ASTM D3888-12
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
Standard Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Terminology D3888 was originally developed as a terminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as a new yarn spinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinning production had been the traditional spinning since the early 1800s when hand spinning became mechanized. Rotor spinning and other spinning technologies increased yarn production rates and formed yarns by different mechanical means that generated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-spun yarns. The revision of this document is intended to compile terminology for current yarn spinning systems into one standard rather than individual standards, in that all yarn formation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarn by using common preparation steps, such as opening, cleaning, carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminology in this standard is grouped by the type of spinning system and in chronological order of their development and production usage. It should be noted that the higher end of yarn number ranges cited with each spinning system are possible but are rare in actual production.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, and air jet yarn spinning systems.
1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminology related to open-end spinning. It has been expanded to include terms relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.
1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct, the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in the textile industry.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3888 − 12
StandardTerminology for
1
Yarn Spinning Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3888; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminol-
ogy in this standard is grouped by the type of spinning system
1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, and
andinchronologicalorderoftheirdevelopmentandproduction
air jet yarn spinning systems.
usage. It should be noted that the higher end of yarn number
1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminology
rangescitedwitheachspinningsystemarepossiblebutarerare
related to open-end spinning. It has been expanded to include
in actual production.
terms relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.
1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct,
4. Terminology
the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in the
textile industry.
4.1 Ring Spinning—Ring spinning is the oldest spinning
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the system in use, therefore ring-spun yarns are the basis for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the comparing yarns produced from other spinning systems. Pro-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
duction rates are low when compared to new spinning systems.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- The production delivery capability of ring spinning is limited
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
by traveler velocity and the twist limits of the yarn number
being made; the speed may range between 10 and 20 m/min.
2. Referenced Documents
Ring spinning allows for the production of the widest range of
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
yarn numbers from 200 to 2 tex (Ne 3/1 to 300/1). Ring-spun
c
D2255 Test Method for Grading SpunYarns forAppearance
yarnsareproducedbydraftingrovingsbetweenpairsofrollers,
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
twisting the drafted roving by passing it under a traveler that
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
rotates around a fixed ring on the frame of the spinning
machine, and winding the twisted strand on a removable
3. Significance and Use
bobbin mounted on a rotating spindle. Ring spun yarns are
3.1 Terminology D3888 was originally developed as a
characterized by a uniform fiber orientation around the yarn
terminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as a
axis. See Fig. 1.
new yarn spinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinning
bobbin, n—a slightly tapered plastic cylinder, mounted on a
production had been the traditional spinning since the early
spindle of a ring spinning frame on which yarn produced
1800s when hand spinning became mechanized. Rotor spin-
from drafting and twisting is wound.
ningandotherspinningtechnologiesincreasedyarnproduction
DISCUSSION—Yarn from several ring frame bobbins is wound onto a
rates and formed yarns by different mechanical means that
cone or cheese to create a larger package from which it can be easily
generated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-
unwound for use in weaving, knitting, or other processes.
spun yarns. The revision of this document is intended to
compile terminology for current yarn spinning systems into carding, v—a mechanical preparation, utilized by staple fiber
one standard rather than individual standards, in that all yarn
spinning systems, that cleans, straightens, and aligns fibers
formation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarn
using wire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibers
by using common preparation steps, such as opening, cleaning,
into a sliver.
carded yarn, n—an organized, continuous strand of staple
1
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
fibers produced by carding, drawing, roving formation, and
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
spinning. (Compare with combed yarn.)
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published March 2012. Originally
ε1
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3888 – 07 . DOI:
10.1520/D3888-12.
combing, v—an optional mechanical preparation process un-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
dertaken to remove additional trash particles, neps, and short
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
fibers (typically fibers less than 12.5 mm or 0.5 in.) from
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. carded sliver to further align the remaining fiber
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D3888–07 Designation:D3888–12
Standard Terminology for
1
Yarn Spinning Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3888; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—This terminology was updated editorially with terms from Subcommittee D13.58 standards in September 2011.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, and air jet yarn spinning systems.
1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminology related to open-end spinning. It has been expanded to include terms
relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.
1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct, the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in the textile
industry.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
D861Practice for Use of the Tex System to Designate Linear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and Yarns
D1244Practice for Designation of Yarn Construction
D2255 Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
D2260Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Terminology D3888 was originally developed as a terminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as a new yarn
spinning technology in the 1980’s.1980s. Ring spinning production had been the traditional spinning since the early 1800’s1800s
when hand spinning became mechanized. Rotor spinning and other spinning technologies increased yarn production rates and
formed yarns by different mechanical means that generated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-spun yarns. The
revision of this document is intended to compile terminology for current yarn spinning systems into one standard rather than
individual standards, in that all yarn formation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarn by using common preparation
steps, such as opening, cleaning, carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminology in this standard is grouped by
the type of spinning system and in chronological order of their development and production usage. It should be noted that the
higher end of yarn number ranges cited with each spinning system are possible but are rare in actual production.
4. Terminology
4.1 Ring Spinning—Ring spinning is the oldest spinning system in use, therefore ring-spun yarns are the basis for comparing
yarns produced from other spinning systems. Production rates are low when compared to new spinning systems. The production
delivery capability of ring spinning is limited by traveler velocity and the twist limits of the yarn number being made; the speed
may range between 10 and 20 m/min. Ring spinning allows for the production of the widest range of yarn numbers from 200 to
2 tex (Ne 3/1 to 300/1). Ring-spun yarns are produced by drafting rovings between pairs of rollers, twisting the drafted roving
c
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D3888–95(2001). DOI:
10.1520/D3888-07E01.
´1
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published March 2012. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3888 – 07 . DOI:
10.1520/D3888-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D3888–12
by passing it under a traveler that rotates around a fixed ring on the frame of the spinni
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