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ASTM D2559-12a(2018)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use Under Exterior Exposure Conditions

Standard Specification for Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use Under Exterior Exposure Conditions

ABSTRACT
This specification covers adhesives suitable for the bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural laminated wood products for general construction, for marine use, or for other uses where a high-strength, waterproof adhesive bond is required. The requirements of the adhesive are based on the performance of the adhesive in laminated wood as measured by the following test methods: resistance to shear by compression loading; resistance to delamination during accelerated exposure to wetting and drying; and resistance to deformation under static load. The wood shall be prepared by ambient curing and hot press curing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers adhesives suitable for the bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural wood products for general construction or other uses where a high-strength, durable adhesive bond is required.  
1.2 This specification includes test methods that may be referenced by specific product standards for the evaluation and approval of structural wood adhesives. Methods are included to evaluate adhesives intended for use in exterior exposure.
Note 1: Consult the Commentary in Appendix X1 regarding the intent and limitations of each test method contained in this specification.  
1.3 Description of Bondline Performance—It is recognized that structural wood adhesives are used in various applications and levels of severity in terms of moisture content, loading, cyclic and seasonal weather conditions, heat exposure and other use conditions. It is the intent of this standard to determine the suitability of an adhesive for use under various levels of severity and conditions with specific and appropriate test methods and requirements.
Note 2: This specification does not contain specific tests outlined for different chemical types of adhesives.  
1.4 Strength and durability requirements of the adhesive are based on the performance of the adhesive in laminated wood as measured by:  
1.4.1 Resistance to shear by compression loading after conditioning to the target moisture content indicated in 14.2.3 and meeting requirements in 14.4.  
1.4.2 Resistance to delamination during exposure to three cycles of vacuum pressure wetting followed by drying at elevated temperature as indicated in 15.3 and meeting requirements in 15.4.  
1.4.3 Resistance to creep under static load by subjecting test specimens to a specified shear stress and exposing one set of test specimens to an environment of elevated temperature and ambient humidity and another set to an environment of high humidity and meeting requirements set forth in 16.3.  
1.4.4 For applications involving chemical treatment, the adhesive shall be evaluated using representative samples of treated wood.
Note 3: When using chemically treated wood, compatibility between the treatment, adhesive, and wood is to be considered and agreed upon between the chemical manufacture and the user.
Note 4: Additional durability testing may also be required as specified by individual product standards. Consult the Commentary in Appendix X1 for additional information and guidance as to the type of durability testing that may be appropriate to supplement this specification when characterizing the adhesive for suitability with specific wood products.  
1.5 The evaluation of adhesives for use in ground contact and marine exposures are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.6 The evaluation of binder adhesives is beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes and a commentary which provide explanatory material. These notes, footnotes and commentary (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated ...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Jul-2018
ICS
79.060.10 - Plywood
Technical Committee
D14 - Adhesives
Drafting Committee
D14.30 - Wood Adhesives
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D2555-15 - Standard Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D2555-16 - Standard Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
Effective Date
01-Aug-2016
Refers
ASTM D5456-17 - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D2555-17 - Standard Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
Effective Date
15-Apr-2017
Refers
ASTM D5456-17e1 - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D2555-17a - Standard Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
Effective Date
01-Aug-2017
Refers
ASTM D1583-01(2018) - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Dry Adhesive Films
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Refers
ASTM D5055-16 - Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists
Effective Date
01-Jun-2016
Refers
ASTM D5456-18 - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products
Effective Date
01-Apr-2018
Refers
ASTM D5055-19 - Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists
Effective Date
01-Mar-2019
Refers
ASTM D4442-16 - Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Effective Date
15-Nov-2016
Refers
ASTM D4442-20 - Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020
Refers
ASTM D5456-14b - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Refers
ASTM D4442-15 - Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Referred By
ASTM D1101-97a(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Integrity of Adhesive Joints in Structural Laminated Wood Products for Exterior Use
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Referred By
ASTM D7966/D7966M-16(2023) - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Creep of Adhesives in Static Shear by Compression Loading (Wood-to-Wood)
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Referred By
ASTM D3535-07a(2021) - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Creep Under Static Loading for Structural Wood Laminating Adhesives Used Under Exterior Exposure Conditions
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Referred By
ASTM D7770-12(2019) - Standard Test Method for Collection of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted During Simulated Manufacturing of Engineered Wood Products Via a Sealed Caul Plate Method
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Referred By
ASTM D5266-13(2020) - Standard Practice for Estimating the Percentage of Wood Failure in Adhesive Bonded Joints
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Referred By
ASTM D7199-20 - Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for Reinforced Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) Beams Using Mechanics-Based Models
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Referred By
ASTM D5055-19e1 - Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Referred By
ASTM D5456-21e1 - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Referred By
ASTM D5574-94(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Establishing Allowable Mechanical Properties of Wood-Bonding Adhesives for Design of Structural Joints
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Referred By
ASTM D4688/D4688M-14(2021)e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Structural Adhesives for Finger Jointing Lumber
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Referred By
ASTM D7469-22 - Standard Test Methods for End Joints in Structural Wood Products
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018

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ASTM D2559-12a(2018) - Standard Specification for Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use Under Exterior Exposure ConditionsASTM D2559-12a(2018) - Standard Specification for Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use Under Exterior Exposure Conditions
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ASTM D2559-12a(2018) - Standard Specification for Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use Under Exterior Exposure Conditions
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D2559 −12a (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use
1
Under Exterior Exposure Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2559; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This specification, which was initially approved in 1966, was developed to ensure that adhesives
developed and used in structural glued laminated timber (glulam) are considered suitable for the
intended application. This would include, as a maximum level of severity in the case of moisture
effects, full and continuous exposure to the weather.
TheuseofadhesivesforstructuralwoodproductshasexpandedbeyondGlulamtoincludeproducts
suchasStructuralCompositeLumber,woodI-Joistsandvariouscompositesadhesivelybondedusing
a variety of materials. Although most structural glued wood products have traditionally specified an
adhesive suitable for exterior exposure, the actual exposure of glued wood products to exterior
conditions may range from exposure to the weather for brief periods of time, to continuous exposure
to a marine environment.
Adistinction between adhesive certification and product performance requirements is necessary to
ensure the broadest possible acceptance of adhesive systems.
NOTE 2—This specification does not contain specific tests outlined for
1. Scope
different chemical types of adhesives.
1.1 This specification covers adhesives suitable for the
1.4 Strengthanddurabilityrequirementsoftheadhesiveare
bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural wood
basedontheperformanceoftheadhesiveinlaminatedwoodas
products for general construction or other uses where a
measured by:
high-strength, durable adhesive bond is required.
1.4.1 Resistance to shear by compression loading after
1.2 This specification includes test methods that may be
conditioning to the target moisture content indicated in 14.2.3
referenced by specific product standards for the evaluation and
and meeting requirements in 14.4.
approvalofstructuralwoodadhesives.Methodsareincludedto
1.4.2 Resistance to delamination during exposure to three
evaluate adhesives intended for use in exterior exposure.
cycles of vacuum pressure wetting followed by drying at
elevated temperature as indicated in 15.3 and meeting require-
NOTE1—ConsulttheCommentaryinAppendixX1regardingtheintent
and limitations of each test method contained in this specification.
ments in 15.4.
1.4.3 Resistancetocreepunderstaticloadbysubjectingtest
1.3 Description of Bondline Performance—It is recognized
specimens to a specified shear stress and exposing one set of
that structural wood adhesives are used in various applications
test specimens to an environment of elevated temperature and
and levels of severity in terms of moisture content, loading,
ambient humidity and another set to an environment of high
cyclic and seasonal weather conditions, heat exposure and
humidity and meeting requirements set forth in 16.3.
other use conditions. It is the intent of this standard to
1.4.4 For applications involving chemical treatment, the
determine the suitability of an adhesive for use under various
adhesive shall be evaluated using representative samples of
levels of severity and conditions with specific and appropriate
treated wood.
test methods and requirements.
NOTE 3—When using chemically treated wood, compatibility between
the treatment, adhesive, and wood is to be considered and agreed upon
1 between the chemical manufacture and the user.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on
NOTE4—Additionaldurabilitytestingmayalsoberequiredasspecified
Adhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on Wood
byindividualproductstandards.ConsulttheCommentaryinAppendixX1
Adhesives.
foradditionalinformationandguidanceastothetypeofdurabilitytesting
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originally
ɛ1
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D2559–12a . DOI: that may be appropriate to supplement this specification when character-
10.1520/D2559-12AR18. izing the adhesive for suitability with specific wood products.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D2559−12a (2018)
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4.1 The primary use of these test methods is testing to determine the specified mechanical properties of steel, stainless steel, and related alloy products for the evaluation of conformance of such products to a material specification under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 and its subcommittees as designated by a purchaser in a purchase order or contract.  
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4.1.3 Some material specifications require the use of additional test methods not described herein; in such cases, the required test method is described in that material specification or by reference to another appropriate test method standard.  
4.2 These test methods are also suitable to be used for testing of steel, stainless steel and related alloy materials for other purposes, such as incoming material acceptance testing by the purchaser or evaluation of components after service exposure.  
4.2.1 As with any mechanical testing, deviations from either specification limits or expected as-manufactured properties can occur for valid reasons besides deficiency of the original as-fabricated product. These reasons include, but are not limited to: subsequent service degradation from environmental exposure (for example, temperature, corrosion); static or cyclic service stress effects, mechanically-induced damage, material inhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging of select alloys, further processing not included in the specification, sampling limitations, and measuring equipment calibration uncertainty. There is statistical variation in all aspects of mechanical testin...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods2 cover procedures and definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used to determine properties required in the product specifications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible and comparable results. In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with these general procedures, the product specification testing requirements shall control.  
1.2 The following mechanical tests are described:    
Sections  
Tension  
7 to 14  
Bend  
15  
Hardness  
16  
Brinell  
17  
Rockwell  
18  
Portable  
19  
Impact  
20 to 30  
Keywords  
32  
1.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products are appended to these test methods as follows:    
Annex  
Bar Products  
Annex A1  
Tubular Products  
Annex A2  
Fasteners  
Annex A3  
Round Wire Products  
Annex A4  
Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing  
Annex A5  
Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens to
Equivalents for Flat Specimens  
Annex A6    
Testing Multi-Wire Strand  
Annex A7  
Rounding of Test Data  
Annex A8  
Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars  
Annex A9  
Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation  
Annex A10  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 When these test methods are referenced in a metric product specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined in inch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 in. or 8 in. may be report...

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ASTM
ASTM D3495-10(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hexane Extraction of Leather

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method measures the amount of hexane-soluble lubricant present in all types of leather. Adequate lubrication prevents abrasion of leather fibers during flexing. This lubrication is generally obtained from the fat liquor added at the tannery. Some lubrication is also obtained from natural grease produced during the life of the animal.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative extraction of all types of leather with hexane. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F981-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Assessment of Muscle and Bone Tissue Responses to Long-Term Implantable Materials Used in Medical Devices

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is a guideline for short-term and long-term assessment of skeletal muscle and bone tissue responses to long-term implant materials. For testing of final finished medical devices, the test article for implantation shall be as for intended use, including packaging and sterilization. The tissue responses to the test article are compared to the skeletal muscle and/or bone tissue response(s) elicited by control materials. The controls consistently demonstrate known cellular reaction and wound healing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for biological assessment of tissue responses to nonabsorbable for medical device implants. It assesses the effects of the material that is implanted intramuscularly or intraosseously. The experimental protocol is not designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the systemic toxicity, immune response, carcinogenicity, or mutagenicity of the material since other standards address these issues. It applies only to materials with projected applications in humans where the materials will reside in bone or skeletal muscle tissue in excess of 30 days. Applications in other organ systems or tissues may be inappropriate and are therefore excluded. Control materials are well recognized with a well-characterized long-term response and can include metals and any one of the metal alloys in Specification F67, F75, F90, F136, F138, or F562, high purity dense aluminum oxide as described in Specification F603, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene as stated in Specification F648, or USP polyethylene negative control.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units, including units officially accepted for use with SI, are to be regarded as standard. No other systems of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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