ASTM F1731-21

Standard Practice for Body Measurements and Sizing of Fire and Rescue Services Uniforms and Other Thermal Hazard Protective Clothing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sizing is a critical factor that must be considered when selecting and using protective clothing. Properly sized garments add to the safety and performance of wearer by not restricting movement. A work uniform that restricts movement or exposes skin to hazardous environments will result in lost efficiency and less protection.  
5.2 In those cases where work uniforms become an element of a multi-layered protective ensemble, it is essential that uniform fit does not restrict the wearer’s movements or interfere with the fit and use of other safety-related clothing and equipment.  
5.3 This practice can be used for selecting the proper size and fit of work uniforms for fire and rescue personnel and personnel in other occupations where the potential exists for hazardous thermal exposures.  
5.4 This practice is not intended to apply to multi-layered thermal protective clothing, such as firefighter protective clothing, where other factors apply to the fit relative to its performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in size selection of work uniforms for fire and rescue services personnel and workers who have the potential to be exposed to thermal hazards. Work uniform ensembles consist of a shirt and trouser apparel combination.  
1.1.1 This practice does not apply to thermal protective clothing that includes multiple layers, such as firefighter protective clothing.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to uniforms for both male and female personnel.  
1.3 This practice provides an internationally recognized means for measuring human body dimensions for the selection and ordering of shirts, trousers, and one-piece coveralls.  
1.4 This practice provides a means for evaluating the fit of selected uniform sizes.  
1.5 This practice provides a standard list of textile and apparel terminology specific to the clothing industry which is used in determining size and fit of garments. This vocabulary will be useful in communications between buyers and sellers.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound equivalents given in parentheses are for information only and may be approximate.  
1.7 This standard is not intended for use in evaluating the fire-resistive performance or durability of work uniforms. In addition, this practice does not provide a means to quantify the likelihood of human injuries related to the fit of uniforms or protective clothing.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2021
• ICS: 13.220.99 - Other standards related to protection against fire
• ICS: 13.340.10 - Protective clothing
• Technical Committee: F23 - Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
• Drafting Committee: F23.60 - Human Factors

Relations

• Refers: ASTM F1154-24 - Standard Practices for Evaluating the Comfort, Fit, Function, and Durability of Protective Ensembles, Ensemble Elements, and Other Components
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM F1154-18 - Standard Practices for Evaluating the Comfort, Fit, Function, and Durability of Protective Ensembles, Ensemble Elements, and Other Components
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2018
• Refers: ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2017
• Refers: ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015
• Refers: ASTM D5219-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Body Dimensions for Apparel Sizing
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-13a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM D6240/D6240M-12 - Standard Tables of Body Measurements for Mature Men, ages 35 and older, Sizes Thirty-Four to Fifty-Two (34 to 52) Short, Regular, and Tall
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM D123-12e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM F1154-11 - Standard Practices for Qualitatively Evaluating the Comfort, Fit, Function, and Durability of Protective Ensembles and Ensemble Components
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2011
• Refers: ASTM F1154-10 - Standard Practices for Qualitatively Evaluating the Comfort, Fit, Function, and Durability of Protective Ensembles and Ensemble Components+
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010

Overview

ASTM F1731-21: Standard Practice for Body Measurements and Sizing of Fire and Rescue Services Uniforms and Other Thermal Hazard Protective Clothing establishes guidelines for accurately measuring human body dimensions and selecting appropriate work uniform sizes for fire and rescue personnel, as well as others potentially exposed to thermal hazards. This standard provides an internationally recognized framework for sizing shirts, trousers, and coveralls, ensuring garments support safety, mobility, and overall performance in demanding environments. Properly fitted uniforms are crucial for minimizing risks, such as restricted movement or exposed skin, which can compromise protection and efficiency.

Key Topics

• Importance of Proper Sizing: The standard emphasizes the critical role correctly sized clothing plays in both wearer safety and performance. Ill-fitting uniforms can restrict movement or leave skin vulnerable to hazards, leading to increased risk of injury and decreased operational effectiveness.
• Body Measurement Methods: ASTM F1731-21 details standardized procedures and apparatus for measuring critical body dimensions. These include the use of flexible measuring tapes, measuring sticks, and full-length mirrors to record accurate measurements, which are then documented on a standardized form.
• Fit Evaluation: The practice provides a procedure for evaluating garment fit through a series of functional movements, helping to identify potential fit issues before uniforms are put into service.
• Garment Shrinkage and Ease: The standard discusses laundry-related shrinkage, the importance of garment ease (the necessary extra space for movement), and specialized requirements such as maternity wear.
• Terminology: A comprehensive list of textile and apparel terminology used in the clothing industry is included to enhance communication between buyers and suppliers regarding sizing and fit.

Applications

• Fire and Rescue Services: The primary application is for sizing uniforms in fire and rescue services, ensuring personnel have clothing that allows for swift, unrestricted movement and optimal coverage in hazardous environments.
• Thermal Hazard Occupations: Beyond fire services, this standard supports other professions where exposure to heat and flame is a risk, by providing a reliable method for sizing protective uniforms.
• Procurement and Specification: Buyers and suppliers use this practice to specify correct uniform sizes, communicate fit requirements, and determine any special accommodation needs, such as for maternity or atypical body shapes.
• Uniform Assessment: Fit and performance evaluation, including after laundering processes, helps organizations ensure uniforms maintain their protective qualities over time.
• Regulatory Compliance: Using internationally recognized sizing practices helps organizations comply with safety guidelines and occupational health standards.

Related Standards

Organizations utilizing ASTM F1731-21 may also reference the following standards to support comprehensive uniform procurement and safety initiatives:

• ASTM D123: Terminology relating to textiles
• ASTM D5219: Terminology relating to body dimensions for apparel sizing
• ASTM D6240/D6240M: Body measurement tables for mature men
• ASTM D6960/D6960M: Body measurement tables for plus women’s sizes
• ASTM D7197: Body measurements for maternity sizes
• ASTM D7878/D7878M: Body measurements for petite female figures
• ASTM F1154: Practices for evaluating comfort, fit, and functionality of protective clothing
• NFPA 1975: Standard on station/work uniforms for firefighters
• NFPA 1977: Standard on protective clothing and equipment for wildland firefighting
• AATCC 96, 135, 158: Standards for evaluating dimensional changes in laundering or dry cleaning of textiles

By adhering to ASTM F1731-21, organizations ensure high standards in uniform sizing, supporting both wearer safety and garment performance in thermally hazardous occupational settings.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F1731 − 21
Standard Practice for
Body Measurements and Sizing of Fire and Rescue Services
Uniforms and Other Thermal Hazard Protective Clothing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1731; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The selection of proper uniform size is important to fit and appearance for all users, but more
importantly, it relates directly to garment function. In certain occupations, such as fire and rescue
services,properfitandfunctionrelatesdirectlytotheindividual’sabilitytoperformjobsthatareoften
hazardous. Issues of proper fit are directly associated with the risk of injury. A work uniform that
restricts movement or exposes the skin to hazardous environments will result in lost efficiency and
may promote injury and illness. Proper sizing is a factor in the ability of a person to perform tasks that
often involve life-or-death situations. A work uniform must also fit well to function properly when
additional outer protective garments and safety equipment are worn.
This practice establishes a standard method for measuring body dimensions pertinent to the
determination of a garment size which provides good fit. It also presents issues critical to garment size
selection as it relates to fit. Functional methods are provided for determining proper fit of a uniform.
Information is provided on garment shrinkage which results from the clothing being laundered.
Maternity wear and unique sizing issues are addressed.
1. Scope 1.5 This practice provides a standard list of textile and
apparel terminology specific to the clothing industry which is
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in size selection of
used in determining size and fit of garments. This vocabulary
work uniforms for fire and rescue services personnel and
will be useful in communications between buyers and sellers.
workers who have the potential to be exposed to thermal
hazards.Work uniform ensembles consist of a shirt and trouser 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The inch-pound equivalents given in parentheses are
apparel combination.
for information only and may be approximate.
1.1.1 This practice does not apply to thermal protective
clothing that includes multiple layers, such as firefighter
1.7 This standard is not intended for use in evaluating the
protective clothing.
fire-resistive performance or durability of work uniforms. In
addition, this practice does not provide a means to quantify the
1.2 Thispracticeisapplicabletouniformsforbothmaleand
likelihood of human injuries related to the fit of uniforms or
female personnel.
protective clothing.
1.3 This practice provides an internationally recognized
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
means for measuring human body dimensions for the selection
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
and ordering of shirts, trousers, and one-piece coveralls.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.4 This practice provides a means for evaluating the fit of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
selected uniform sizes.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal
Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
F23.60 on Human Factors.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2021. Published February 2021. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as F1731 – 96 (2013).
DOI: 10.1520/F1731-21. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1731 − 21
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.5 body dimension, n—in garment construction, a body
2 measurement which can be used to build a sizing system or to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
select an appropriately sized garment.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D5219 Terminology Relating to Body Dimensions for Ap- 3.1.6 body measurement, n—in anthropometry, a standard-
parel Sizing
ized distance between two specified points on the human
D6240/D6240M Tables of Body Measurements for Mature anatomy.
Men, ages 35 and older, Sizes Thirty-Four to Fifty-Two
3.1.7 bust girth, n—in body measurements, the circumfer-
(34 to 52) Short, Regular, and Tall
ence of the body over the fullest part of the breasts and parallel
D6960/D6960M Tables for Body Measurements for Plus
to the floor. (See chest girth.)
Women’s Figure Type, Size Range 14W – 40W
3.1.8 cervicale, n—in body measurements, the most promi-
D7197 Table of Body Measurements for Misses Maternity
nent bone at the base of the neck.
Sizes Two to Twenty-Two (2-22)
D7878/D7878M Tables for Body Measurements for Adult
3.1.9 chest, n—in garment construction, a measurement
Female Misses Petite Figure Type, Size Range 00P – 20P
taken from below each armhole seam straight across the
F1154 Practices for Evaluating the Comfort, Fit, Function,
garment while it is laid flat.
and Durability of Protective Ensembles, Ensemble
3.1.10 chest girth, n—in body measurements, the circumfer-
Elements, and Other Components
ence of the body over the shoulder blades, under the arms, and
2.2 AATCC Standards:
across the upper chest. (See bust girth.)
AATCC 96 Dimensional Changes in Laundering of Woven
3.1.10.1 Discussion—A circumference measurement made
and Knitted Textiles Except Wool
around the fullest part of the chest, keeping the tape parallel to
AATCC 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home
the floor.
Laundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics
3.1.11 crotch, n—in anatomy, the body area adjacent to the
AATCC 158 Dimensional Changes in Dry Cleaning in
vertex of the included angle between the legs.
Perchloroethylene: Machine Method
3.1.12 cuff, n—in garment construction, a finished edge at
2.3 NFPA Standards:
the end of either a garment sleeve or trouser leg created by
NFPA 1975 Standard on Station/Work Uniforms for Fire
turning back or rolling up and stitching the fabric.
Fighters
3.1.12.1 Discussion—Long-sleeve shirts usually have an
NFPA1977 Standard on Protective Clothing and Equipment
extended cuff which is a band of fabric stitched to the lower
for Wildland Fire Fighting
edge of the sleeve. The most common long-sleeve shirt cuff is
the barrel cuff, which is a straight cuff stitched to form an open
3. Terminology
band that laps and buttons at the wrist. A trouser leg cuff is
3.1 Definitions: Definitions are provided to assist the user in
formed by producing a deep hem which may require over 100
understanding the language of human body measurements. In
mm (4 in.) of fabric. Simple hems may also be used to finish
addition, other definitions have been added that are used by the
trouser legs. (See hem.)
apparel industry to identify garment designs, patterns, and
3.1.13 ease, n—in garment construction, the difference
issues of fit.
between garment measurement and body measurement.
3.1.1 armhole, n—in garments construction, the area of a
3.1.13.1 Discussion—There are primarily two types of ease:
garment through which the arm passes or into which a sleeve
wearing ease and design ease. Wearing or comfort ease, which
is fitted. (See armscye.)
allowsforbodyflexingandmovement,dependsonagarment’s
3.1.2 armscye, n—in garment construction, the opening in a
standard for fit. Wearing ease relates to fit of a garment that
garment for the attachment of a fitted sleeve. (See armhole.)
does not impede the wearer from performing any function that
3.1.3 back waist length, n—in body measurements, the
requires dynamic movement. The amount of material added to
verticaldistancealongthespinefromthecervicaletothewaist.
a garment that exceeds human body measurements, to make
3.1.4 bartack, n—in garment construction, a reinforcement
garments more comfortable and to allow for human mobility.
at points of strain.
Designorstyleeaseincludes,inadditiontowearingease,what
3.1.4.1 Discussion—This reinforcement point consists of a
is built into a style to provide the look the designer wants.
bar-shaped line of small threads worked across several threads.
3.1.14 elbow, n—in anatomy, the joint that articulates be-
tween the upper arm and the lower arm.
3.1.15 fabric, n—in textiles, a planar structure consisting of
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
yarns or fibers.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3.1.16 fit, n—the quality, state, or manner in which the
the ASTM website.
3 length and closeness of clothing, when worn, relates to the
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:// human body.
www.aatcc.org.
3.1.17 garment, n—an article of clothing used to cover the
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org. body.
F1731 − 21
3.1.18 girth, n—in body measurements, a circumferential 3.1.33 shirt sides, n—in garment construction, a measure-
measurement around some part of the body, such as neck, ment of length from below armhole to the bottom hem.
chest, waist, etc.
3.1.34 shrinkage, n—a decrease in one or more dimensions
3.1.19 hem, n—in garment construction, a simple finish in of an object or material.
which the raw fabric edge is turned under and stitched to a
3.1.35 shrink, vt—to cause to contract, to compact cloth by
garment. (See cuff.)
causing to contract when subjected to washing, boiling,
3.1.20 hip, n—in anatomy, the laterally projecting region
steaming, or other processes.
formed by the lateral parts of the pelvis and the upper part of
3.1.36 size, n—oneofaseriesofgraduatedmeasurementsin
the femur together with the flesh covering them.
manufactured articles of clothing conventionally identified by
3.1.21 hip girth, n—in body measurements, the maximum
numbers, letters, or words.
circumference of the body at the level of maximum promi-
3.1.37 sleeve length, n—in body measurements, from center
nence of the buttocks.
of cervicale across back and around outside of bent arm, to
3.1.22 inseam, n—in garment construction, with the trou-
below wrist bone and above hand.
sers folded by mating the inside leg seams, measure from
3.1.38 sleeve length, n—in garment construction, a mea-
center of crotch to bottom edge of trouser’s leg or cuff.
surement from center of shirt’s back below collar band along
3.1.23 inseam length, n—in body measurements, from cen-
the sleeve to the end of the sleeve or cuff.
ter of crotch to 25.4 mm (1 in.) below top of the shoe.
3.1.39 station/work uniform, n—a nonprimary protective
3.1.24 knee, n—in anatomy, the joint between the lower and
clothing ensemble consisting of a shirt and pants that is
upper leg.
intended to be worn by members of the fire and rescue services
while on duty.
3.1.25 maternity wear, n—clothing worn during pregnancy.
3.1.40 thigh, n—in garment construction, with trouser leg
3.1.26 neck base girth, n—in body measurements, the cir-
laid out flat, measure from crotch seam straight across to leg
cumferenceoftheneckoverthecervicaleatthebackandatthe
side seam.
top of the collar bone at the front.
3.1.41 thigh girth, n—in body measurements, the maximum
3.1.27 neck girth, n—in garment construction, with shirt
circumference of the upper leg close to the crotch.
open in front and collar fully extended and laid out flat,
measure from center of collar button to the far end of the 3.1.42 torso, n—the human trunk.
buttonhole.
3.1.43 torso, n—in garment construction, a measurement
3.1.28 placket, n—in garment construction, a finished gar-
from center of neck to end of shirttail.
ment opening that is usually dependent on mechanical devices
3.1.44 total crotch length, n—in body measurements, the
called closures to secure the opening.
distance from the waist level at center front through the crotch
3.1.28.1 Discussion—Inshirtconstruction,aplacketusually
to the waist level at center back.
forms the front opening that extends from the collar band’s
3.1.45 trousers, n, pl—an outer garment extending from the
lower edge to the bottom edge of the shirt’s hem. When the
waist to the ankle covering each leg separately. (Syn. pants.)
shirt is worn, the placket is generally overlapped and fastened
by buttons. Plackets are normally designed into garments to 3.1.46 trouser back rise, n—in garment construction,a
make them easy to don. Fasteners used in placket closures are measurement from the crotch seam to bottom edge of waist-
buttons, buttonholes, zippers, hooks, snaps, and other devices band at center of the back.
used to open, close, and secure garments.
3.1.47 trouser front rise, n—in garment construction,a
3.1.29 protective clothing, n—an article of clothing used for
measurement from the crotch seam to the bottom edge of
isolating the human body or parts of the human body from a waistband at center front.
potential hazard.
3.1.48 trouser hips, n—in garment construction, the gar-
3.1.30 shirt, n—a cloth garment for the upper part of the ment’s circumference measured at the bottom of pockets or
body made of either woven or knitted fabric usually having bartack on fly.
sleeves,aneckopening,afrontopening,andataillongenough
3.1.49 trouser waist, n—in garment construction, with trou-
to be tucked inside trousers or skirt.
sers folded in half by the crease or mating the leg inseams,
3.1.31 shirt back length, n—in garment construction,a measure across waistband’s width and double the measure-
measurement centered below the collar band to bottom edge of ment.
shirttail.
3.1.50 waist, n—in anatomy, the part of the body at the
3.1.32 shirt front length, n—in garment construction,a location between the lowest rib and hip identified by bending
measurement from theplackettop,belowthecollarbandtothe the body to the side.
bottom edge of the shirt’s hem in front.
3.1.51 waist girth, n—in body measurements, the circumfer-
ence of the waist immediately below the lowest rib.
3.1.51.1 Discussion—Circumference around the body
Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, 1977. where the trouser waistband would normally be worn.
F1731 − 21
3.1.52 wrist, n—in anatomy, the joint which articulates oilcloth. It shall be reversible with numbers and markings
between the end of the lower arm and the hand. printed on both sides.
6.1.2 Measuring Stick—A 1 m (36 in.) long stainless steel
3.1.53 wrist girth, n—in body measurements, the circumfer-
measuring stick with metric (SI), 1 mm, and inch-pound
enceovertheprominenceoftheinnerandouterforearmbones.
(English), ⁄16 in., graduations clearly and accurately marked
3.1.53.1 Discussion—Circumference around the largest part
along its length.
of the wrist.
6.1.3 Full-Length Mirror, measuring a minimum of 0.6 m
3.2 Other definitions relative to this practice can be found in
(24 in.) wide and 2 m (84 in.) high. The mirror is used by the
Terminologies D123 and D5219.
measurement specialist to confirm the proper placement of the
measuringtapeonthesubjectduringthemeasurementprocess.
4. Summary of Practice
6.2 Calibration—Eachnewmeasuringtapeshallbechecked
4.1 This practice standardizes the approach to measuring
for proper length.
human body dimensions relevant to the selection of properly
6.2.1 This is done by comparing the measuring tape to a
sized uniforms. Accurately measured body dimensions are
standard stainless steel measuring stick which has graduations
recorded on a standard measurement form which is used by a
traceable to the National Institute of Standards andTechnology
buyer and seller in the selection of uniform size. Size selection
(NIST). This measuring stick shall be maintained solely for
for uniforms to be worn during pregnancy is considered. Issues
checking the calibration of measurement equipment and shall
of fit related to garment ease and laundry-induced garment
be protected from damage.
shrinkage are discussed. Recommendations are made relative
6.2.2 With time and use, it is possible that measuring tapes
to the evaluation of garment shrinkage. Potential fit problems
will become stretched or shrink. This can result from use or
are identified by having a consumer don a representative
exposure to unusually hot or cold environments. With some
sample uniform and then perform a standardized series of
tapes, humidity can affect the tapes condition. Measuring tapes
dynamic movements. Uniform size is selected based on an
shall be evaluated on a regular basis to ensure they have not
individual’s compatible body measurements relative to a gar-
lost their calibration. Cut, frayed, stretched, or shrunken
ment’s dimensions/size and the evaluation of a garment’s
measuring tapes must be discarded. In addition, if the measur-
construction, shrinkage, and its response to fit during the
ing tape’s metal end protectors become loose or damaged, the
dynamic performance evaluation. Standard Tables D6240/
tape must be replaced.
D6240M, D6960/D6960M, D7197, and D7878/D7878M in-
7. Methods for Measuring
clude avatars that can help readers of this standard to better
identify body types when reviewing the measurement tables.
7.1 Astandard method for measuring critical human dimen-
sions is necessary for the proper sizing of garments. This
5. Significance and Use section provides guidelines for making proper measurements,
insight into the cause of measurement errors, and a detailed
5.1 Sizing is a critical factor that must be considered when
description of measurement techniques.
selecting and using protective clothing. Properly sized gar-
7.2 Measurement Skill—Individuals making sizing mea-
ments add to the safety and performance of wearer by not
restricting movement.Awork uniform that restricts movement surementsmusthaveacompleteunderstandingofthispractice,
demonstrate their ability to make accurate measurements, and
or exposes skin to hazardous environments will result in lost
efficiency and less protection. demonstrate proper care and maintenance of the required
measuring equipment.
5.2 In those cases where work uniforms become an element
7.3 Measurement Accuracy—Sizing measurement accuracy
of a multi-layered protective ensemble, it is essential that
requires proficiency in three areas: (1) skill of the person doing
uniform fit does not restrict the wearer’s movements or
the measuring, (2) condition of the equipment being used for
interfere with the fit and use of other safety-related clothing
making measurements, and (3) level of cooperation from the
and equipment.
subject being measured. Lack of proficiency in any one of
5.3 This practice can be used for selecting the proper size
these three areas can lead to significant measurement errors.
and fit of work uniforms for fire and rescue personnel and
Reliablemeasurementscanonlybemadewhenalloftheabove
personnel in other occupations where the potential exists for
variables are controlled. Accurate body measurements cannot
hazardous thermal exposures.
be made on oneself. No quantitative results are currently
5.4 This practice is not intended to apply to multi-layered
available for measurement accuracy using this practice. It is
thermal protective clothing, such as firefighter protective
possible that deviations from these measurement techniques
clothing, where other factors apply to the fit relative to its
will result in improperly sized garments.
performance.
7.4 Conditions for Measuring:
7.4.1 Environment—Maintain the measuring tape and other
6. Apparatus
equipment at a constant temperature. Variations in temperature
6.1 The following equipment is required for making accu- can cause measuring tapes to shrink or expand. This shrinkage
rate measurements when using this practice: and expansion is predominantly along the tape’s length. Sizing
6.1.1 Measuring Tape—A1.52 m (60 in.) long flexible tape measurements shall be made in a 23 6 3 °C (73 6 5 °F)
with metal tips, made from reinforced fiberglass or waterproof environment.
F1731 − 21
7.4.2 Underclothing and Footwear—The number and type 7.6.3.1 Neck Girth or Collar—Measure around the neck
of under garments can significantly influence measurement below the projection in front of the neck formed by the largest
results. Make measurements for uniforms while the subject is cartilage of the larynx. Related garment measurement, collar:
wearing the number and type of undergarments that are to be Onashirtthatfitswell,laythecollarflatagainstahardsurface.
worn while on the job. Undergarments that cause figure bulges Measure from the center of the collar button to the far end of
or feel tight must not be worn when making body measure- the buttonhole.
ments. Midriff, waist, abdomen, and thigh measurements can
7.6.3.2 Arm or Sleeve Length—Measure from middle of the
be significantly affected by tight garments. For women,
backofneckacrosstheshoulderaroundelbow,bentat1.57rad
control-top garments or other support garment
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1731 − 96 (Reapproved 2013) F1731 − 21
Standard Practice for
Body Measurements and Sizing of Fire and Rescue Services
Uniforms and Other Thermal Hazard Protective Clothing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1731; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The selection of proper uniform size is important to fit and appearance for all users, but more
importantly, it relates directly to garment function. In certain occupations, such as fire and rescue
services, proper fit and function relates directly to the individual’sindividual’s ability to perform jobs
that are often hazardous. Issues of proper fit are directly associated with the risk of injury. A work
uniform that restricts movement or exposes the skin to hazardous environments will result in lost
efficiency and may promote injury and illness. Proper sizing is a factor in the ability of a person to
perform tasks that often involve life or death life-or-death situations. A work uniform must also fit well
to function properly when additional outer protective garments and safety equipment are worn.
This practice establishes a standard method for measuring body dimensions pertinent to the
determination of a garment size which provides good fit. It also presents issues critical to garment size
selection as it relates to fit. Functional methods are provided for determining proper fit of a uniform.
Information is provided on garment shrinkage which results from the clothing being laundered.
Maternity wear and unique sizing issues are addressed.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in size selection of work uniforms for fire and rescue services personnel and workers who
may have the potential to be exposed to thermal hazards. Work uniform ensembles consist of a shirt and trouser apparel
combination.
1.1.1 This practice does not apply to thermal protective clothing that includes multiple layers, such as firefighter protective
clothing.
1.2 This practice is applicable to uniforms for both male and female personnel.
1.3 This practice provides a standard an internationally recognized means for measuring human body dimensions for the selection
and ordering shirts and trousers.of shirts, trousers, and one-piece coveralls.
1.4 This practice provides a means for evaluating the fit of selected uniform sizes.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.60
on Human Factors.
Current edition approved July 1, 2013Feb. 1, 2021. Published July 2013February 2021. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 as
F1731 - 96 (2008).F1731 – 96 (2013). DOI: 10.1520/F1731-96R13.10.1520/F1731-21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1731 − 21
1.5 This practice provides a standard list of textile and apparel terminology specific to the clothing industry which is used in
determining size and fit of garments. This vocabulary will be useful in communications between buyers and sellers.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound equivalents given in parentheses are for
information only and may be approximate.
1.7 This standard is not intended for use in evaluating the fire resistive fire-resistive performance or durability of work uniforms.
In addition, this practice does not provide a means to quantify the likelihood of human injuries that may be related to the fit of
uniforms or protective clothing.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 1Section 7.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D5219 Terminology Relating to Body Dimensions for Apparel Sizing
D6240/D6240M Tables of Body Measurements for Mature Men, ages 35 and older, Sizes Thirty-Four to Fifty-Two (34 to 52)
Short, Regular, and Tall
D6960/D6960M Tables for Body Measurements for Plus Women’s Figure Type, Size Range 14W – 40W
D7197 Table of Body Measurements for Misses Maternity Sizes Two to Twenty-Two (2-22)
D7878/D7878M Tables for Body Measurements for Adult Female Misses Petite Figure Type, Size Range 00P – 20P
F1154 Practices for Evaluating the Comfort, Fit, Function, and Durability of Protective Ensembles, Ensemble Elements, and
Other Components
2.2 AATCC Standards:
AATCC 96 Dimensional Changes in Laundering of Woven and Knitted Textiles Except Wool
AATCC 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics
AATCC 158 Dimensional Changes in Dry-Cleaning Dry Cleaning in Perchloroethylene: Machine Method
2.3 NFPA Standards:
NFPA 1975 Standard on Station/Work Uniforms for Fire Fighters
NFPA 1977 Standard on Protective Clothing and Equipment for Wildland Fire Fighting
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: Definitions are provided to assist the user in understanding the language of human body measurements. In
addition, other definitions have been added that are used by the apparel industry to identify garment designs, patterns, and issues
of fit.
3.1.1 armhole, n—in garments construction, the area of a garment through which the arm passes or into which a sleeve is fitted.
(See armscye.)
3.1.2 armscye, n—in garment construction, the opening in a garment for the attachment of a fitted sleeve. (See armhole.)
3.1.3 back waist length, n—in body measurements, the vertical distance along the spine from the cervicalcervicale to the waist.
3.1.4 bartack, n—in garment construction, a reinforcement at points of strain.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://www.aatcc.org.
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
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3.1.4.1 Discussion—
This reinforcement point may consist consists of a bar-shaped line of small threads worked across several threads.
3.1.5 body dimension, n—in garment construction, a body measurement which can be used to build a sizing system or to select
an appropriately sized garment.
3.1.6 body measurement, n—in anthropometry, a standardized distance between two specified points on the human anatomy.
3.1.7 bust girth, n—in body measurements, the circumference of the body over the fullest part of the breasts and parallel to the
floor. (See chest girth.)
3.1.8 cervical,cervicale, n—in body measurements, the most prominent bone at the base of the neck.
3.1.9 chest, n—in garment construction, a measurement taken from below each armhole seam straight across the garment while
it is laid flat.
3.1.10 chest girth, n—in body measurements, the circumference of the body over the shoulder blades, under the arms, and across
the upper chest. (See bust girth.)
3.1.10.1 Discussion—
A circumference measurement made around the fullest part of the chest, keeping the tape parallel to the floor.
3.1.11 crotch, n—in anatomy, the body area adjacent to the vertex of the included angle between the legs.
3.1.12 cuff, n—in garment construction, a finished edge at the end of either a garment sleeve or trouser leg created by turning back
or rolling up and stitching the fabric.
3.1.12.1 Discussion—
Long sleeve Long-sleeve shirts usually have an extended cuff which is a band of fabric stitched to the lower edge of the sleeve.
The most common long sleeve long-sleeve shirt cuff is the barrel cuff, which is a straight cuff stitched to form an open-band open
band that laps and buttons at the wrist. A trouser leg cuff is formed by producing a deep hem which may require over 100 mm
(4 in.) of fabric. Simple hems may also be used to finish trouser legs. (See hem.)
3.1.13 ease, n—in garment construction, the difference between garment measurement and body measurement.
3.1.13.1 Discussion—
There are primarily two types of ease,ease: wearing ease and design ease. Wearing or comfort ease, which allows for body flexing
and movement, depends on a garment’sgarment’s standard for fit. Wearing ease relates to fit of a garment that does not impede
the wearer from performing any function that requires dynamic movement. The amount of material added to a garment that exceeds
human body measurements, to make garments more comfortable and to allow for human mobility. Design or style ease includes,
in addition to wearing ease, what is built into a style to provide the look the designer wants.
3.1.14 elbow, n—in anatomy, the joint that articulates between the upper arm and the lower arm.
3.1.15 fabric, n—in textiles, a planar structure consisting of yarns or fibers.
3.1.16 fit, n—the quality, state, or manner in which the length and closeness of clothing, when worn, relates to the human body.
3.1.17 garment, n—an article of clothing used to cover the body.
3.1.18 girth, n—in body measurements, a circumferential measurement around some part of the body, such as neck, chest, waist,
etc.
3.1.19 hem, n—in garment construction, a simple finish in which the raw fabric edge is turned under and stitched to a garment.
(See cuff.)
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3.1.20 hip, n—in anatomy, the laterally projecting region formed by the lateral parts of the pelvis and the upper part of the femur
together with the flesh covering them.
3.1.21 hip girth, n—in body measurements, the maximum circumference of the body at the level of maximum prominence of the
buttocks.
3.1.22 inseam, n—in garment construction, with the trousers folded by mating the inside leg seams, measure from center of crotch
to bottom edge of trouser’strouser’s leg or cuff.
3.1.23 inseam length, n—in body measurements, from center of crotch to 25.4 mm (1 in.) below top of the shoe.
3.1.24 knee, n—in anatomy, the joint between the lower and upper leg.
3.1.25 maternity wear, n—clothing worn during pregnancy.
3.1.26 neck base girth, n—in body measurements, the circumference of the neck over the cervicalcervicale at the back and at the
top of the collar bone at the front.
3.1.27 neck girth, n—in garment construction, with shirt open in front and collar fully extended and laid out flat, measure from
center of collar button to the far end of the button hole.buttonhole.
3.1.28 placket, n—in garment construction, a finished garment opening that is usually dependent on mechanical devices called
closures to secure the opening.
3.1.28.1 Discussion—
In shirt construction, a placket usually forms the front opening that may extend extends from the collar band’sband’s lower edge
to the bottom edge of the shirt’sshirt’s hem. When the shirt is worn, the placket is generally overlapped and fastened by buttons.
Plackets are normally designed into garments to make them easy to don. Fasteners used in placket closures are buttons, button
holes, buttonholes, zippers, hooks, snaps, and other devices used to open, close, and secure garments.
3.1.29 protective clothing, n—an article of clothing used for isolating the human body or parts of the human body from a potential
hazard.
3.1.30 shirt, n—a cloth garment for the upper part of the body made of either woven or knitted fabric usually having sleeves, a
neck opening, a front opening, and a tail long enough to be tucked inside trousers or skirt.
3.1.31 shirt back length, n—in garment construction, a measurement centered below the collar band to bottom edge of shirttail.
3.1.32 shirt front length, n—in garment construction, a measurement from the placket top, below the collar band to the bottom
edge of the shirt’sshirt’s hem in front.
3.1.33 shirt sides, n—in garment construction, a measurement of length from below armhole to the bottom hem.
3.1.34 shrinkage, n—a decrease in one or more dimensions of an object or material.
3.1.35 shrink, vt—to cause to contract, to compact cloth by causing to contract when subjected to washing, boiling, steaming, or
other processes.
3.1.36 size, n—one of a series of graduated measurements in manufactured articles of clothing conventionally identified by
numbers, letters, or words.
Webster’sWebster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, 1977.
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3.1.37 sleeve length, n—in body measurements, from center of cervicalcervicale across back and around outside of bent arm, to
below wrist bone and above hand.
3.1.38 sleeve length, n—in garment construction, a measurement from center of shirt’sshirt’s back below collar band along the
sleeve to the end of the sleeve or cuff.
3.1.39 station/work uniform, n—a nonprimary protective clothing ensemble consisting of a shirt and pants that is intended to be
worn by members of the fire and rescue services while on duty.
3.1.40 thigh, n—in garment construction, with trouser leg laid out flat, measure from crotch seam straight across to leg side seam.
3.1.41 thigh girth, n—in body measurements, the maximum circumference of the upper leg close to the crotch.
3.1.42 torso, n—the human trunk.
3.1.43 torso, n—in garment construction, a measurement from center of neck to end of shirttail.
3.1.44 total crotch length, n—in body measurements, the distance from the waist level at center front through the crotch to the
waist level at center back.
3.1.45 trousers, n, pl—an outer garment extending from the waist to the ankle covering each leg separately. (Syn. pants.)
3.1.46 trouser back rise, n—in garment construction, a measurement from the crotch seam to bottom edge of waistband at center
of the back.
3.1.47 trouser front rise, n—in garment construction, a measurement from the crotch seam to the bottom edge of waistband at
center front.
3.1.48 trouser hips, n—in garment construction, the garmentsgarment’s circumference measured at the bottom of pockets or
bartack on fly.
3.1.49 trouser waist, n—in garment construction, with trousers folded in half by the crease or mating the leg inseams, measure
across waist-band’swaistband’s width and double the measurement.
3.1.50 waist, n—in anatomy, the part of the body at the location between the lowest rib and hip identified by bending the body
to the side.
3.1.51 waist girth, n—in body measurements, the circumference of the waist immediately below the lowest rib.
3.1.51.1 Discussion—
Circumference around the body where the trouser waistband would normally be worn.
3.1.52 wrist, n—in anatomy, the joint which articulates between the end of the lower arm and the hand.
3.1.53 wrist girth, n—in body measurements, the circumference over the prominence of the inner and outer forearm bones.
3.1.53.1 Discussion—
Circumference around the largest part of the wrist.
3.2 Other definitions relative to this practice can be found in TerminologyTerminologies D123 and D5219.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This practice standardizes apparatus for making human body measurements and provides a standardized approach to methods
of the approach to measuring human body dimensions relevant to the selection of properly sized uniforms. Accurately measured
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body dimensions are recorded on a standard measurement form which is used by a buyer and seller in the selection of uniform
size. Size selection for uniforms to be worn during pregnancy is considered. Issues of fit related to garment ease and laundry
induced laundry-induced garment shrinkage are discussed. Recommendations are made relative to the evaluation of garment
shrinkage. Potential fit problems are identified by having a consumer don a representative sample uniform and then perform a
standardized series of dynamic movements. Uniform size is selected based on an individual’sindividual’s compatible body
measurements relative to a garment’sgarment’s dimensions/size and the evaluation of a garment’sgarment’s construction,
shrinkage, and its response to fit during the dynamic performance evaluation. Standard Tables D6240/D6240M, D6960/D6960M,
D7197, and D7878/D7878M include avatars that can help readers of this standard to better identify body types when reviewing
the measurement tables.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Sizing is a critical factor that must be considered when selecting and using protective clothing. Properly sized garments add
to the safety and performance of wearer by not restricting movement. A work uniform that restricts movement or exposes skin to
hazardous environments will result in lost efficiency and may promote injury.less protection.
5.2 In those cases where work uniforms become an element of a multi-layered protective ensemble, it is essential that uniform fit
does not restrict the wearer’swearer’s movements or interfere with the fit and use of other safety related safety-related clothing and
equipment.
5.3 This practice can be used for selecting the proper size and fit of work uniforms for fire and rescue personnel and personnel
in other occupations where the potential exists for hazardous thermal exposures may exist.exposures.
5.4 This practice is not intended to apply to multi-layered thermal protective clothing, such as firefighter protective clothing, where
other factors apply to the fit relative to its performance.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The following equipment is required for making accurate measurements when using this practice:
6.1.1 Measuring Tape—A 1.52 m (60 in.) long flexible tape with metal tips, made from reinforced fiberglass or waterproof oilcloth.
It shall be reversible with numbers and markings printed on both sides.
6.1.2 Measuring Stick—A 1 m (36 in.) long stainless steel measuring stick with metric (SI), 1 mm, and inch-pound (English), ⁄16
in., graduations clearly and accurately marked along its length.
6.1.3 Full-Length Mirror, measuring a minimum of 0.6 m (24 in.) wide and 2 m (84 in.) high. The mirror is used by the measurer
measurement specialist to confirm the proper placement of the measuring tape on the subject during the measurement process.
6.2 Calibration—Each new measuring tape shall be checked for proper length.
6.2.1 This is done by comparing the measuring tape to a standard stainless steel measuring stick which has graduations traceable
to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This measuring stick shall be maintained solely for checking the
calibration of measurement equipment and shall be protected from damage. New measuring tapes that do not meet this basic
calibration should be returned to the supplier.
6.2.2 With time and use, it is possible that measuring tapes maywill become stretched or shrink. This can result from use or
exposure to unusually hot or cold environments. With some tapes, humidity can affect the tapes condition. Measuring tapes shall
be evaluated on a regular basis to ensure they have not lost their calibration. Cut, frayed, stretched, or shrunken measuring tapes
must be discarded. In addition, if the measuring tape’stape’s metal end protectors become loose or damaged, the tape must be
replaced.
7. Methods for Measuring
7.1 A standard method for measuring critical human dimensions is necessary for the proper sizing of garments. This section
provides guidelines for making proper measurements, insight into the cause of measurement errors, and a detailed description of
measurement techniques.
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7.2 Measurement Skill—Individuals making sizing measurements must have a complete understanding of this practice,
demonstrate their ability to make accurate measurements, and demonstrate proper care and maintenance of the required measuring
equipment.
7.3 Measurement Accuracy—Sizing measurement accuracy requires proficiency in three areas,areas: (1) skill of the person doing
the measuring, (2) condition of the equipment being used for making measurements, and (3) level of cooperation from the subject
being measured. Lack of proficiency in any one of these three areas can lead to significant measurement errors. Reliable
measurements can only be made when all of the above variables are controlled. Accurate body measurements cannot be made on
oneself. No quantitative results are currently available for measurement accuracy using this practice. Deviations It is possible that
deviations from these measurement techniques maywill result in improperly sized garments.
7.4 Conditions for Measuring:
7.4.1 Environment—Maintain the measuring tape and other equipment at a constant temperature. Variations in temperature can
cause measuring tapes to shrink or expand. This shrinkage and expansion is predominantly along the tape’stape’s length. Sizing
measurements shall be made in a 23 6 3°C3 °C (73 6 5°F)5 °F) environment.
7.4.2 Underclothing and Footwear—The number and type of under garments can significantly influence measurement results.
Make measurements for uniforms while the subject is wearing the number and type of undergarments that are to be worn while
on the job. Undergarments that cause figure bulges or feelsfeel tight must not be worn when making body measurements. Midriff,
waist, abdomen, and thigh measurements can be significantly affected by tight garments. For women, control-top garments or other
support garments shouldshall not be worn during the measurement process unless they are normally worn on the job.
NOTE 1—Warning:Pantyhose or other undergarments constructed of fabrics which are subject to melting upon exposure to heat are not recommended for
use with fire and rescue services uniforms or garments which may have the potential to be exposed to a thermal hazard.
7.4.2.1 Footwear of the type and heel height normally worn in the performanc
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