ASTM E1354-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor.
1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development of materials and products.
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.
1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to heating fluxes in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The value of the heating flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions for vertical orientation testing; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only.
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
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Designation: E 1354 – 99 An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and
Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
radiant heating with or without an external ignitor.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability,
statements, see Section 7.
heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion,
and visible smoke development of materials and products.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen
D 3286 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and
concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream.
Coke by the Isoperibol Bomb Calorimeter
The effective heat of combustion is determined from a con-
E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards
comitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combi-
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
nation with the heat release rate. Smoke development is
ASTM Test Methods
measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product
E 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke
stream.
Generated by Solid Materials
1.4 Specimens may be exposed to heating fluxes ranging
2 E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
from 0 to 100 kW/m . External ignition, when used, is by
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
electric spark. The value of the heating flux and the use of
E 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
external ignition are to be as specified in the relevant material
Rates for Materials and Products
or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen
2.2 ISO Standards:
testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the
ISO 5657-1986(E) Fire Tests—reaction to fire—ignitability
end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orienta-
of building materials
tion. Provisions are also made for vertical orientation testing;
ISO 5725 Precision of test methods—determination of re-
this is intended for exploratory or diagnostic studies only.
peatability and reproducibility for a standard test method
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time
by inter-laboratory tests
from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material
3. Terminology
and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design pur-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
poses, or development and research. The material may com-
method, refer to Terminology E 176.
prise specimens from an end-use product or the various
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
components used in the end-use product.
3.2.1 effective heat of combustion, n—the measured heat
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
release divided by the mass loss for a specified time period.
standard.
3.2.2 heating flux, n—the incident flux imposed externally
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the
from the heater on the specimen at the initiation of the test.
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The specimen, once ignited, is also
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
heated by its own flame.
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
3.2.3 heat release rate, n—the heat evolved from the
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
specimen, per unit of time.
actual fire conditions.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire
Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21on Smoke and Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
Combustion Products. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1999. Published June 1999. Originally Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
published as E 1354 – 90. Last previous edition E 1354 – 97. 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
E 1354
3.2.4 ignitability, n—the propensity to ignition, as measured
˙
5 volume exhaust flow rate, measured at the loca-
V
by the time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specified
tion of the laser photometer, m /s.
heating flux.
X 5 oxygen analyzer reading, mole fraction O (–).
O 2
X 5 initial value of oxygen analyzer reading (–).
3.2.5 net heat of combustion, n—the oxygen bomb (see Test O
X 5 oxygen analyzer reading, before delay time cor-
O
Method D 3286) value for the heat of combustion, corrected 2
rection (–).
for gaseous state of product water.
s 5 specific extinction area, for smoke, m /kg.
f
3.2.6 orientation, n—the plane in which the exposed face of
s 5 repeatability standard deviation (same units as r).
r
the specimen is located during testing, either vertical or
s 5 reproducibility standard deviation (same units as
R
horizontal facing up.
R).
3.2.7 oxygen consumption principle, n—the expression of
4. Summary of Test Method
the relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed during
combustion and the heat released.
4.1 This test method is based on the observation (1) that,
3.2.8 smoke obscuration, n—reduction of light transmission generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the
amount of oxygen required for combustion. The relationship is
by smoke, as measured by light attenuation.
that approximately 13.1 3 10 kJ of heat are released per 1 kg
3.2.9 sustained flaming, n—existence of flame on or over
of oxygen consumed. Specimens in the test are burned in
most of the specimen surface for periods of at least 4 s.
ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a predeter-
3.2.9.1 Discussion—Flaming of less than 4 s duration is
mined external heat flux, which can be set from 0 to 100
identified as flashing or transitory flaming.
kW/m . Burning may be either with or without a spark ignition.
3.3 Symbols:
The primary measurements are oxygen concentrations and
exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements include the
mass-loss rate of the specimen, the time to sustained flaming
A 5 nominal specimen exposed surface area, 0.01 m .
s
and smoke obscuration, or as required in the relevant material
C 5 calibration constant for oxygen consumption
1/2 1/2 1/2
or performance standard.
analysis, m −kg − K .
Dh 5 net heat of combustion, kJ/kg.
c
5. Significance and Use
Dh 5 effective heat of combustion, kJ/kg.
c,eff
I 5 actual beam intensity. 5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat
I 5 beam intensity with no smoke.
evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the
o
−1
k 5 smoke extinction coefficient, m .
test material. Also included is a determination of the effective
L 5 extinction beam path length, m.
heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained
m 5 specimen mass, kg.
flaming, and smoke production. These properties are deter-
m 5 final specimen mass, kg.
f
mined on small size specimens that are representative of those
m 5 initial specimen mass, kg.
i
in the intended end use.
m 5 specimen mass loss rate, kg/s.
5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of
DP 5 orifice meter pressure differential, Pa.
2 products and is not limited to representing a single fire
q9 5 total heat released, kJ/m (Note that kJ [ kW·s).
tot
scenario. Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and
q˙ 5 heat release rate, kW.
X1.11.
˙q9 5 heat release rate per unit area, kW/m .
5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products
q˙9 5 maximum heat release rate per unit area (kW/
max
that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.
m ).
˙q9 5 average heat release rate, per unit area, over the
6. Apparatus
time period starting at t and ending 180 s later
ig
(kW/m ). 6.1 General:
r 5 repeatability (the units are the same as for the 6.1.1 Where explicitly stated in the following description,
variable being characterized).
dimensions are mandatory and should be followed within
R 5 reproducibility (the units are the same as for the
nominal tolerances of 61 mm, unless otherwise specified.
variable being characterized).
Such dimensions are followed by an asterisk in Figs. 1-12. All
r 5 stoichiometric oxygen/fuel mass ratio (–).
o other dimensions are recommended values and should be
s 5 sample-based standard deviation estimate for re-
r
followed closely.
peatability (same units as r).
6.1.2 The test apparatus shall consist essentially of the
s 5 sample-based standard deviation estimate for re-
R
following components: a conical radiant electric heater, ca-
producibility (same units as R).
pable of horizontal or vertical orientation; specimen holders,
t 5 time, s.
different for the two orientations; an exhaust gas system with
t 5 oxygen analyzer delay time, s.
d
oxygen monitoring and flow measuring instrumentation; an
t 5 time to sustained flaming (s).
ig
r5 density (kg/m ).
Dt 5 sampling time interval, s.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
T 5 absolute temperature of gas at the orifice meter,
e
this test method.
K.
A list of suppliers of this apparatus is available from ASTM Headquarters.
E 1354
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.
NOTE 2—* Indicates a critical dimension.
FIG. 1 Overall View of Apparatus
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.
NOTE 2—* Indicates a critical dimension.
FIG. 2 Cross-Section View Through the Heater
FIG. 3 Exploded View, Horizontal Orientation
electric ignition spark plug; a data collection and analysis
system; and a load cell for measuring specimen mass loss. A
general view of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1; a cross section 62 % in the horizontal orientation and to within 610 % in the
through the heater in Fig. 2; and exploded views of horizontal vertical orientation. As the geometry of the heater is critical,
and vertical orientations in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. the dimensions on Fig. 2 are mandatory.
6.1.3 Additional details describing features and operation of 6.2.3 The irradiance from the heater shall be capable of
the test apparatus are given in Ref (2). being held at a preset level by means of a temperature
6.2 Conical Heater: controller and three type K stainless steel sheathed thermo-
couples, symmetrically disposed and in contact with, but not
6.2.1 The active element of the heater shall consist of an
electrical heater rod, rated at 5000 W at 240 V, tightly wound welded to, the heater element (see Fig. 2). The thermocouples
shall be of equal length and wired in parallel to the temperature
into the shape of a truncated cone (Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). The
heater shall be encased on the outside with a double-wall controller. The standard thermocouples are sheathed, 1.5 and
1.6 mm outside diameter, with an unexposed hot junction.
stainless steel cone, packed with a refractory fiber material of
approximately 100 kg/m density. Alternatively, either 3 mm outside diameter sheathed thermo-
6.2.2 The heater shall be hinged so it can be swung into couples with an exposed hot junction or 1 mm outside diameter
either a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The heater shall be sheathed thermocouples with unexposed hot junction can be
capable of producing irradiances on the surface of the speci- used.
men of up to 100 kW/m . The irradiance shall be uniform 6.3 Temperature Controller:
within the central 50 by 50-mm area of the specimen to within 6.3.1 The temperature controller for the heater shall be
E 1354
example, the inner diameter of the duct and the orifice plates
can be slightly different. Also the fan does not need to be at the
exact location as indicated on Fig. 5, but can be further
downstream, allowing for a more common type of fan to be
used. In this case, undisturbed inflow distances to the gas
sampling probe and the measuring orifice must be sufficient for
the flow to be uniformly mixed.
6.5 Load Cell—The general arrangement of the specimen
holders on the load cell is indicated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. The
load cell shall have an accuracy of 0.1 g, and preferably it shall
have a measuring range of 500 g and a mechanical tare
adjustment range of 3.5 kg.
6.6 Specimen Mounting:
6.6.1 The horizontal specimen holder is shown in Fig. 6.
6.6.2 The bottom of the horizontal specimen holder shall be
lined with a layer of low density (nominal density 65 kg/m )
refractory fiber blanket with a thickness of at least 13 mm. The
FIG. 4 Exploded View, Vertical Orientation
distance between the bottom surface of the cone heater and the
top of the specimen shall be adjusted to be 25 mm by using the
capable of holding the element temperature steady to within
sliding cone height adjustment (Fig. 2).
62°C. A suitable system is a 3-term controller (proportional,
6.6.3 The vertical specimen holder is shown in Fig. 7 and
integral, and derivative) and a thyristor unit capable of switch-
includes a small drip tray to contain a limited amount of molten
ing currents up to 25 A at 240 V.
material. A specimen shall be installed in the vertical specimen
6.3.2 The controller should have a temperature input range
holder by backing it with a layer of refractory fiber blanket
of 0 to 1000°C; a set scale capable of being read to 2°C or
(nominal density 65 kg/m ), the thickness of which depends on
better; and automatic cold junction compensation. The control-
specimen thickness, but shall be at least 13 mm thick. A layer
ler shall be equipped with a safety feature such that in the event
of rigid, ceramic fiber millboard shall be placed behind the
of an open circuit in the thermocouple line, it will cause the
fiber blanket layer. The millboard thickness shall be such that
temperature to fall to near the bottom of its range.
the entire ass
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