydrogen, and heat to 36°F (20°C)
and
above the liquidus, hold for 10 min, and then cool to under
13.2.5 Lot, control or heat number.
149°F (65°C) before stopping the hydrogen flow and removing
14. Keywords
the sample for inspection.
14.1 braze alloys; electron devices; melting test for clean-
NOTE 2—If the sample does not melt under these conditions, the
composition is wrong or the temperature measurement is incorrect. ness and spatter
F106 − 12 (2017)
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. GUIDE TO AWS CLASSIFICATION OF VACUUM GRADE FILLER METALS
FOR ELECTRON DEVICE APPLICATIONS
X1.1 General element in this particular brazing filler metal. (Similarly, Au is
for gold, Pd is for palladium, and Cu is for copper). The
X1.1.1 This guide is appended to this specification as a
designation -8b indicates a particular chemical analysis within
source of information; it is not mandatory and does not form a
the group. The grade suffix number indicates the requirements
mandatory part of this specification. It has been prepared as an
on emitter impurities. All classifications and grades of brazing
aid to users of vacuum grade brazing filler metals to help them
filler metals in this specification are considered to be spatter-
determine which classification of filler metal is best for a
free.
particular application.
X1.3 Brazing Procedure Considerations
X1.1.2 This specification is intended to provide both the
supplier and the user of brazing filler metals with a means of
X1.3.1 Solidus and Liquidus—Solidus and liquidus are used
production control and a basis of acceptance through mutually
instead of melting and flow points. The terms solidus and
acceptable standard requirements.
liquidus are defined as follows:
X1.3.1.1 Solidus—The highest temperature at which the
X1.1.3 Brazing filler metals are metals that are added w
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F106 − 12 F106 − 12 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Specification for
Brazing Filler Metals for Electron Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F106; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers requirements or filler metals suitable for brazing internal parts and other critical areas of electron
devices in a nonoxidizing atmosphere (Note 1).
1.2 These materials are available in strip or wire or preforms made by blanking the strip or bending the wire. Powders are also
available.
NOTE 1—Brazing filler metals for general applications are specified in AWS Specification A 5.8.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal Powders
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
F19 Test Method for Tension and Vacuum Testing Metallized Ceramic Seals
2.2 American Welding Society:
A 5.8 Specification for Brazing Filler Metals
C 3.2 Method for Evaluating the Strength of Brazed Joints
C 3.3 Recommended Practices for Design, Manufacture and Inspection of Critical Brazed Components
3. Classification
3.1 Brazing filler metals which are vacuum grade and are classified on the basis of chemical composition shown in Table 1. The
difference between Grade 1 and 2 is the allowable impurity content. Grade 1 requires generally lower levels of impurities.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 Orders for material to this specification shall include the following information:
4.1.1 Quantity,
4.1.2 Dimensions and tolerances (Table 2),
4.1.3 Form (rod, bar, wire, etc.),
4.1.4 AWS classification (Table 1),
4.1.5 Grade 1,
4.1.6 Special requirements or exceptions, and
4.1.7 Certification— State if certification is required.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F01 on Electronics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F01.03 on Metallic
MaterialsMaterials, Wire Bonding, and Flip Chip.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012June 1, 2017. Published March 2012June 2017. Originally approved in 1969 as F106 – 69 T. Last previous edition approved in
20062012 as F106 – 06.F106 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/F0106-12.10.1520/F0106-12R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33126.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F106 − 12 (2017)
A,B,C
TABLE 1 Chemical Composition Requirements (in Wt. %) for Vacuum Grade Filler Metals for Electron Devices
NOTE 1—All finished material shall be reasonably smooth and bright and free from dirt, oil, grease, or other foreign material.
NOTE 2— A complete designation of specified material must include the grade designation number (for example, BVAg-6b, Grade 1).
NOTE 3—Single values shown are maximum percentages, except where otherwise specified.
AWS UNS
Classifi- Designa- Ag Au Cu Ni Co Sn Pd In Zn Cd Pb P C
cation tion
Grade 1-Vacuum grade filler metals
BVAg-0 P07017 99.95 min. . . . 0.05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-6b P07507 49.0–51.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-8 P07727 71.0–73.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-8b P07728 70.5–72.5 . . . Remainder 0.3–0.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-18 P07607 59.0–61.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . 9.5–10.5 . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-29 P07627 60.5–62.5 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0–15.0 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-30 P07687 67.0–69.0 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . 4.5–5.5 . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-31 P07587 57.0–59.0 . . . 31.0–33.0 . . . . . . . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAg-32 P07547 53.0–55.0 . . . 20.0–22.0 . . . . . . . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-2 P00807 . . . 79.5–80.5 Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-3 P00351 . . . 34.5-35.5 Remainder 2.5-3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-4 P00827 . . . 81.5–82.5 . . . Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-7 P00507 . . . 49.5–50.5 . . . 24.5–25.5 0.06 . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-8 P00927 . . . 91.0–93.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . Remainder . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-9 P00354 . . . 34.5-35.5 Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVAu-10 P00503 . . . 49.5-50.5 Remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
BVPd-1 P03657 . . . . . . . . . 0.06 Remainder . . . 64.0–66.0 . . . 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
Grade 2 - Vacuum grade filler metals
BVCu-1x C14181 . . . . . . 99.99 min. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.005
A
All vacuum grade filler metals are considered to be spatter free (refer to Melting Test, Section 10).
B −7
All other elements in addition to those listed in the table above, with a vapor pressure higher than 10 Torr at 932°F (500°C) (such as Mg, Sb, K, Na, Li, Tl, S, Cs, Rb,
Sc, Hg, Tc, Sr, and Ca) are limited to 0.001 % max each for Grade 1 vacuum grade filler metals and 0.002 % max each for Grade 2 vacuum grade filler metals. The
accumulative total of all these high vapor pressure elements including zinc, cadmium, and lead is limited to 0.010 % max. The total of other impurities not included in the
preceding list is limited to 0.05 % max, except for BVCu-1x, which shall be 0.01 max.
C
For the braze alloys shown, analysis shall regularly be made only for the major alloying elements specified and the elements Zn, Cd, Pb, P, C (by Melting Test), Hg, Mg,
−7
and Sb. However, the presence of the other elements (listed above in Footnote B), with a vapor pressure higher than 10 Torr at 932°F (500°C), outside the limits specified
shall constitute cause for rejection of the material.
TABLE 2 Dimensional Tolerances (All Plus or Minus)
Width Tolerances, in. (mm)
Thickness 8 in. (200 mm) wide and under Over 8 in. (200 mm) wide
Less than 0.020 (0.5) 0.005 (0.125) 0.015 (0.38)
0.020 to 0.050 (0.5 to 1.25), incl 0.010 (0.250) 0.015 (0.38)
Thickness Tolerances—Strip
Thickness, in. (mm) 8 in. (200 mm) wide and under Over 8 in. (200 mm) wide
Up to 0.002 (0.05), incl 0.0002 (0.005) 0.0005 (0.0125)
Over 0.002 to 0.003 (0.05 to 0.075), incl 0.0003 (0.0075) 0.0006 (0.015)
Over 0.003 to 0.004 (0.075 to 0.10), incl 0.0004 (0.010) 0.0007 (0.018)
Over 0.004 to 0.006 (0.10 to 0.15), incl 0.0005 (0.0125) 0.0008 (0.02)
Over 0.006 to 0.013 (0.15 to 0.33), incl 0.0010 (0.025) 0.0013 (0.033)
Over 0.013 to 0.021 (0.33 to 0.53), incl 0.0015 (0.038) 0.0018 (0.046)
Over 0.021 to 0.026 (0.53 to 0.66), incl 0.0020 (0.05) 0.0020 (0.05)
Over 0.026 to 0.050 (0.66 to 0.125), incl 0.0020 (0.05) 0.0050 (0.125)
Camber Tolerances—Strip (Edgewise Bowl)
0.5 in. (12.5 mm) max in 6 ft (1.8 m)
Diameter Tolerances—Wire
Diameter, in. (mm) Tolerance, in. (mm)
0.010 to 0.020 (0.250 to 0.5) 0.0003 (0.0075)
Over 0.020 to 0.030 (0.5 to 0.75) 0.0005 (0.0125)
Over 0.030 to 0.040 (0.75 to 1.0) 0.0007 (0.018)
Over 0.040 to 0.050 (1.0 to 1.25) 0.0008 (0.02)
Over 0.050 to 0.060 (1.25 to 1.5) 0.0010 (0.025)
Over 0.060 to 0.080 (1.5 to 2.0) 0.0015 (0.038)
Over 0.080 to 0.250 (2.0 to 6.3) 0.0020 (0.05)
F106 − 12 (2017)
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 The brazing filler metals shall be vacuum grade and fabricated by any method that yields a product conforming to the
requirements of this specification.
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 The finished brazing filler metal shall conform to the chemical composition shown in Table 1 for Grade 1 material.
7. Mechanical Properties
7.1 Unless otherwise specified, wire shall be furnished in soft temper most suitable for hand feeding or ring winding on
mandrels. A minimum elongation of 10 % in 2 in. (50.8 mm) indicates that the wire is annealed.
7.2 Unless otherwise specified, strip shall be furnished in hard as-rolled temper to facilitate clean blanking of thin shims or
preforms. A maximum elongation of 5 % in 2 in. (50.8 mm) designates the strip as hard.
8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
8.1 These materials must conform to the dimensional limitations listed in Table 2 for strip, wire, and preforms or to Table 3 for
the size distribution of powdered brazing filler metals.
9. Finish
9.1 The surface of strip, wire, or preforms shall be as smooth and free of dirt, oxide, pits, deep scratches, seams, slivers, stains,
scale, blisters, edge cracks, trimming burrs, waves, wrinkles, and other defects as best commercial practice will permit.
10. Melting Test (for Cleanness and Spatter)
10.1 Requirements— Since cleanness and spattering are important considerations in the use of these materials, a special melting
test is used to determine their suitability. For this test, the melting temperatures required are listed in Table X1.1. The material shall
also comply with the requirements of 10.2.4.
10.2 Procedure:
10.2.1 The melting test is performed on an “as-received” sample. Cut approximately 1 g (with clean, dry tools) into a clean,
dense polycrystalline 99.5 % alumina crucible or clean, fused silica crucible or boat which has been precleaned by air firing at
2012°F (1100°C), min, and stored in a dry, dust-free location until required.
10.2.2 Place samples and crucible in a dense polycrystalline or fused silica combustion tube muffle or equivalent, purge with
dry −40°F (−40°C) hydrogen, and heat to 36°F (20°C) above the liquidus, hold for 10 min, and then cool to under 149°F (65°C)
before stopping the hydrogen flow and removing the sample for inspection.
NOTE 2—If the sample does not melt under these conditions, the composition is wrong or the temperature measurement is incorrect.
10.2.3 If it is desired also to test for spattering, bridge the crucible or boat by a nickel channel whose legs are designed to allow
a small clearance, 0.06 in. (1.6 mm) max. above the crucible. An additional requirement is that the bridge be no more than 0.38
in. (9.5 mm) above the metal bead.
10.2.4 Examine the metal bead at 5× magnification. Just a light smokiness with no discrete black specks is the worst that is
permitted. Since this examination depends on experience and judgment, standards can be developed by running carbon
determinations and comparing with the maximum carbon limitation listed in Table 1.
10.2.5 If the spatter test is run, examine the bottom side of the nickel bridge, also at 5× magnification, for evidence of any
spatter.
A
TABLE 3 Standard Sieve Analyses
100 mesh through No. 60 sieve—100 % min
through No. 100 sieve—95 % min
140°C mesh on No. 100 sieve—trace
on No. 140 sieve—10 % max
through No. 325 sieve—20 % max
140°F mesh on No. 100 sieve—trace
on No. 140 sieve—10 % max
through No. 325 sieve—55 % max
325 mesh on No. 200 sieve—trace
on No. 325 sieve—10 % max
through No. 325 sieve—90 % min
A
These are standard ASTM sieve sizes selected from Table 2 of Specification E11.
Sieve tests are conducted in accordance with the latest edition of Test Method
B214.
F106 − 12 (2017)
11. Rejection
11.1 The seller’s responsibility will be limited to replacement of any filler metal that does not conform to the requirements of
this specification.
12. Certification
12.1 A certification, when requested by the user, based on the manufacturer’s quality control that the material conforms to the
requirements of this specification, shall be furnished upon request of the purchaser, provided the request is made at the time of cost
quotation and at the time of order placement.
13. Packaging and Marking
13.1 Packaging—The brazing filler metal shall be packaged in such a way that it will arrive at its destination clean and
undamaged.
13.2 Marking—All packages of brazing filler metal shall be marked with:
13.2.1 AWS specification numbers and classifications,
13.2.2 Seller’s name and trade designation,
13.2.3 Size or part description in the case of preforms.
13.2.4 Net weight or scale count in the case of preforms, and
13.2.5 Lot, control or heat number.
14. Keywords
14.1 brazebraze alloys; electron devices; melting test for cleanness and spatter
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. GUIDE TO AWS CLASSIFICATION OF VACUUM GRADE FILLER METALS
FOR ELECTRON DEVICE APPLICATIONS
X1.1 General
X1.1.1 This guide is appended to this specification as a source of information; it is not mandatory and does not form a mandatory
part of this specification. It has been prepared as an aid to users of vacuum grade brazing filler metals to help them determine which
classification of filler metal is best for a particular application.
X1.1.2 This specification is intended to provide both the supplier and the user of brazing filler metals with a means of production
control and a basis of acceptance through mutually acceptable standard requirements.
X1.1.3 Brazing filler metals are metals that are added when making a braze. They have melting points below those of the metals
being brazed and above 840°F (450°C) with properties suitable for making joints by capillary attraction between closely fitted
surfaces.
X1.1.4 All classifications of filler metals in this specification are considered to be spatter-free.
X1.2 Method of Classification
X1.2.1 The classification method for brazing filler metals is based on chemical composition rather than on mechanical property
requirements. The mechanical
...
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