ASTM D1695-96(2001)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
Standard Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definition of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acronyms and symbols specifically associated with standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications; Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.
1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as follows: SectionCellulosic Materials and Constituents3Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose4Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that are applicable to both Sections 3 and 4 5
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Designation:D1695–96(Reapproved2001)
Standard Terminology of
Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1695; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope arabinose—a pentose that occurs as one of the sugar units in
some hemicelluloses.
1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definition of
arabinomethylglucuronoxylan—a hemicellulose containing
terms,descriptionsofterms,nomenclature,andexplanationsof
arabinose, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, and xylose groups in
acronyms and symbols specifically associated with standards
its structure.
under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
beta-cellulose—(1) Historically, a term used to indicate impu-
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications; Subcommittee
rities of moderate chain lengths found in pulps, predomi-
D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.
nately degraded cellulose. (2) Beta-cellulose content, as
1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as fol-
measured by TAPPI Method T 203 om-93, is the pulp
lows:
fraction soluble in caustic, which precipitates upon acidifi-
Section
cation.
Cellulosic Materials and Constituents 3
Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose 4
carbohydrates not cellulose—the noncellulosic carbohy-
Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that are
drates of a cellulosic material.
applicable to both Sections 3 and 4 5
cellophane pulps—pulps used in the manufacture of cello-
2. Referenced Documents
phane, and subject to various specifications by the manufac-
turers, including those of purity, moisture content, sheet
2.1 The numerous ASTM Standards to which this standard
properties, and viscosity.
applies are found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol
cellulose—(1) the main solid constituent of woody plants; it
06.03.
occurs widely elsewhere in the vegetable kingdom, and to a
2.2 TAPPI Method T 203 om-93
smallextentintheanimalkingdom.(2)chemically,cellulose
3. Cellulosic Materials and Constituents
is b-1-4 glucan of high degree of polymerization. It is
desirable to apply “cellulose” to this material only and to
acetylation pulps—pulps used in the manufacture of cellulose
designate the predominantly cellulosic residue obtained by
acetate or other esters, and subject to various specifications
subjecting woody tissues to various pulping processes as
by the manufacturers, including those of purity, moisture
“cellulosic residues,” “cellulosic pulps,” or the like.
content, sheet properties, and viscosity.
cellulose I—the crystalline modification of cellulose that
alpha-cellulose—(1) Historically, a term used to indicate the
normally occurs in nature.
pure, relative undegraded cellulose found in pulps. (2)
cellulose II—the crystalline modification of cellulose that is
Alpha-cellulosecontentisoftenmeasuredbyTAPPIMethod
found in mercerized cellulose, in regenerated cellulose, and
T 203 om-93 where alpha-cellulose is that portion of the
in cellulose produced by the hydrolysis of various cellulose
pulp which does not dissolve under the test conditions.
derivatives.
alpha pulps—see chemical cellulose.
cellulose III—a crystalline modification of cellulose produced
araban—a pentosan yielding essentially only arabinose on
by treatment, under certain conditions, with ammonia or
hydrolysis.
sometimes by amines. The method of removing the reagent
arabinogalactan—a polysaccharide consisting of arabinose
determines the modification produced.
and galactose units, like the water-soluble polysaccharide of
cellulose IV—a crystalline modification of cellulose produced
larch.
by heat treatment of cellulose II.
cellulose X—a crystalline modification of cellulose produced
by treatment of cellulose with strong hydrochloric acid or
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
phosphoric acid.
Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.
cellulose, purified cotton—see cotton cellulose, purified.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1996. Published January 1997. Originally
e1
cellulose, purified wood—see wood cellulose, purified.
published as D 1695 – 59 T. Last previous edition D 1695 – 77 (1989) .
Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry, Technology Park/Atlanta
P.O. Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1695–96 (2001)
chemical cellulose—a chemically purified cellulosic material is reduced to the sulfide in the chemical recovery process;
that is intended for chemical treatment to produce deriva- hence the alternative designation, sulfate pulp.
tives. lignin—that part of plant material which is not saccharified by
chemical cotton—chemical cellulose prepared from cotton; the action of 72 % sulfuric acid or 42 % hydrochloric acid,
generally, but not necessarily, cotton linters. after the resins, waxes, and tannins have been removed.
chemical pulps—in the paper industry, pulps produced by linters—theshortfibrousmaterialadheringtocottonseedafter
chemical processes, as contrasted to those produced by the ginning operation.After removal from the seed it is used
mechanical processes. (see also chemical wood pulp). to a limited extent as a fibrous raw material for special
chemical wood pulp—a term used in the paper industry for papers.Theprincipaluse,however,isforchemicalcellulose,
pulps obtained by digestion of wood with solutions of that is, as the raw material for the manufacture of cellulose
various chemicals. derivatives.
mannan—strictly, a polysaccharide composed entirely of
DISCUSSION—This term, which refers to pulp produced and purified
mannose units, but used conventionally to distinguish the
by chemical processes, should not be confused with chemical cellulose
hexosan wood hemicelluloses from the pentosans (xylan).
which refers to pulp that is to be used in chemical processes.
(see also galactoglucomannan and glucomannan)
cotton cellulose, purified—chemical cellulose from cotton
mannogalactan—see galactomannan.
fiber or linters. (see also chemical cotton)
methylglucuronoxylan—the main hemicellulose of hardwood
cotton linters—see linters.
pulps; a polysaccharide containing xylose and 4-O-
dissolving pulps—see pulps, dissolving.
methylglucuronic acid groups. In the wood it is partially
extractives—compounds occurring in plant materials, but not
acetylated.
forming part of the structural elements, that are removed
nitrating pulps—pulps used for the manufacture of cellulose
with neutral solvents such as ether, alcohol, and water.
nitrate and subject to various specifications by the manufac-
galactan—a polysaccharide composed essentially of galactose
turers, including those of alpha-cellulose content and viscos-
units. (see also arabinogalactan)
ity.
galactoglucomannan—one of the hemicelluloses of soft-
oligosaccharides—polymeric carbohydrates containing rela-
woods, containing three types of sugar units—galactose,
tively few (compared to the polysaccharides) sugar units
glucose, and mannose.
connectedbyglycosidallinkages.Twotonineunitshasbeen
galactomannan—a polysaccharide containing galactose and
suggestedasasuitablerange.Forlongerchainsthepolymers
mannoseunits.Galactomannansusuallyhavealongchainof
cannot be readily separated into individual molecular spe-
mannose units with galactose side chains and are found in
cies.
seed gums (guar, locust bean).
pectic substrates—complex polysaccharides containing a
gamma-cellulose—(1) Historically, a term used to indicate
large proportion of galacturonic acid units.
impurities of short chain lengths found in pulps, predomi-
pectins—colorless, amorphous, water-soluble polysaccharides
nately hemicelluloses. (2) Gama-cellulose content, as mea-
occurring in plant tissues that yield pectic acid and methanol
sured by TAPPI Method T 203 om-93, is the pulp fraction
on hydrolysis.
soluble in caustic, which remains in solution upon acidifi-
pentosans—one of the groups of amorphous carbohydrates
cation.
included under the general term “hemicellulose.” Pentosans
glucan—a macromolecular substance that can be hydrolyzed
yield principally pentoses on acid hydrolysis. The principal
to give almost exclusively glucose.
pentosan in wood is xylan.
glucomannan—a hemicellulose consisting essentially of glu-
polyuronides—polysaccharides containing uronic acid
cose and mannose.
groups.
glucuronoxylan—a common designation for the xylose-
pulps, dissolving—chemical cellulose from wood pulp.
containing hardwood hemicelluloses. (see also methylglu-
pulps for chemical conversion—chemical cellulose from
curonoxylan)
wood pulp.
hemicellulose—any of a number of cell-wall polysaccharides
pulps for manufacture of cellulose derivatives—chemical
thatareremovablebyextractionwithaqueousalkaliandthat
cellulose from wood pulp.
may be hydrolyzed by boiling with dilute acids to give
purified cotton cellulose—see cotton cellulose, purified.
constituent monosaccharide units; any of the noncellulosic
purified wood cellulose—see wood cellulose, purified.
cell-wall polysaccharides.
R —the portion of a cellulose pulp that is insoluble in 10 %
hexosan—frequently used in contradistinction to pentosan, for 3
sodium hydroxide using Test Method D 1696 or its equiva-
a polysaccharide consisting mainly of hexose units.
lent.
holocellulose—the total polysaccharide fraction of extractive-
DISCUSSION—R indicates the pure, relatively undegraded cellulose
free wood. The method of isolation or of determination 10
content of pulps, and as such may be compared to alpha-cellulose,
should always be given.
kraft pulp—pulp cooked by the alkaline liquor consisting
essentially of a mixture of caustic soda and sodium sulfide.
The make-up chemical is traditionally sodium sulfate, which Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03.
D1695–96 (2001)
although they are determined by different test procedures. DISCUSSION—Cellulose nitrate is often and erroneously called “nitro-
cellulose.”
rayon pulps—pulps used in the manufacture of rayon, and
subject to various specifications by the manufacturers, in- cellulose plastics—plastics based on cellulose compounds,
cluding those of purity, moisture content, sheet properties,
such as esters (cellulose acetate) and ethers (ethylcellulose).
and viscosity.
cellulose propionate—any ester of cellulose with propionic
S —the portion of a cellulose pulp that is soluble in 10 %
10 acid.
sodium hydroxide using Test Method D 1696, or its equiva-
cellulose sodium glycolate—see carboxymethyl cellulose.
lent.
cellulose triacetate—that form of cellulose acetate in which
the degree of substitution approaches 3 sufficiently that the
DISCUSSION—S is considered to contain both hemicellulose and
product is not soluble in acetone.
degraded, short chain length cellulose (see R ).
cellulose xanthates—the salts of cellulose xanthic acid. Com-
S —the portion of a cellulose pulp that is soluble in 18 %
monly, cellulose xanthate refers to sodium cellulose xan-
sodium hydroxide using Test Method D 1696, or its equiva-
thate, the essential constituent of the viscose solution, from
lent.
which viscose rayon is spun.
DISCUSSION—S is considered to be mainly hemicelluloses, and may
18 dope—a composition, usually a cellulose lacquer, for applica-
be compared to gamma-cellulose, although they are determined by
tion on textiles and leathers. Also a very viscous crude
different test procedures.
reaction product, as acetylation dope.
S –S —an estimate of the portion of degraded cellulose in a
ethylcellulose—any of several ethyl ethers of cellulose. The
10 18
pulp obtained by subtracting S from S .
one most generally used in industry has sufficient substitu-
18 10
tion to be soluble in organic solvents.
DISCUSSION—Some workers use S to S as an estimate of the
10 18
hydrocelluloses—water-insoluble products of the hydrolysis
hemicellulose content of pulps, and may be compared to gamma-
cellulose, although they are determined by different test procedures. of cellulose with acids. They are molecularly heterogeneous
in the sense that they are composed of molecules varying in
sulfate pulp—see kraft pulp.
degree of polymerization. The average degree of polymer-
sulfite pulp—wood pulp produced by cooking with a sulfite
ization (DP) and the DPdistribution depend on the nature of
liquor made by dissolving sulfur dioxide in an aqueous base.
the acid treatment and of the original cellulose. The term
wood cellulose, purified—chemical cellulose from wood.
may also be applied to any insoluble polysaccharide so
xylan—a pentosan giving almost exclusively xylose on hy-
formed and separated as a more or less homogeneous
drolysis.
fraction from the mixture of products, but the singular form“
hydrocellulose” should not be used without an article, to
4. Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose
avoid the implication of a molecularly homogeneous spe-
carboxymethylcellulose, CMC—the common name for a
cies.
cellulose ether of glycolic acid. It is usually marketed as a
(2-hydroxyethyl)cellulose—any of several cellulose ethers in
water-soluble sodium salt, more properly called sodium
which some of the hydroxyl groups have been substituted
carboxymethylcellulose. In the early literature, it is some-
with hydroxyethyl groups. Hydroxyethyl cellulose, except at
times called cellulose glycolate or cellulose glycolic acid.
very low degrees of substitution, is water-soluble.
cellulose acetate—in the broad sense, any of several esters of
(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylcellulose—a mixed ether of cellulose
cellulose and acetic acid. (see also cellulose triacetate)
containing both hydroxyethyl and ethyl groups.
cellulose acetate butyrate—a mixed ester of cellulose con-
(2-hydroxyethyl)methylcellulose—a mixed ether of cellulose
taining both acetate and butyrate groups.
containing both hydroxyethyl and methyl groups.
cellulose acetate phthalate—a mixed ester of cellulose con-
(2-hydroxypropyl)methylcellulose—a mixed ether of cellu-
taining both acetate and phthalate groups.
lose containing both hydroxypropyl and methyl groups.
cellulose acetate propionate—a mixed ester of cellulose
ionic cellulose ethers—those water-soluble cellulose ethers
containing both acetate and propionate groups.
which contain ionizable groups, in more than trace amounts.
cellulose derivative—a substance derived from cellulose by
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is an example.
substitution of one or more of the hydr
...
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